Capsicum — production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part V. Impact on physiology, pharmacology, nutrition, and metabolism; structure, pungency, pain, and desensitization sequences

References

• Govindarajan , V. S. 1985 . Capsicum — production, technology, chemistry and quality. I. History, botany, cultivation and primary processing . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 22 : 109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindarajan , V. S. 1986 . Capsicum — production, technology, chemistry and quality. II. Processed products, standards, world production and trade . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 23 : 207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindarajan , V. S. 1986 . Capsicum — production, technology, chemistry and quality. III. Chemistry of the color, aroma and pungency stimuli . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 24 : 245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindarajan , V. S. , Rajalakshmi , D. and Chand , Nagin . 1987 . Capsicum— production, technology, chemistry and quality. IV. Evaluation of quality . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 25 : 185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiser , C. B. 1969 . Night shades , San Francisco : W. B. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Pickersgill , B. 1969 . “ The domestication of chilli peppers ” . In The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals , Edited by: Ucko , B. J. and Dimbleby , G. W. London : Gerald Duckworth .
   Google Scholar
• Rozin , P. . The use of characteristic flavorings in Human culinary practice . Proc. Arthur D. Little Flavor Symposium . Flavor: Its Chemical, Behavioural and Commercial Aspects , Edited by: Apt , C. M. pp. 101 Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rozin , P. , Mark , M. and Schiller , D. 1981 . The role of desensitization to capsaicin in chilli pepper ingestion and preference . Chem. Senses , 6 : 23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain , W. S. and Murphy , C. L. 1980 . Interaction between chemoreceptive modalities of odor and irritation . Nature , 284 : 255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozin , P. 1979 . “ Preference and effect in food selection ” . In Preference Behaviour and Chemoreception , Edited by: Kroeze , J. H. A. 289 London : Information Retrieval Limited .
   Google Scholar
• Govindarajan , V. S. . Food Taste Chemistry . ACS Symposium Series 115 . Pungency: the stimuli and their evaluation , Edited by: Boudreau , I. C. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Molnar , J. 1965 . Die Pharmakologischen Wirkungendes Capsaicins, des schemeckenden Wirkstoffes in paprika . Arzneim. Forsch. , 15 : 178
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maga , J. A. 1975 . Capsicum . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 6 : 177
   Google Scholar
• Monsereenusorn , Y. , Kongsamut , S. and Pezalla , P. D. 1982 . Capsaicin: a literature survey . Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 10 : 321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki , T. and Iwai , K. 1984 . “ Constituents of red pepper species: chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and food science of the pungent principle of Capsicum species ” . In The Alkaloids , Edited by: Brossi , A. Vol. 23 , Orlando, FL : Academic Press . Chap. 4.
   Google Scholar
• Hogyes , A. 1878 . Bietrage zur Physiologischen Wirkung der Bestandteile des Capsicum annuum . Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmak. , 9 : 117
   Google Scholar
• Feng , T. P. 1929 . Influence of “chillies” (Capsicum annuum L.), on digestive functions and metabolism . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 26 : 273
   Google Scholar
• Lille , J. and Ramirez , F. 1935 . Pharmacodynamic action of the active principles of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) . Ann. Inst. Biol. Mexico , 6 : 23
   Google Scholar
• 1935 . Chem. Abstr. , 29 : 4836
   Google Scholar
• Issekutz , B. Jr. , Lichtneckert , I. and Winter , M. 1950 . Effect of his‐tamine, capsaicin and procanine on heat regulation . Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. , 83 : 319
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Issekutz , B. Jr. , Lichtneckert , I. and Nagy , H. 1950 . Effect of capsaicin and histamine on heat regulation . Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Amie , 81 : 35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chem. Abstr. , 44 7426i
   Google Scholar
• Lee , T. S. 1954 . Physiological gustatory sweating in a warm climate . J. Physiol. , 124 : 528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porszasz , J. , Gyorgy , L. and Porszasz‐Gibiszer , K. 1955 . Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of capsaicin . Acta Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hungary. , 8 : 60
   Google Scholar
• Toh , C. C. , Lee , T. S. and Kiang , A. K. 1955 . The Pharmacological action of capsaicin analogues . Br. J. Pharmacol. , 10 : 175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jancso , N. and Jancso‐Gabor , A. 1959 . Permanent elimination of chemical pain sensitivity by capsaicin . Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmacol. , 236 : 142
   Google Scholar
• Chem. Abstr. , 53 10542
   Google Scholar
• Blumberger , W. and Glatzel , H. 1966 . The physiological effects of spices and condiments. VII. Investigations into the mechanism of action on salivary gland function . Nutr. Dieta , 8 : 145 (and references cited therein)
   Google Scholar
• Glatzel , H. and Ruberg‐Schweer , M. 1968 . Regional influences on cu‐tahem. abstr. 44: 10140g neous blood flow affected by oral spice intake . Nutr. Dieta , 10 : 194
   Google Scholar
• Glatzel , H. and Ruberg‐Schweer , M. 1965 . Blood circulation regulation and nutrition. VII. Action of fibrinolysis by condiments (chillies) . Z. Kreislaufforsch. , 54 : 374
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glatzel , A. and Gewarz , Dve . 1968 . “ Ihre Wirkungen auf dengesunderund Kran‐ken Menschen ” . Herford : Nicolische Verlagsbuch handlung .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer‐Bahlburg , H. F. L. 1972 . Pilot studies on stimulant effects of capsicum spices . Nutr. Metab. , 14 : 245
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ketusinh , O. , Dharanintra , B. and Juengjaroen , K. 1966 . Influence of capsicum solution on gastric acidities . Am. J. Proctol. , 17 : 511
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Viranuvatti , V. , Kalayasiri , C. , Chearani , O. and Plengvanit , U. 1972 . Effect of capsicum solution on human gastric mucosa as observed gastroscopically . Am. J. Gastroenterol. , 58 : 225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai , H. G. , Venugopalan , K. and Antia , F. P. 1973 . The effect of red chilli powder on DNA content of gastric aspirates . Gut , 14 : 974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai , H. G. , Venugopalan , K. and Antia , F. P. 1976 . The effect of capsaicin on the DNA content of gastric aspirate . Indian J. Med. Res. , 64 : 163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimparkar , B. D. , Donde , U. M. , Bhiwankar , N. T. and Mehta , J. M. 1972 . Effect of commonly used spices on human gastric secretion . J. Assoc. Physicians (India) , 20 : 901
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Desai , H. G. , Venugopalan , K. , Philipose , M. , Zaveri , M. P. , Kalro , R. H. and Antia , F. P. 1977 . Effect of red chilli powder on gastric mucosal barrier and acid secretion . Indian J. Med. Res. , 66 : 440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann , N. S. 1977 . Capsaicin induced acute erosive gastritis: its prevention by antacid, metiamide and cimetidine . J. Ky. Med. Assoc. , 75 : 71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Limlomwongse , L. , Chaitauchawong , C. and Tongyai , S. 1979 . Effect of capsaicin on gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow in the rat . J. Nutr. , 109 : 773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaidi , S. H. and Mukherji , B. 1958 . Experimental peptic ulceration. I. The significance of mucous barrier; Zaidi, S. H., Singh, G. B., and Khanna, N. M. IV. Effect of mucous stimulant on histamine induced ulceration . Indian J. Med. Res. , 46 ( 27 ) : 732
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SzoIcsanyi , J. and Bartho , L. . Impaired defense mechanism to peptic ulcer in the capsaicin‐desensitized rat . Adv. Physiol. Sci. Proc. Int. Cong. 28th 1980, 29 Gastro Intest. Defense Mech. . Edited by: Mozsik , G. , Han‐ninen , O. and Javor , T. pp. 39 Hungary : Akademi Kiado Budapest .
   Google Scholar
• 1981 . Chem. Abstr. , 95 : 781114w
   Google Scholar
• Holzer , P. and Lippe , I. 1988 . Th., Stimulation of afferent nerve endings by intragastric capsaicin protects against ethanol induced damage of gastric mucosa . Neuroscience , 27 : 981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , N. , Vij , J. C. , Sarin , S. K. and Anand , B. S. 1984 . Do chillies influence healing of duodenal ulcer? . Br. Med. J. , 288 : 1803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grahm , D. Y. , Smith , J. L. and Openkun , A. R. 1988 . Spicy food and the stomach . JAMA , 260 : 3473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartho , L. and Szolcsanyi , J. 1980 . The mechanism of the motor response to the periarterial nerve stimulation in the small intestine of the rabbit . Br. J. Pharmacol. , 70 : 193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb‐Peploe , M. , Brender , D. and Shepherd , J. T. 1972 . Vascular responses to stimulation of receptors in muscle by capsaicin . Am. J. Physiol. , 222 : 189
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Longhurst , J. C. , Stebbins , C. L. and Ordway , G. A. 1984 . Chemically induced cardiovascular reflexes arising from the stomach of the cat . Am. J. Physiol. , 247 : H459
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 1985 . Biol. Abstr. , 79 : 28845
   Google Scholar
• Paintal , A. S. 1973 . Vagal sensory receptors and their reflex effects . Physiol. Rev. , 53 : 159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg , J. M. and Sana , A. 1983 . Capsaicin‐induced desensitization of the airways mucosa, to cigarette smoke, mechanical and chemical irritants . Nature , 302 : 251 (and references therein)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szolcsanyi , J. and Janossy , T. 1971 . Mechanism of the circulatory and respiratory reflexes evoked by pungent agents . Acta Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. , 39 : 260
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull , A. 1850 . Tincture of capsicum as a remedy for chillblains and toothache, Dublin . Med. Press , i : 95
   Google Scholar
• Foy , G. 1886 . Capsicum . Med. Press , 2 : 191
   Google Scholar
• Jancso , N. . Pharmacology of Pain . Proc. 3rd Int. Pharmac. Meeting . 1966 . Desensitization with capsaicin and related acylamides as a tool for studying function of pain receptors , Vol. 9 , pp. 33 Oxford : Pergamon Press . (and references cited therein)
   Google Scholar
• Jancso , N. , Jancso‐Gabor , A. and Szolcsanyi , J. 1967 . Direct evidence for neurogenic inflammation and its prevention by denervation and by pretreatment with capsaicin . Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. , 31 : 138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jancso‐Gabor , A. and Szolcsanyi , J. 1968 . Inflammation Biochemistry and Drug Interaction , 21 Amsterdam : Excerpt Medica .
   Google Scholar
• Lattann , T. R. 1982 . U.S. Patent , 4 : 313 958
   Google Scholar
• Jancso‐Gabor , A. . Characteristics of the long‐lasting chemical analgesia induced by capsaicin . Proc. 2nd Congr. Hungarian Pharmacol. Society 1974, Vol. 2 . pp. 161 Budapest : Akademi Kiado .
   Google Scholar
• Joo , F. , Szolcsanyi , J. and Jancso‐Gabor , A. 1969 . Mitochondrial alterations in the spinal ganglion cells of the rat accompanying the long‐lasting sensory disturbance induced by capsaicin . Life Sci. , 8 : 621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jancso , G. , Kiraly , E. and Jancso‐Gabor , A. 1977 . Pharmacologically induced selective degeneration of chemosensitive primary sensory neurons . Nature , 270 : 741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaksh , T. L. , Farb , D. H. , Leeman , S. E. and Jessell , T. M. 1979 . Intrathecal capsaicin depletes substance P in the rat spinal cord and produces prolonged thermal analgesia . Science , 206 : 481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , R. and O'Conor , M. , eds. . Substance P in the nervous system . CIBA Found. Symp. No. 91 . London : Pitman .
   Google Scholar
• Hayes , A. G. , Skingle , M. and Tyers , M. B. 1980 . The antinociceptive effects of single doses of capsaicin in the rodent . Br. J. Pharmacol. , 70 : 96P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1981 . Chem. Abstr. , 94 : 24943b
   Google Scholar
• Virus , R. M. , Knuepfer , M. M. , McManus , D. Q. , Brody , M. J. and Gebhart , G. F. 1981 . Capsaicin pretreatment in adult Wistar‐Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats; effects on nociceptive behaviour and cardiovascular regulation . Eur. J. Pharmacol. , 72 : 209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1981 . Chem. Abstr. , 95 : 74585c
   Google Scholar
• Buck , S. H. , Miller , M. S. and Burks , T. F. 1982 . Depletion of primary afferent substance P by capsaicin and dihydro capsaicin without altered thermal sensitivity in rats . Brain Res. , 233 : 216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1982 . Biol. Abstr. , 74 : 28826
   Google Scholar
• Buck , S. H. 1983 . Capsaicin: hot new pharmacological tool . Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , 4 : 495 (and references cited therein)
   Google Scholar
• Szolcsanyi , J. and Jancso‐Gabor , A. . Analysis of the role of warmth detectors by means of capsaicin under different conditions . Proc. Symp. Temp. Regul. Drug Action . pp. 331 Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Rabe , L. S. , Buck , S. H. , Moreno , L. , Burks , T. F. and Dafny , N. 1980 . Neurophysiological and thermoregulatory effects of capsaicin . Brain Res. Bull. , 5 : 755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1981 . Chem. Abstr. , 94 : 96079x
   Google Scholar
• Szolcsanyi , J. . Impairment in thermoregulatory behaviour induced by capsaicin . Adv. Physiol. Sci. Proc. Int. Congr. 28th 1980 . Edited by: Szelenyi , Z. and Szekely , M. pp. 32 Budapest, , Hungary : Akademi Kiado .
   Google Scholar
• Hayes , A. G. , Oxford , A. , Reynolds , M. , Shingler , A. H. , Skingle , M. , Smith , C. and Tyer , M. B. 1984 . The effects of a series of capsaicin analogues on nociception and body temperature in the rat . Life Sci. , 34 : 1241 (and references quoted)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szolcsanyi , J. . Role of polymodal nociceptors in mediation of chemogenic pain and inflammatory hyperalgesia . Proc. 28th Int. Congr. Int. Union Physiol. Sci. . Budapest. Vol. 14 , pp. 734
   Google Scholar
• Foster , R. W. and Ramage , A. G. 1981 . The action of some chemical irritants on somatosensory receptors of the cat . Neuropharmacology , 20 : 191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szolcsanyi , J. , Jancso‐Gabor , A. and Joo , F. 1975 . Functional and fine structural characteristics of the sensory neuron blocking effect of capsaicin . Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. , 287 : 157
   Google Scholar
• Chem. Abstr. , 83 53534
   Google Scholar
• Scadding , J. W. 1980 . The permanent anatomical effects of neonatal capsaicin on somatosensory nerves . J. Anat. , 131 : 473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald , M. 1983 . Capsaicin and sensory neurons — a review . Pain , 15 : 109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeman , S. E. and Mroz , E. A. 1974 . Substance P — mini review . Life Sci. , 15 : 2033 (and references quoted)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gamse , R. , Molnar , A. and Lembeck , F. 1979 . Substance P release from spinal cord slices by capsaicin . Life Sci. , 25 : 629 (and references quoted therein)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamse , R. , Holzer , P. and Lembeck , F. 1980 . Decrease of Substance P in primary afferent neurons and impairment of neurogenic plasma extravasation by capsaicin . Br. J. Pharmacol. , 68 : 207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuello , A. C. , Gamse , R. , Holzer , P. and Lembeck , F. 1981 . Substance P immunoreactive neurons following neonatal administration of capsaicin . Naunyu‐Schmiedelberg's Arch. Pharmacol. , 315 : 185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1981 . Chem. Abstr. , 94 : 151081u
   Google Scholar
• Jhamandas , K. , Yaksh , J. L. , Harty , G. , Szolcsanyi , J. and Go , V. L. W. 1984 . Action of intrathecal capsaicin and its structural analogs on the content and release of spinal Substance P: selectivity of action and relationship to analgesia . Brain Res. , 306 : 215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1984 . Biol. Abstr. , 78 : 94529
   Google Scholar
• Hajos , M. , Obal , F. Jr. , Jancso , G. and Obal , F. 1985 . Capsaicin impairs preoptic seretonin‐sensitive structures mediating hypothermia in rats . Neurosci. Lett. , 54 : 97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1985 . Biol. Abstr. , 80 : 8926
   Google Scholar
• Holzer , P. , Bucsics , A. and Lembeck , F. 1982 . Distribution of capsaicin‐sensitive nerve fibers containing immunoreactive substance P in cutaneous and visceral tissues of the rat . Neurosci. Lett. , 31 : 253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharkey , K. A. , Williams , R. G. and Dockray , G. J. 1984 . Sensory substance P innervation of the stomach and pancreas — Demonstration of capsaicin‐sensitive sensory neurons in the rat by combined immu‐nohistochemistry and retrograde‐tracing . Gastroenterology , 87 : 914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartho , L. , Holzer , P. , Lembeck , F. and Szolcsanyi , J. 1982 . Evidence that the contractile response of the guinea pig ileum to capsaicin is due to release of Substance P . J. Physiol. (London) , 332 : 157
   Google Scholar
• Maggi , C. A. , Paolo , S. and Alberto , M. 1984 . The effects of topical capsaicin on rat urinary bladder motility in vivo . Eur. J. Pharmacol. , 103 : 41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1985 . Biol. Abstr. , 79 : 36391
   Google Scholar
• Helke , C. J. , Jacobowitz , D. M. and Thoa , N. B. 1981 . Capsaicin and potassium evoked Substance P release from the nucleus tractus soli‐tarius and spinal trigeminal nucleus in vitro . Life Sci. , 29 : 1779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lembeck , F. and Donnerer , J. 1981 . Time‐course of capsaicin‐induced functional impairments in comparison with changes in neuronal Substance P content . Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. , 316 : 240
   Google Scholar
• 1981 . Chem. Abstr. , 95 : 91318k
   Google Scholar
• Burks , T. F. , Buck , S. H. and Miller , M. S. 1985 . Mechanisms of depletion of substance P by capsaicin . Fed. Proc. , 44 : 2531 (and references quoted therein)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayes , A. G. , Hawcock , A. B. and Hill , R. G. 1984 . The depolarising action of capsaicin on rat isolated sciatic nerve . Life Sci. , 35 : 1561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petsche , U. , Fleischer , E. , Lembeck , F. and Handwerker , H. O. 1983 . The effect of capsaicin application to a peripheral nerve on impulse conduction in functionally identified afferent nerve fibres . Brain Res. , 26 : 233
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . Biol. Abstr. , 76 : 82180
   Google Scholar
• Otten , U. , Lorez , H. P. and Businger , F. 1983 . Nerve growth factor antagonises the neurotoxic action of capsaicin on primary sensory neurons . Nature , 301 : 515 (and references quoted therein)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skofitsch , G. and Jacobowitz , D. M. 1985 . Galanin‐like immunoreactivity in capsaicin sensitive sensory neurons and ganglia . Brain Res. Bull. , 15 : 191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1986 . Biol. Abstr. , 91 : 7278
   Google Scholar
• Jancso , G. and Kiraly , E. 1981 . Sensory neurotoxins: chemically induced selective destruction of primary sensory neurons . Brain Res. , 210 : 83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1981 . Chem. Abstr. , 94 : 185577a
   Google Scholar
• Bucsics , A. and Lembeck , F. 1981 . In vitro release of Substance P from spinal cord slices by capsaicin congeners . Eur. J. Pharmacol. , 71 : 71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1981 . Chem. Abstr. , 95 : 18951g
   Google Scholar
• Szolcsanyi , J. and Jancso‐Gabor , A. 1976 . Sensory effects of capsaicin congeners. II. Importance of chemical structure and pungency in desensitizing activity of capsaicin‐type compounds . Anneim.‐Forsch. , 26 (1) : 33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck , S. H. and Burks , T. F. 1986 . The neuropharmacology of capsaicin: review of some recent observations . Pharmacol. Rev. , 38 (3) : 179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visudhiphan , S. , Poolsuppasit , S. , Piboonnukarintr. , O. and Tumliang , S. 1982 . The relationship between high fibrinolytic activity and daily capsicum ingestion in Thais . Am. J. Clin.Nutri. , 35 : 1452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. P. , Hsu , M. F. and Teng , C. M. 1984 . Antiplatelet effect of capsaicin . Thromb. Res. , 36 : 497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan , M. R. , Sambaiah , K. , Satyanarayana , M. N. and Rao , M. V. L. 1980 . Influence of red pepper and capsaicin on growth, blood constituents and nitrogen balance in rats . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 21 : 455
   Google Scholar
• Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense . 1962 . Nutrition Survey — The Kingdom of Thailand , 57 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Park , S. K. and Chun , J. K. 1977 . Survey studies on the storage life of Korean red pepper . J. Korean Agric. Chem. Soc. , 20 (1) : 95
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . Food Sci. Technol. Abstr. , 11 : 3J342
   Google Scholar
• Hodun , A. 1980 . “ Modification of “innate” taste aversions ” . In Olfaction and Taste VII , Edited by: Van der Starre , H. 432 London : IRL .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , S. O. 1963 . Studies on the influence of diets and lipotropic substances upon the various organs and metabolic changes in the rabbits on long‐term feeding with red pepper. I. Histopathological changes of the liver and spleen . Korean J. Intern. Med. , 6 : 383
   Google Scholar
• 1963 . Histopathological changes in the various organs except the liver and spleen . J. Intern. Med.. , 8 : 471 II.
   Google Scholar
• 1963 . Metabolic and hematological changes . J. Intern. Med. , 8 : 708 III.
   Google Scholar
• Nopanitaya , W. 1973 . Long‐term effects of capsaicin on fat absorption and the growth of rat . Growth , 37 : 269
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nopanitaya , W. 1974 . Effects of capsaicin in combination with diets of varying protein content on the duodenal absortive cells of the rat . Am. J. Dig. Dis. , 19 : 439
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nopanitaya , W. and Nye , S. W. 1974 . Deudenal mucosal response to the pungent principle of hot pepper (capsaicin) in the rat: light and electron microscopic study . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 30 : 149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barna , J. 1976 . Liver function of animals fed with irradiated ground paprika . Acta Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. , 47 : 150
   Google Scholar
• Bergsma , S. 1931 . Gastric and duodenal ulcer in the black people of Abyssinia . Arch. Int. Med. , 47 : 144
   Google Scholar
• Sambaiah , K. , Satyanarayana , M. N. and Rao , M. V. L. 1978 . Effect of red pepper (chillies) and capsaicin on fat absorption and liver fat in rats . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 18 : 521
   Google Scholar
• Sambaiah , K. , Srinivasan , M. R. , Satyanarayana , M. N. and Chandrasekhara , N. 1984 . Influence of capsaicin on the absorption of amino acids and fat in rats . J. Food Sci. Technol. , 21 : 155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawada , T. , Hagihara , K. I. and Iwai , K. 1986 . Effect of capsaicin on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high fat diet . J. Nutr. , 116 : 1272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambaiah , K. and Satyanarayana , M. N. 1982 . Lipotrope‐like activity of red pepper . J. Food Sci. Technol. , 19 : 30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satyanarayana, M. N. Unpublished
   Google Scholar
• Sambaiah , K. and Satyanarayana , M. N. 1987 . Stimulation of liver tri‐glyceride secretion in rats by capsaicin . Curr. Sci. , 56 (17) : 897
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalopissis , A. D. , Griglio , S. , Malewiak , M. I. and Rozen , R. 1980 . Effect of high fat diet of rat very low density lipoprotein secretion . Biochem. Biophys. Acta , 620 : 111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sambaiah , K. and Satyanarayana , M. N. 1989 . Effect of capsaicin on triglyceride accumulation and secretion in ethanol fed rats . Indian J. Med. Res. , 90 : 154
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sambaiah , K. and Satyanarayana , M. N. 1982 . Influence of red pepper and capsaicin on body composition and lipogenesis in rats . J. Biosci. , 4 : 425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambaiah , K. 1981 . Biochemical and Metabolic Studies on Spices , University of Mysore . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Srinivasan , M. R. and Satyanarayana , M. N. 1986 . Influence of red pepper (chillies) and spice mixture feeding on liver, serum and carcass lipids of rats . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 34 : 365
   Google Scholar
• Srinivasan , M. R. and Satyanarayana , M. N. 1988 . Influence of capsaicin, eugenol, curcumin and ferulic acid on sucrose‐induced hypertry‐glyceridemia in rats . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 38 (3) : 571
   Google Scholar
• Srinivasan , M. R. and Satyanarayana , M. N. 1989 . Effect of capsaicin on skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase in rats fed high‐fat diets . Indian J. Exp. Biol. , 27 : 910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan , M. R. and Satyanarayana , M. N. 1987 . Influence of capsaicin, cur cumin and ferulic acid in rats fed high‐fat diets . J. Biosci. , 12 : 143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambaiah , K. and Satyanarayana , M. N. 1980 . Hypocholesterolemic effect of red pepper and capsaicin . Indian J. Exp. Biol. , 18 : 898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbarao , D. , Chandrasekhara , N. , Satyanarayana , M. N. and Srinivasan , M. 1970 . Effect of curcumin on serum and liver cholesterol levels in the rats . J. Nutr. , 100 : 1307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gujral , S. , Bhumra , N. and Swaroop , M. 1978 . Effect of ginger (Zin‐giber officinale Roscoe) oleoresin on serum and hepatic cholesterol levels in cholesterol fed rats . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 17 : 183
   Google Scholar
• Kritchevsky , D. , Tepper , S. A. and Story , J. A. 1977 . Linoleic acid amides: effect on cholesteremia and atherosclerosis . Lipids , 12 : 16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi , M. , Osawa , K. , Tsuai , C. T. and Abe , M. 1980 . The constituents of Capsicum annuum L. var. fasciculatum Irish and the distribution of capsi‐amide in the varieties of Capsicum annuum L . Yakugaku Zasshi , 100 : 221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1980 . Chem. Abstr. , 92 : 194446t
   Google Scholar
• Ki , P. , Negulesco , J. A. and Murnane , M. 1982 . Decreased total serum, myocardial and aortic cholesterol levels following capsaicin treatment . IRCS Med. Sci. (Biochemistry) , 10 : 446
   Google Scholar
• Negulesco , J. A. , Young , R. M. and K. I. P. 1983 . Capsaicin lowers plasma cholesterol and triglycerides of lagomorphs . Artery , 12 (5) : 301
   Google Scholar
• Negulesco , J. A. , Noel , S. K. , Newman , H. A. Z. , Naber , E. C. , Bhat , H. B. and Witiak , D. T. 1987 . Effect of pure capsaicinoids (Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin) on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations of turkey poults . Atherosclerosis , 64 : 85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsereenusorn , Y. and Glinsukon , T. 1978 . Inhibitory effect of capsaicin on intestinal glucose absorption in vitro . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 16 : 469
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monsereenusorn , Y. 1979 . Effect of capsaicin on intestinal glucose metabolism in vitro . Toxicol. Lett. , 3 : 279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsereenusorn , Y. 1980 . Effect of Capsicum annuum on blood glucose level . Q. J. Crude Drug Res. , 18 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Monsereenusorn , Y. 1980 . In vitro intestinal absorption of capsaicin . Toxicol. App. Pharmacol. , 53 : 134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsereenusorn , Y. 1982 . “ Common food additives and spices in Thailand ” . In Toxicological Effects in Adverse Effects of Food , Edited by: Jelliffe , E. F. P. and Jeliffe , D. B. 195 New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jonietz , P. 1983 . J. Natl. Res. Counc , 15 : 15
   Google Scholar
• Reference No. 286 quoted by Suzuki, T. and Iwai, K. Reference 14 of this review
   Google Scholar
• Kawada , T. , Watanabe , T. , Takaishi , T. , Tanaka , T. and Iwai , K. 1986 . Capsaicin induced beta‐adrenergic action on energy metabolism in rats: influence of capsaicin on oxygen consumption, the respiratory quotient and substrate utilization . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 183 : 250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , T. , Kawada , T. and Iwai , K. 1987 . Enhancement by capsaicin of energy metabolism in rats through secretion of catecholamine from adrenal amedulla . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 51 : 75
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , T. , Kawada , T. , Yamamoto , M. and Iwai , K. 1987 . Capsaicin, a pungent principle of hot red pepper, evokes catecholamine secretion from the adrenal medulla of anesthetized rats . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 142 : 259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , T. , Kawada , T. and Iwai , K. 1988 . Effect of capsaicin pre‐treatment on capsaicin‐induced catecholamine secretion from the adrenal medulla in rats . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 187 : 370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawada , T. , Sakabe , S. I. , Watanabe , T. , Yamamoto , M. and Iwai , K. 1988 . Some pungent principles of spices cause the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamine in anesthetized rats . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 188 : 229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , T. , Kawada , T. , Kurosawa , M. , Sato , A. and Iwai , K. 1988 . Adrenal sympathetic efferent nerve and catecholamine secretion caused by capsaicin in rats . Am. J. Physiol. , 255 : E23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muralidhara and Narasimhamurthy , K. 1988 . Non‐mutagenicity of capsaicin in albino mice . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 26 : 955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharathi , P. , Salimath and Satyanarayana , M. N. 1987 . Inhibition of calcium and calmodulin dependent phosphodiesterase activity in rats by capsaicin . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 148 : 292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsholme , E. A. and Crabtree , B. . Liver adipose tissue FA cycle in biochemical adaptation to environmental chemicals . Biochem. Soc. Symp. . Edited by: Shellie , R. M. S. and Pennock , J. F. pp. 41 61
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida , T. , Yoshioka , K. , Wakabayashi , Y. , Nishioka , H. and Kondo , M. 1988 . Effect of capsaicin and isothiocyanate on thermogenesis of interscapular brown adipose tissue in rats . J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. , 34 : 587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glinsukon , T. , Stitmunnaithum , V. , Toskulkao , C. , Buranawuti , T. and Tangkrisnavinont , V. 1980 . Acute toxicity of capsaicin in several animal species . Toxicon , 18 : 215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winek , C. L. , Markie , D. C. and Shanor , S. P. 1982 . Pepper Capsicum frutescens sauce toxicity . Drug Chem. Toxicol. , 5 : 89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1983 . Biol. Abstr. , 75 : 84441
   Google Scholar
• Monsereenusorn , Y. 1983 . Subchronic toxicity studies of capsaicin and capsicum in rats . Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. , 41 : 95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chudapongse , P. and Janthasoot , W. 1981 . Mechanism of the inhibitory action of capsaicin on energy metabolism by rat liver mitochondria . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 30 : 735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , M. S. , Brendel , K. , Burks , T. F. and Sipes , I. G. 1983 . Interaction of capsaicinoids with drug‐metabolizing systems . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 32 : 547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S. S. and Kumar , S. 1009 . “ Metabolism in vitro of capsaicin, a pungent principle of red pepper, with rat liver homogenates ” . In Microsomes, Drug Oxidations and Chemical Carcinogenesis , Edited by: Coon , M. J. , Conney , A. H. , Estabrook , R. W. , Gelboin , H. V. , Gillette , J. R. and O'Brien , P. J. Vol. 2 , 1980 Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Saria , A. , Skofitsch , G. and Lembeck , F. 1982 . Distribution of capsaicin in rat tissues after systemic administration . J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , 34 : 273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawada , T. , Suzuki , T. , Takahashi , M. and Iwai , K. 1984 . Gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 72 : 449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawada , T. and Iwai , K. 1985 . In vivo and in vitro metabolism of dihydrocapsaicin, a pungent principle of hot pepper in rats . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 49 : 441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenner , P. M. , Hagan , E. C. , Taylor , J. M. , Cook , E. L. and Fitzhugh , O. G. 1964 . Food flavorings and compounds of related structure. I. Acute oral toxicity . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 2 : 327
   Google Scholar
• Schwen , R. J. 1983 . Effect of route of administration on excretion of capsaicin analog N‐vanillyI‐[1l4C]‐nonanamide . Fed. Proc. , 42 (Abstr. 498)
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan , R. L. 1978 . Toxicity of spices containing methylene‐dioxy‐benzene derivatives: a review . J. Food Saf. , 1 : 275
   Google Scholar
• Adamuya , I. K. 1971 . The influence of red pepper Capsicum annuum on the induction of liver tumor, Acad. Nank. Gruz S.S.R. . Soobseheida , 65 : 237
   Google Scholar
• quoted in Reference 129
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan , R. L. , Goldstein , S. and Budroe , J. D. 1981 . Examination of chili pepper and nutmeg oleoresins using the Salmonella/Mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay . J. Food Sci. , 47 : 330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth , B. , Rogan , E. and Walker , B. 1984 . Tumorigenicity and mutagenicity studies with capsaicin of hot peppers . Anticancer Res. , 4 : 117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1984 . Chem. Abstr. , 101 : 145699
   Google Scholar
• Ungsurungsie , M. , Suthienkul , O. and Paovalo , C. 1982 . Mutagenicity screening of popular Thai spices . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 20 : 527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , C. S. 1975 . “ Nutrition in two cultures — Mexican American and Malay ways with food in Gastronomy ” . In The Anthropology of Food and Food Habits , Edited by: Amott , M. L. The Hague : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Anon . 1986 . Metabolism and toxicity of capsaicin . Nutr. Rev. , 44 : 20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beets , M. G. J. 1976 . Structure‐Activity Relationships in Human Che‐moreception , Edited by: Benz , G. Oxford : IRL Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , E. K. 1919 . Vanillylacyl amides . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 41 : 2121
   Google Scholar
• Jones , E. C. S. and Pyman , F. L. 1925 . Relation between chemical constitution and pungency in acid amides . J. Chem. Soc. , 127 : 2588
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi , S. 1927 . Relation between chemical constitution and pungency in acid amides . Sci. Papers Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. Tokyo , 6 : 166
   Google Scholar
• 1344 . Chem. Abstr. , : 22
   Google Scholar
• Newman , A. A. 1953 . Natural and synthetic pepper flavoured substances (2–6) . Chem. Prod. London. , 16 : 379
   Google Scholar
• 17, 1954
   Google Scholar
• Provatoroff , N. 1967 . The properties and chemistry of some natural spicy compounds . Manuf. Chem. , 38 (3) : 40
   Google Scholar
• Grewe , R. , Freist , W. , Newmann , H. and Kersten , S. 1970 . Chemical constituents of black pepper . Chem. Ber. , 103 : 3752
   Google Scholar
• Locksley , H. D. , Rainey , D. K. and Rohan , T. A. 1972 . Pungent compounds. I. An improved synthesis of paradols (alkyl‐4‐hydroxy‐3‐meth‐oxyphenylethyl ketones) and an assessment of their pungency . J. Chem. Soc. Perkins I. , 23 : 3001
   Google Scholar
• Govindarajan , V. S. , Narasimhan , Shanthi , Bhaghya and Rajalakshmsi , D. 1980 . Evaluation of spices and oleoresins. DC. Correlation of pungency stimuli and pungency in ginger . Z. Lebenm. Unters. Forsch. , 170 : 200
   Google Scholar
• Narasimhan , Shanthi and Rajalakshmi , D. 1981 . Pipeline and related compounds, II. Estimation of pungency stimuli and correlation with pungency in pepper . J. Food Sci. Tech. , 18 : 11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szolcsanyi , J. and Jancso‐Gabor , A. 1975 . Sensory effects of capsaicin congeners. I. Relationship between chemical structure and pain‐producing potency of pungent agents . Arzneim.‐Forsch. Drug Res. , 25 : 1877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsereenusorn , Y. 1984 . Quality Information at the 9th Int. Congr. Pharmacol. . July—August 1984 , London.
   Google Scholar
• Todd , P. H. Jr. , Bensinger , M. G. and Bifty , T. 1977 . Determination of pungency due to capsicum by gas liquid chromatography . J. Food Sci. , 42 : 660
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar