Technological and structural aspects of scaffold manufacturing for cultured meat: recent advances, challenges, and opportunities

References

• Ahmad, K., J.-H. Lim, E.-J. Lee, H.-J. Chun, S. Ali S, S. S. Ahmad, S. Shaikh, and I. Choi. 2021. Extracellular matrix and the production of cultured meat. Foods 10 (12):3116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbari, M., A. Tamayol, N. Annabi, D. Juncker, and A. Khademhosseini. 2014. Microtechnologies in the fabrication of fibers for tissue engineering. In Microfluidics for Medical Applications, ed. A. V. Berg and L. Segerink, London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
   Google Scholar
• Allan, S. J., P. A. De Bank, and M. J. Ellis. 2019. Bioprocess design considerations for cultured meat production with a focus on the expansion bioreactor. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 3:44. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00044.
   Google Scholar
• Andreassen, R. C., S. B. Rønning, N. T. Solberg, K. G. Grønlien, K. A. Kristoffersen, V. Høst, S. O. Kolset, and M. E. Pedersen. 2022. Production of food-grade microcarriers based on by-products from the food industry to facilitate the expansion of bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells for cultured meat production. Biomaterials 286:121602. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asghar, A., K. Samejima, T. Yasui, and R. L. Henrickson. 1985. Functionality of muscle proteins in gelation mechanisms of structured meat products. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 22 (1):27–106. doi: 10.1080/10408398509527408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasubramanian, B., W. Liu, K. Pushparaj, and S. Park. 2021. The epic of in vitro meat production—A fiction into reality. Foods 10 (6):1395. doi: 10.3390/foods10061395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, M. J., F. Uruakpa, C, and Udenigwe, C. 2015. Influence of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) peptides on insulin resistance. Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science 3:1–3. doi: 10.15226/jnhfs.2015.00144.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Arye, T., and S. Levenberg. 2019. Tissue engineering for clean meat production. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 3:46. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00046.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Arye, T., Y. Shandalov, S. Ben-Shaul, S. Landau, Y. Zagury, I. Ianovici, N. Lavon, and S. Levenberg. 2020. Textured soy protein scaffolds enable the generation of three-dimensional bovine skeletal muscle tissue for cell-based meat. Nature Food 1 (4):210–20. doi: 10.1038/s43016-020-0046-5.
   Google Scholar
• Bhat, Z. F., H. Bhat, and S. Kumar. 2020. Cultured meat-A humane meat production system. Principles of tissue engineering. 1369–88. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Bhat, Z. F., J. D. Morton, S. Kumar, H. F. Bhat, R. M. Aadil, and A. E.-D. A. Bekhit. 2021. 3D printing: Development of animal products and special foods. Trends in Food Science & Technology 118:87–105. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.09.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, E. S., S. Mostafa, M. Pakvasa, H. H. Luu, M. J. Lee, J. M. Wolf, G. A. Ameer, T.-C. He, and R. R. Reid. 2017. 3-D bioprinting technologies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: Current and future trends. Genes & Diseases 4 (4):185–95. doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2017.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosnakovski, D., M. Mizuno, G. Kim, S. Takagi, M. Okumura, and T. Fujinaga. 2005. Isolation and multilineage differentiation of bovine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell and Tissue Research 319 (2):243–53. doi: 10.1007/s00441-004-1012-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, C., and J. Barnett. 2020. Consumer acceptance of cultured meat: An updated review (2020). Applied Sciences 10 (15):5201. doi: 10.3390/app10155201.
   Google Scholar
• Burk, J., I. Erbe, D. Berner, J. Kacza, C. Kasper, B. Pfeiffer, K. Winter, and W. Brehm. 2014. Freeze-thaw cycles enhance decellularization of large tendons. Tissue Engineering. Part C, Methods 20 (4):276–84. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEC.2012.0760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, N. M., J. Vierck, L. Krabbenhoft, K. Bryne, and M. V. Dodson. 2000. Methods for animal satellite cell culture under a variety of conditions. Methods in Cell Science 22 (1):51–61. doi: 10.1023/A:1009830114804.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan, W. P., F. C. Kung, Y. L. Kuo, M. C. Yang, and W. F. Lai. 2015. Alginate/poly(γ-glutamic acid) base biocompatible gel for bone tissue engineering. BioMed Research International 2015:185841. doi: 10.1155/2015/185841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J., and X. Zou. 2019. Self-assemble peptide biomaterials and their biomedical applications. Bioactive Materials 4:120–31. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.01.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L., D. Guttieres, A. Koenigsberg, P. W. Barone, A. J. Sinskey, and S. L. Springs. 2022. Large-scale cultured meat production: Trends, challenges and promising biomanufacturing technologies. Biomaterials 280:121274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, R. N., H. O. Ho, Y. T. Tsai, and M. T. Sheu. 2004. Process development of an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 25 (13):2679–86. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., L. Zhou, H. Xu, M. Yamamoto, M. Shinoda, M. Kishimoto, T. Tanaka, and H. Yamane. 2020. Effect of the application of a dehydrothermal treatment on the structure and the mechanical properties of collagen film. Materials 13 (2):377. doi: 10.3390/ma13020377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., C. Guo, E. Manousiouthakis, X. Wang, D. M. Cairns, T. T. Roh, C. Du, and D. L. Kaplan. 2020. Bi‐layered tubular microfiber scaffolds as functional templates for engineering human intestinal smooth muscle tissue. Advanced Functional Materials 30 (17):2000543. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202000543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, J., Y. Jun, J. Qin, and S.-H. Lee. 2017. Electrospinning versus microfluidic spinning of functional fibers for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 114:121–43. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, S. H., K. Y. Chung, B. J. Johnson, G. W. Go, K. H. Kim, C. W. Choi, and S. B. Smith. 2013. Co-culture of bovine muscle satellite cells with preadipocytes increases PPARγ and C/EBPβ gene expression in differentiated myoblasts and increases GPR43 gene expression in adipocytes. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 24 (3):539–43. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.01.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, S.-W., Y. Zhang, and Y. Xia. 2010. Three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering: The importance of uniformity in pore size and structure. Langmuir: The ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids 26 (24):19001–6. doi: 10.1021/la104206h.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhury, D., T. W. Tseng, and E. Swartz. 2020. The business of cultured meat. Trends in Biotechnology 38 (6):573–7. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.02.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chryssolouris, G., P. Stavropoulos, and K. Salonitis. 2015. Process of Laser Machining. In Handbook of manufacturing engineering and technology, ed A. Y. C. Nee, 1601–28. London: Springer London.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, W., and R. Rose. 1934. Solubility of gluten. Nature 134 (3384):380–1. doi: 10.1038/134380c0.
   Google Scholar
• Das, S., F. Pati, Y. J. Choi, G. Rijal, J. H. Shim, S. W. Kim, A. R. Ray, D. W. Cho, and S. Ghosh. 2015. Bioprintable, cell-laden silk fibroin-gelatin hydrogel supporting multilineage differentiation of stem cells for fabrication of three-dimensional tissue constructs. Acta Biomaterialia 11:233–46. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datar, I., and M. Betti. 2010. Possibilities for an in vitro meat production system. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 11 (1):13–22. doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2009.10.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMaio, T. 2019. This scientist is developing new cell lines for slaughter-free meat. Washington, DC: The Good Food Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Djisalov, M., T. Knežić, I. Podunavac, K. Živojević, V. Radonic, N. Ž. Knežević, I. Bobrinetskiy, and I. Gadjanski. 2021. Cultivating multidisciplinarity: Manufacturing and sensing challenges in cultured meat production. Biology 10 (3):204. doi: 10.3390/biology10030204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Do, A.-V., B. Khorsand, S. M. Geary, and A. K. Salem. 2015. 3D printing of scaffolds for tissue regeneration applications. Advanced Healthcare Materials 4 (12):1742–62. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201500168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohmen, R. G. J., S. Hubalek, J. Melke, T. Messmer, F. Cantoni, A. Mei, R. Hueber, R. Mitic, D. Remmers, P. Moutsatsou, et al. 2022. Muscle-derived fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells for production of cultured bovine adipose tissue. NPJ Science of Food 6 (1):6–12. doi: 10.1038/s41538-021-00122-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Kady, A. M., R. A. Rizk, B. M. Abd El-Hady, M. W. Shafaa, and M. M. Ahmed. 2012. Characterization, and antibacterial properties of novel silver releasing nanocomposite scaffolds fabricated by the gas foaming/salt-leaching technique. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 10 (2):229–38. doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2012.07.002.
   Google Scholar
• Elli, L., E. Dolfini, and M. T. Bardella. 2003. Gliadin cytotoxicity and in vitro cell cultures. Toxicology Letters 146 (1):1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes, A. M., O. de Souza Teixeira, A. L. Fantinel, J. P. P. Revillion, and ÂR L. de Souza. 2022. Technological prospecting: The case of cultured meat. Future Foods 6:100156. doi: 10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100156.
   Google Scholar
• Gandolfi, F., G. Pennarossa, S. Maffei, and T. Brevini. 2012. Why is it so difficult to derive pluripotent stem cells in domestic ungulates? Reproduction in Domestic Animals 47:11–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02106.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelain, F., Z. Luo, M. Rioult, and S. Zhang. 2021. Self-assembling peptide scaffolds in the clinic. NPJ Regenerative Medicine 6 (1):9. doi: 10.1038/s41536-020-00116-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosal, K., A. Chandra, P. G, S. S, S. Roy, C. Agatemor, S. Thomas, and I. Provaznik. 2018. Electrospinning over solvent casting: Tuning of mechanical properties of membranes. Scientific Reports 8 (1):5058. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23378-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gil, E. S., S. H. Park, J. Marchant, F. Omenetto, and D. L. Kaplan. 2010. Response of human corneal fibroblasts on silk film surface patterns. Macromolecular Bioscience 10 (6):664–73. doi: 10.1002/mabi.200900452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies, A. R., and R. L. Lieber. 2011. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle & Nerve 44 (3):318–31. doi: 10.1002/mus.22094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilpin, A., and Y. Yang. 2017. Decellularization strategies for regenerative medicine: From processing techniques to applications. BioMed Research International 2017:9831534. doi: 10.1155/2017/9831534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottipamula, S., M. Muttigi, U. Kolkundkar, and R. Seetharam. 2013. Serum‐free media for the production of human mesenchymal stromal cells: A review. Cell Proliferation 46 (6):608–27. doi: 10.1111/cpr.12063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, L., X. Hu, L. Liu, Y. Xing, Z. Zhou, X. Liang, Q. Yang, S. Jin, J. Bao, H. Gao, et al. 2017. bta-miR-23a involves in adipogenesis of progenitor cells derived from fetal bovine skeletal muscle. Scientific Reports 7 (1):43716–2. doi: 10.1038/srep43716.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guan, X., J. Zhou, G. Du, and J. Chen. 2022. Bioprocessing technology of muscle stem cells: Implications for cultured meat. Trends in Biotechnology 40 (6):721–34. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.11.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, X., Q. Lei, Q. Yan, X. Li, J. Zhou, G. Du, and J. Chen. 2021. Trends and ideas in technology, regulation and public acceptance of cultured meat. Future Foods 3:100032. doi: 10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100032.
   Google Scholar
• Handral, H., S. Hua Tay, W. Wan Chan, and D. Choudhury. 2022. 3D Printing of cultured meat products. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 62 (1):272–81. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1815172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haraguchi, Y., T. Shimizu, T. Sasagawa, H. Sekine, K. Sakaguchi, T. Kikuchi, W. Sekine, S. Sekiya, M. Yamato, M. Umezu, et al. 2012. Fabrication of functional three-dimensional tissues by stacking cell sheets in vitro. Nature Protocols 7 (5):850–8. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2012.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, T. K., D.-M. Shin, J. Choi, J. T. Do, and S. G. Han. 2021. Current issues and technical advances in cultured meat production: A review. Food Science of Animal Resources 41 (3):355–72. doi: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, J. C., and K. A. Athanasiou. 2006. A self-assembling process in articular cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering 12 (4):969–79. doi: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.969.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang, Y., A. K. Das, Q.-Y. Yang, M.-J. Zhu, and M. Du. 2012. Zfp423 promotes adipogenic differentiation of bovine stromal vascular cells. Plos one 7 (10):e47496. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047496.
   Google Scholar
• Hubalek, S., M. J. Post, and P. Moutsatsou. 2022. Towards resource-efficient and cost-efficient cultured meat. Current Opinion in Food Science 47:100885. doi: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100885.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulko, M., V. Dietrich, I. Koch, A. Gekeler, M. Gebert, W. Beck, and B. Krause. 2019. Pyrogen retention: Comparison of the novel medium cut-off (MCO) membrane with other dialyser membranes. Scientific Reports 9 (1):6791. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43161-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ianovici, I., Y. Zagury, I. Redenski, N. Lavon, and S. Levenberg. 2022. 3D-printable plant protein-enriched scaffolds for cultivated meat development. Biomaterials 284:121487. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, D. W., G. E. Windler, and T. M. Simon. 1990. Intraarticular reaction associated with the use of freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized bone-patella tendon-bone allografts in the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 18 (1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaques, A., E. Sánchez, N. Orellana, J. Enrione, and C. A. Acevedo. 2021. Modelling the growth of in-vitro meat on microstructured edible films. Journal of Food Engineering 307:110662. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji, W., F. Yang, J. J. Van den Beucken, Z. Bian, M. Fan, Z. Chen, and J. A. Jansen. 2010. Fibrous scaffolds loaded with protein prepared by blend or coaxial electrospinning. Acta Biomaterialia 6 (11):4199–207. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.05.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, T., E. J. Carbone, K. W. H. Lo, and C. T. Laurencin. 2015. Electrospinning of polymer nanofibers for tissue regeneration. Progress in Polymer Science 46:1–24. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, J. D., A. S. Rebello, and G. R. Gaudette. 2021. Decellularized spinach: An edible scaffold for laboratory-grown meat. Food Bioscience 41:100986. doi: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ju, Y. M., J. San Choi, A. Atala, J. J. Yoo, and S. J. Lee. 2010. Bilayered scaffold for engineering cellularized blood vessels. Biomaterials 31 (15):4313–21. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, J. W., J.-S. Lee, and D.-W. Cho. 2016. Computer-aided multiple-head 3D printing system for printing of heterogeneous organ/tissue constructs. Scientific Reports 6 (1):21685. doi: 10.1038/srep21685.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamalapuram, S. K., H. Handral, and D. Choudhury. 2021. Cultured Meat Prospects for a Billion!. Foods 10 (12):2922. doi: 10.3390/foods10122922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, D.-H., F. Louis, H. Liu, H. Shimoda, Y. Nishiyama, H. Nozawa, M. Kakitani, D. Takagi, D. Kasa, E. Nagamori, et al. 2021. Engineered whole cut meat-like tissue by the assembly of cell fibers using tendon-gel integrated bioprinting. Nature Communications 12 (1):5059. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25236-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karnieli, O., O. M. Friedner, J. G. Allickson, N. Zhang, S. Jung, D. Fiorentini, E. Abraham, S. S. Eaker, T. K. Yong, A. Chan, et al. 2017. A consensus introduction to serum replacements and serum-free media for cellular therapies. Cytotherapy 19 (2):155–69. doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.11.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karuppuswamy, P., J. R. Venugopal, B. Navaneethan, A. L. Laiva, S. Sridhar, and S. Ramakrishna. 2014. Functionalized hybrid nanofibers to mimic native ECM for tissue engineering applications. Applied Surface Science 322:162–8. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.10.074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kattamis, N. T., P. E. Purnick, R. Weiss, and C. B. Arnold. 2007. Thick film laser induced forward transfer for deposition of thermally and mechanically sensitive materials. Applied Physics Letters 91 (17):171120. doi: 10.1063/1.2799877.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, T. J., I. T. Swinehart, and S. F. Badylak. 2015. Methods of tissue decellularization used for preparation of biologic scaffolds and in vivo relevance. Methods (San Diego, Calif.) 84:25–34. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.03.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidoaki, S., I. K. Kwon, and T. Matsuda. 2005. Mesoscopic spatial designs of nano-and microfiber meshes for tissue-engineering matrix and scaffold based on newly devised multilayering and mixing electrospinning techniques. Biomaterials 26 (1):37–46. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., Y. W. Kim, S. B. Lee, K. Kang, S. Yoon, D. Choi, S.-H. Park, and J. Jeong. 2021. Hepatic patch by stacking patient-specific liver progenitor cell sheets formed on multiscale electrospun fibers promotes regenerative therapy for liver injury. Biomaterials 274:120899. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knežić, T., L. Janjušević, M. Djisalov, S. Yodmuang, and I. Gadjanski. 2022. Using vertebrate stem and progenitor cells for cellular agriculture-state-of-the-art, challenges, and future perspectives. Biomolecules 12 (5):699. doi: 10.3390/biom12050699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, H. J., Y. Wen, J. H. Choi, B. R. Park, H. W. Kim, and H. J. Park. 2021. Meat analog production through artificial muscle fiber insertion using coaxial nozzle-assisted three-dimensional food printing. Food Hydrocolloids 120:106898. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koide, Y., H. Ikake, Y. Muroga, and S. Shimizu. 2013. Effect of the cast-solvent on the morphology of cast films formed with a mixture of stereoisomeric poly(lactic acids). Polymer Journal 45 (6):645–50. doi: 10.1038/pj.2012.192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo, M.-A., S. H. Hong, M. H. Lee, B.-J. Kwon, G. M. Seon, M. S. Kim, D. Kim, K. C. Nam, and J. K.-C. Park. 2019. Effective stacking and transplantation of stem cell sheets using exogenous ROS-producing film for accelerated wound healing. Acta Biomaterialia 95:418–26. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., S. Kargozar, F. Baino, and S. S. Han. 2019. Additive manufacturing methods for producing hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-based composite scaffolds: A review. Frontiers in Materials 6:313. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2019.00313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo, H.-H., X. Gao, J.-M. DeKeyser, K. A. Fetterman, E. A. Pinheiro, C. J. Weddle, H. Fonoudi, M. V. Orman, M. Romero-Tejeda, M. Jouni, et al. 2020. Negligible-cost and weekend-free chemically defined human iPSC culture. Stem Cell Reports 14 (2):256–70. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.12.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyriakopoulou, K., B. Dekkers, and A. J. van der Goot. 2019. Plant-based meat analogues. In Sustainable meat production and processing. 103–26. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, B. D., J. K. Marchant, M. A. Pindrus, F. G. Omenetto, and D. L. Kaplan. 2009. Silk film biomaterials for cornea tissue engineering. Biomaterials 30 (7):1299–308. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.11.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E. J., A. T. Jan, M. H. Baig, K. Ahmad, A. Malik, G. Rabbani, T. Kim, I.-K. Lee, Y. H. Lee, S.-Y. Park, et al. 2018. Fibromodulin and regulation of the intricate balance between myoblast differentiation to myocytes or adipocyte‐like cells. FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 32 (2):768–81. doi: 10.1096/fj.201700665R.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. K., J. M. Link, J. C. Y. Hu, and K. A. Athanasiou. 2017. The self-assembling process and applications in tissue engineering. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 7 (11):a025668. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J.-Y., J. An, and C. K. Chua. 2017. Fundamentals and applications of 3D printing for novel materials. Applied Materials Today 7:120–33. doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2017.02.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi, S., F.-C. Yen, L. Baruch, and M. Machluf. 2022. Scaffolding technologies for the engineering of cultured meat: Towards a safe, sustainable, and scalable production. Trends in Food Science & Technology 126:13–25. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.05.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., L. Chen, X. Chen, Y. Chen, S. Ding, X. Fan, Y. Liu, X. Xu, G. Zhou, B. Zhu, et al. 2022. Chitosan‑sodium alginate-collagen/gelatin three-dimensional edible scaffolds for building a structured model for cell cultured meat. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 209 (Pt A):668–79. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.052.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, Q., D. G. Barrett, P. B. Messersmith, and N. Holten-Andersen. 2016. Controlling hydrogel mechanics via bio-inspired polymer–nanoparticle bond dynamics. ACS Nano 10 (1):1317–24. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., G. Zhang, X. Zhao, J. Zhou, G. Du, and J. Chen. 2020. A conceptual air-lift reactor design for large scale animal cell cultivation in the context of in vitro meat production. Chemical Engineering Science 211:115269. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., X. Fu, G. Yang, and M. Du. 2020. Enhancing intramuscular fat development via targeting fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells in meat animals. Animal: An International Journal of Animal Bioscience 14 (2):312–21. doi: 10.1017/S175173111900209X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., W. Liu, S. Li, M. Zhang, F. Yang, and S. Wang. 2021. Porcine skeletal muscle tissue fabrication for cultured meat production using three-dimensional bioprinting technology. Journal of Future Foods 1 (1):88–97. doi: 10.1016/j.jfutfo.2021.09.005.
   Google Scholar
• Liao, J., B. Xu, R. Zhang, Y. Fan, H. Xie, and X. Li. 2020. Applications of decellularized materials in tissue engineering: Advantages, drawbacks and current improvements, and future perspectives. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8 (44):10023–49. doi: 10.1039/d0tb01534b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, X., H. Zhang, and T. He. 2012. Preparation of porous biodegradable polymer and its nanocomposites by supercritical CO2 foaming for tissue engineering. Journal of Nanomaterials 2012:1–12. doi: 10.1155/2012/836394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Bote, C. 2017. Chemical and biochemical constitution of muscle. In Lawriés meat science. 99–158. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Luo, C., S. D. Stoyanov, E. Stride, E. Pelan, and M. Edirisinghe. 2012. Electrospinning versus fibre production methods: From specifics to technological convergence. Chemical Society Reviews 41 (13):4708–35. doi: 10.1039/c2cs35083a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabrouk, M., H. H. Beherei, and D. B. Das. 2020. Recent progress in the fabrication techniques of 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering. Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications 110:110716. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacQueen, L. A., C. G. Alver, C. O. Chantre, S. Ahn, L. Cera, G. M. Gonzalez, B. B. O’Connor, D. J. Drennan, M. M. Peters, S. E. Motta, et al. 2019. Muscle tissue engineering in fibrous gelatin: Implications for meat analogs. NPJ Science of Food 3 (1):20–12. doi: 10.1038/s41538-019-0054-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maji, K., and S. Dasgupta. 2017. Effect of βtricalcium phosphate nanoparticles additions on the properties of gelatin–chitosan scaffolds. Bioceramics Development and Applications 7 (103):2.
   Google Scholar
• Maltin, C., D. Balcerzak, R. Tilley, and M. Delday. 2003. Determinants of meat quality: Tenderness. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62 (2):337–47. doi: 10.1079/pns2003248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandrycky, C., Z. Wang, K. Kim, and D. H. Kim. 2016. 3D bioprinting for engineering complex tissues. Biotechnology Advances 34 (4):422–34. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.12.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, M. L., R. A. Foty, M. S. Steinberg, and E.-M. Schoetz. 2010. Coaction of intercellular adhesion and cortical tension specifies tissue surface tension. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (28):12517–22. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1003743107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao, D., Q. Li, D. Li, Y. Tan, and Q. Che. 2018. 3D porous poly (ε-caprolactone)/58S bioactive glass–sodium alginate/gelatin hybrid scaffolds prepared by a modified melt molding method for bone tissue engineering. Materials & Design 160:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.08.062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Pérez, C. A., I. Olivas-Armendariz, J. S. Castro-Carmona, and P. E. García-Casillas. 2011. Scaffolds for tissue engineering via thermally induced phase separation. Advances in Regenerative Medicine 35: 275–94.
   Google Scholar
• Mattick, C. S., A. E. Landis, B. R. Allenby, and N. J. Genovese. 2015. Anticipatory life cycle analysis of in vitro biomass cultivation for cultured meat production in the United States. Environmental Science & Technology 49 (19):11941–9. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maude, S., E. Ingham, and A. Aggeli. 2013. Biomimetic self-assembling peptides as scaffolds for soft tissue engineering. Nanomedicine (London, England) 8 (5):823–47. doi: 10.2217/nnm.13.65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray, R. J., M. J. Dalby, and P. M. Tsimbouri. 2015. Using biomaterials to study stem cell mechanotransduction, growth and differentiation. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 9 (5):528–39. doi: 10.1002/term.1957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendibil, U., R. Ruiz-Hernandez, S. Retegi-Carrion, N. Garcia-Urquia, B. Olalde-Graells, and A. Abarrategi. 2020. Tissue-specific decellularization methods: Rationale and strategies to achieve regenerative compounds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21 (15):5447. doi: 10.3390/ijms21155447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, H.-P., W. Minas, and D. Schmidhalter. 2017. Industrial-scale fermentation. In Industrial biotechnology: Products and processes, ed. C. Wittmann and J. Cliao, 1–53. Weinheim: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, R. K. 2020. A 2020 synopsis of the cell-cultured animal industry. Animal Frontiers: The Review Magazine of Animal Agriculture 10 (4):64–72. doi: 10.1093/af/vfaa031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mo, X., B. Sun, T. Wu, and D. Li. 2019. Chapter 24 - Electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering. In Electrospinning: Nanofabrication and applications, eds. B. Ding, X. Wang, and J. Yu, 719–34. Norwich, NY: William Andrew Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Morach, B., B. Witte, D. Walker, E. von Koeller, F. Grosse-Holz, J. Rogg, M. Brigl, N. Dehnert, P. Obloj, S. Koktenturk, et al. 2021. Food for thought: The protein transformation. Industrial Biotechnology 17 (3):125–33. doi: 10.1089/ind.2021.29245.bwi.
   Google Scholar
• Moritz, M. S., S. E. Verbruggen, and M. J. Post. 2015. Alternatives for large-scale production of cultured beef: A review. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14 (2):208–16. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60889-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muniz, M. M. M., L. F. Simielli Fonseca, D. C. B. Scalez, A. S. Vega, D. Bd, S. Silva, J. A. Ferro, A. L. Chardulo, F. Baldi, A. Cánovas, et al. 2022. Characterization of novel lncRNA muscle expression profiles associated with meat quality in beef cattle. Evolutionary Applications 15 (4):706–18. doi: 10.1111/eva.13365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawroth, J. C., L. L. Scudder, R. T. Halvorson, J. Tresback, J. P. Ferrier, S. P. Sheehy, A. Cho, S. Kannan, I. Sunyovszki, J. A. Goss, et al. 2018. Automated fabrication of photopatterned gelatin hydrogels for organ-on-chips applications. Biofabrication 10 (2):025004. doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa96de.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemati, S., S.-J. Kim, Y. M. Shin, and H. hin. 2019. Current progress in application of polymeric nanofibers to tissue engineering. Nano Convergence 6 (1):36. doi: 10.1186/s40580-019-0209-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, S., and M. Kurisawa. 2021. Integrating biomaterials and food biopolymers for cultured meat production. Acta Biomaterialia 124:108–29. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikmaram, N., S. Roohinejad, S. Hashemi, M. Koubaa, F. J. Barba, A. Abbaspourrad, and R. Greiner. 2017. Emulsion-based systems for fabrication of electrospun nanofibers: Food, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. RSC Advances 7 (46):28951–64. doi: 10.1039/C7RA00179G.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonoyama, T., Y. W. Lee, K. Ota, K. Fujioka, W. Hong, and J. P. Gong. 2020. Instant thermal switching from soft hydrogel to rigid plastics inspired by thermophile proteins. Advanced Materials 32 (4):1905878. doi: 10.1002/adma.201905878.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofek, G., C. M. Revell, J. C. Hu, D. D. Allison, K. J. Grande-Allen, and K. A. Athanasiou. 2008. Matrix development in self-assembly of articular cartilage. PLoS One 3 (7):e2795. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogilvie, O., N. Larsen, K. Sutton, L. Domigan, J. Gerrard, N. Demarais, and S. Roberts. 2020. A targeted mass spectrometry method for the accurate label-free quantification of immunogenic gluten peptides produced during simulated digestion of food matrices. MethodsX 7:101076. doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamura, L. H., P. Cordero, J. Palomino, V. H. Parraguez, C. G. Torres, and O. A. Peralta. 2018. Myogenic differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells derived from fetal bovine bone marrow. Animal Biotechnology 29 (1):1–11. doi: 10.1080/10495398.2016.1276926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill, E. N., Z. A. Cosenza, K. Baar, and D. E. Block. 2021. Considerations for the development of cost‐effective cell culture media for cultivated meat production. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 20 (1):686–709. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong, S., L. Loo, M. Pang, R. Tan, Y. Teng, X. Lou, S. K. Chin, M. Y. Naik, and H. Yu. 2021. Decompartmentalisation as a simple color manipulation of plant-based marbling meat alternatives. Biomaterials 277:121107. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orellana, N., E. Sánchez, D. Benavente, P. Prieto, J. Enrione, and C. A. Acevedo. 2020. A new edible film to produce in vitro meat. Foods 9 (2):185. doi: 10.3390/foods9020185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oryan, A., A. Kamali, A. Moshiri, H. Baharvand, and H. Daemi. 2018. Chemical crosslinking of biopolymeric scaffolds: Current knowledge and future directions of crosslinked engineered bone scaffolds. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 107 (Pt A):678–88. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orzechowski, A. 2015. Artificial meat? Feasible approach based on the experience from cell culture studies. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14 (2):217–21. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60882-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, H., P. Flood, and E. G. Reynaud. 2013. Three-dimensional tissue cultures: Current trends and beyond. Cell and Tissue Research 352 (1):123–31. doi: 10.1007/s00441-012-1441-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajčin, I., T. Knežić, I. Savic Azoulay, V. Vlajkov, M. Djisalov, L. Janjušević, J. Grahovac, and I. Gadjanski. 2022. Bioengineering outlook on cultivated meat production. Micromachines 13 (3):402. doi: 10.3390/mi13030402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panchalingam, K. M., S. Jung, L. Rosenberg, and L. A. Behie. 2015. Bioprocessing strategies for the large-scale production of human mesenchymal stem cells: A review. Stem Cell Research & Therapy 6 (1):1–10. doi: 10.1186/s13287-015-0228-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park, S., S. Jung, J. Heo, W.-G. Koh, S. Lee, and J. Hong. 2021. Chitosan/cellulose-based porous nanofilm delivering c-phycocyanin: A novel platform for the production of cost-effective cultured meat. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13 (27):32193–204. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c07385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S., S. Jung, M. Choi, M. Lee, B. Choi, W.-G. Koh, S. Lee, and J. Hong. 2021. Gelatin MAGIC powder as nutrient-delivering 3D spacer for growing cell sheets into cost-effective cultured meat. Biomaterials 278:121155. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piluso, S., D. Flores Gomez, I. Dokter, L. Moreira Texeira, Y. Li, J. Leijten, R. van Weeren, T. Vermonden, M. Karperien, and J. Malda. 2020. Rapid and cytocompatible cell-laden silk hydrogel formation via riboflavin-mediated crosslinking. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8 (41):9566–75. doi: 10.1039/d0tb01731k.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poon, C. J., E. Pereira, M. V. Cotta, S. Sinha, J. A. Palmer, A. A. Woods, W. A. Morrison, and K. M. Abberton. 2013. Preparation of an adipogenic hydrogel from subcutaneous adipose tissue. Acta Biomaterialia 9 (3):5609–20. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.11.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post, M. J., S. Levenberg, D. L. Kaplan, N. Genovese, J. Fu, C. J. Bryant, N. Negowetti, K. Verzijden, and P. Moutsatsou. 2020. Scientific, sustainability and regulatory challenges of cultured meat. Nature Food 1 (7):403–15. doi: 10.1038/s43016-020-0112-z.
   Google Scholar
• Raghothaman, D., M. F. Leong, T. C. Lim, J. K. Toh, A. C. Wan, Z. Yang, and E. H. Lee. 2014. Engineering cell matrix interactions in assembled polyelectrolyte fiber hydrogels for mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis. Biomaterials 35 (9):2607–16. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmati, M., D. K. Mills, A. M. Urbanska, M. R. Saeb, J. R. Venugopal, S. Ramakrishna, and M. Mozafari. 2021. Electrospinning for tissue engineering applications. Progress in Materials Science 117:100721. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100721.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramani, S., D. Ko, B. Kim, C. Cho, W. Kim, C. Jo, C.-K. Lee, J. Kang, S. Hur, and S. Park. 2021. Technical requirements for cultured meat production: A review. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 63 (4):681–92. doi: 10.5187/jast.2021.e45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramírez-Espinosa, J. J., L. González-Dávalos, A. Shimada, E. Piña, A. Varela-Echavarria, and O. Mora. 2016. Bovine (bos taurus) bone marrow mesenchymal cell differentiation to adipogenic and myogenic lineages. Cells Tissues Organs 201 (1):51–64. doi: 10.1159/000440878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss, J., S. Robertson, and M. Suzuki. 2021. Cell sources for cultivated meat: Applications and considerations throughout the production workflow. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22 (14):7513. doi: 10.3390/ijms22147513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieder, E., M. T. Kasimir, G. Silberhumer, G. Seebacher, E. Wolner, P. Simon, and G. Weigel. 2004. Decellularization protocols of porcine heart valves differ importantly in efficiency of cell removal and susceptibility of the matrix to recellularization with human vascular cells. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 127 (2):399–405. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.06.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rim, N. G., C. S. Shin, and H. Shin. 2013. Current approaches to electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering. Biomedical Materials (Bristol, England) 8 (1):014102. doi: 10.1088/1748-6041/8/1/014102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio, N. R., N. Xiang, and D. L. Kaplan. 2020. Plant-based and cell-based approaches to meat production. Nature Communications 11 (1):1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20061-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo, R., M. Malinconico, and G. Santagata. 2007. Effect of cross-linking with calcium ions on the physical properties of alginate films. Biomacromolecules 8 (10):3193–7. doi: 10.1021/bm700565h.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seah, J. S. H., S. Singh, S. L. P. Tan, and D. Choudhury. 2022. Scaffolds for the manufacture of cultured meat. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 42 (2):311–23. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1931803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sealy, M., K. Avegnon, A. Garrett, L. Delbreilh, S. Bapat, and A. Malshe. 2022. Understanding biomanufacturing of soy-based scaffolds for cell-cultured meat by vat polymerization. CIRP Annals 71 (1):209–12. doi: 10.1016/j.cirp.2022.04.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seol, Y.-J., T.-Y. Kang, and D.-W. Cho. 2012. Solid freeform fabrication technology applied to tissue engineering with various biomaterials. Soft Matter 8 (6):1730–5. doi: 10.1039/C1SM06863F.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serpooshan, V., M. Mahmoudi, D. A. Hu, J. B. Hu, and S. M. Wu. 2017. Bioengineering cardiac constructs using 3D printing. Journal of 3D Printing in Medicine 1 (2):123–39. doi: 10.2217/3dp-2016-0009.
   Google Scholar
• Serrano, D. R., M. C. Terres, and A. Lalats. 2018. Applications of 3D printing in cancer. Journal of 3D Printing in Medicine 2 (3):115–27. doi: 10.2217/3dp-2018-0007.
   Google Scholar
• Sha, L., and Y. L. Xiong. 2020. Plant protein-based alternatives of reconstructed meat: Science, technology, and challenges. Trends in Food Science & Technology 102:51–61. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.05.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikh, S., E. Lee, K. Ahmad, S. S. Ahmad, H. Chun, J. Lim, Y. Lee, and I. Choi. 2021. Cell types used for cultured meat production and the importance of myokines. Foods 10 (10):2318. doi: 10.3390/foods10102318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrivergaard, S., M. K. Rasmussen, M. Therkildsen, and J. F. Young. 2021. Bovine satellite cells isolated after 2 and 5 days of tissue storage maintain the proliferative and myogenic capacity needed for cultured meat production. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22 (16):8376. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sola, A., J. Bertacchini, D. D’Avella, L. Anselmi, T. Maraldi, S. Marmiroli, and M. Messori. 2019. Development of solvent-casting particulate leaching (SCPL) polymer scaffolds as improved three-dimensional supports to mimic the bone marrow niche. Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications 96:153–65. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Specht, E. A., D. R. Welch, E. M. R. Clayton, and C. D. Lagally. 2018. Opportunities for applying biomedical production and manufacturing methods to the development of the clean meat industry. Biochemical Engineering Journal 132:161–8. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.01.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinfeld, H., P. Gerber, T. D. Wassenaar, V. Castel, M. Rosales, M. Rosales, and C. de Haan. 2006. Livestock’s long shadow: Environmental issues and options. Rome: Food & Agriculture Organization of the United States.
   Google Scholar
• Stout, A. J., A. B. Mirliani, M. L. Rittenberg, M. Shub, E. C. White, J. S. K. Yuen, and D. L. Kaplan. 2022. Simple and effective serum-free medium for sustained expansion of bovine satellite cells for cell cultured meat. Communications Biology 5 (1):466. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03423-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sughanthy, A., M. Ansari, A. Siva, and M. Ansari. 2015. A review on bone scaffold fabrication methods. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 2 (6):1232–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, L., C. Zheng, and T. J. Webster. 2017. Self-assembled peptide nanomaterials for biomedical applications: Promises and pitfalls. International Journal of Nanomedicine 12:73–86. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S117501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, K., and S. Yamanaka. 2006. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126 (4):663–76. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakur, A. 2019. Market for plant-based meat alternatives. In Environmental, Health, and Business Opportunities in the New Meat Alternatives Market, ed. D. Bogueva, D. Marinova, T. Raphaely, and K. Schimidinger, 218–37, Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Thyden, R., L. R. Perreault, J. D. Jones, H. Notman, B. M. Varieur, A. A. Patmanidis, T. Dominko, and G. R. Gaudette. 2022. An edible, decellularized plant derived cell carrier for lab grown meat. Applied Sciences 12 (10):5155. doi: 10.3390/app12105155.
   Google Scholar
• Tiberius, V., J. Borning, and S. Seeler. 2019. Setting the table for meat consumers: An International Delphi study on in vitro meat. NPJ Science of Food 3 (1):10–6. doi: 10.1038/s41538-019-0041-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tuomisto, H. L. 2019. The eco‐friendly burger: Could cultured meat improve the environmental sustainability of meat products? EMBO Reports 20 (1):e47395. doi: 10.15252/embr.201847395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira, S., A. R. Franco, E. M. Fernandes, S. Amorim, H. Ferreira, R. A. Pires, R. L. Reis, A. Martins, and N. M. Neves. 2018. Fish sarcoplasmic proteins as a high value marine material for wound dressing applications. Colloids and Surfaces B, Biointerfaces 167:310–7. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.04.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahid, F., T. Khan, Z. Hussain, and H. Ullah. 2018. 30 - Nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering; properties, preparation and applications. In Applications of nanocomposite materials in drug delivery, eds. I. A. M. Asiri and A. Mohammad, 701–35. Sawston: Woodhead Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, L., W. Ehrfeld, H. Freimuth, M. Lacher, H. Lehr, and B. Pech, eds. 1996. Micromolding: A powerful tool for large-scale production of precise microstructures. In Micromachining and microfabrication process technology II. Bellingham: SPIE.
   Google Scholar
• Weegels, P., R. Hamer, and J. Schofield. 1996. Functional properties of wheat glutenin. Journal of Cereal Science 23 (1):1–17. doi: 10.1006/jcrs.1996.0001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitford, W., and J. J. Cadwell. 2011. The potential application of hollow fiber bioreactors to large-scale production. BioPharm International 2011 (4):s21–6.
   Google Scholar
• Wieser, H. 2007. Chemistry of gluten proteins. Food Microbiology 24 (2):115–9. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2006.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, T., and P. F. Gratzer. 2005. Effectiveness of three extraction techniques in the development of a decellularized bone-anterior cruciate ligament-bone graft. Biomaterials 26 (35):7339–49. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wung, N., S. M. Acott, D. Tosh, and M. J. Ellis. 2014. Hollow fibre membrane bioreactors for tissue engineering applications. Biotechnology Letters 36 (12):2357–66. doi: 10.1007/s10529-014-1619-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang, N., J. S. YuenJr., A. J. Stout, N. R. Rubio, Y. Chen, and D. L. Kaplan. 2022. 3D porous scaffolds from wheat glutenin for cultured meat applications. Biomaterials 285:121543. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang, N., Y. Yao, J. S. YuenJr., A. J. Stout, C. Fennelly, R. Sylvia, A. Schnitzler, S. Wong, and D. L. Kaplan. 2022. Edible films for cultivated meat production. Biomaterials 287:121659. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, Y., X.-R. Lan, R.-Y. Bao, Y. Lei, Z.-Q. Cao, M.-B. Yang, W. Yang, and Y.-B. Wang. 2018. High-performance porous polylactide stereocomplex crystallite scaffolds prepared by solution blending and salt leaching. Materials Science & Engineering C, Materials for Biological Applications 90:602–9. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, X., Y. Hu, S. Wang, X. Chen, Y. Jiang, and J. Su. 2022. Fabrication of physical and chemical crosslinked hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Bioactive Materials 12:327–39. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.10.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, X., M.-J. Zhu, M. V. Dodson, and M. Du. 2013. Developmental programming of fetal skeletal muscle and adipose tissue development. Journal of Genomics 1:29–38. doi: 10.7150/jgen.3930.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yanagawa, F., S. Sugiura, and Kanamori, T. 2016. Hydrogel microfabrication technology toward three dimensional tissue engineering. Regenerative Therapy 3:45–57. doi: 10.1016/j.reth.2016.02.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi, H.-G., H. Lee, and D.-W. Cho. 2017. 3D printing of organs-on-chips. Bioengineering 4 (4):10. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering4010010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yin, H., F. Price, and M. A. Rudnicki. 2013. Satellite cells and the muscle stem cell niche. Physiological Reviews 93 (1):23–67. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, J., M. A. Vodyanik, K. Smuga-Otto, J. Antosiewicz-Bourget, J. L. Frane, S. Tian, J. Nie, G. A. Jonsdottir, V. Ruotti, R. Stewart, et al. 2007. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science (New York, N.Y.) 318 (5858):1917–20. doi: 10.1126/science.1151526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yüksel, S., M. D. Aşık, H. M. Aydın, E. Tönük, E. Y. Aydın, and M. Bozkurt. 2022. Fabrication of a multi-layered decellularized amniotic membranes as tissue engineering constructs. Tissue and Cell 74:101693. doi: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zernov, A., L. Baruch, and M. Machluf. 2022. Chitosan-collagen hydrogel microparticles as edible cell microcarriers for cultured meat. Food Hydrocolloids 129:107632. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C., X. Guan, S. Yu, J. Zhou, and J. Chen. 2022. Production of meat alternatives using live cells, cultures and plant proteins. Current Opinion in Food Science 43:43–52. doi: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, G., X. Zhao, X. Li, G. Du, J. ZhoU, and J. Chen. 2020. Challenges and possibilities for bio-manufacturing cultured meat. Trends in Food Science & Technology 97:443–50. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, Y. Y., Y. Chen, H. Z. Zhu, C. B. Li, W. J. Song, S. J. Ding, and G. H. Zhou. 2022. Production of cultured meat by culturing porcine smooth muscle cells in vitro with food grade peanut wire-drawing protein scaffold. Food Research International 159:111561. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., Y. Hu, I. H. Badar, X. Xia, B. Kong, and Q. Chen. 2021. Prospects of artificial meat: Opportunities and challenges around consumer acceptance. Trends in Food Science & Technology 116:434–44. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar