86
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Verifying Compliance to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

Pages 195-218 | Published online: 29 Sep 2008

REFERENCES

  • Convention on the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons and on their destruction, in U.S. Department of State Treaties and International Agreements Series No. 8062., 1975.
  • Zilinskas, R. A., Verification of the Biological Weapons Convention, in Biological and Toxin Weapons Today., Geissler, E., Ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1986, 82–107.
  • Sims, N. A., The Diplomacy of Biological Disarmament: Vicissitudes of a Treaty in Force, 1975–85, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1988.
  • ter Haar, B., Ed., The Future of Biological Weapons, Praeger, New York, 1991.
  • Geissler, E., The vulnerability of the Biological Weapons Convention, in Verification Report 1991, Poole, J. B., Ed., The Apex Press, New York, 1991, 83–90.
  • Lundin, S. J., Ed., Views on Possible Verification Measures for the Biological Weapons Convention, Oxford., Oxford University Press for Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, NY, 1991.
  • Atlas, R. M. and Goldberg, M., Biological warfare: examining verification strategies, ASM News, 59, 393–396, 1993.
  • Chevrier, M. I., Impediment to proliferation?: analyzing the Biological Weapons Convention, Contemporary Security Policy, 16, 72–102, 1995.
  • Dando, M., Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention: slow and difficult, but possible, Pacific Research, 8, 39–42, 1995.
  • Pearson, G. S., Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention: the need for a mandatory protocol, in Old Issues and New Strategies in Arms Control and Verification., Brown, J., Ed., VU University Press, Amsterdam, 1995, 161–182.
  • Thränert, O., Ed., Enhancing the Biological Weapons Convention., Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachfolger, Bonn, Germany, 1996.
  • Special Conference of the State Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, Final Declaration. BWC/SPCONF/FD, 1994.
  • Ad Hoc Group of the State Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, Procedural Report of the Ad Hoc Group of the State Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction. Annex I. Rolling Text of a Protocol to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Bacteriological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction. BWC/AD HOC Group/38, 1997.
  • United Nations Security Council, Plan for future ongoing monitoring and verification of Iraq’s compliance with relevant parts of Section C of Security Council Resolution 687, S/ 22871, Rev. 1, 1991.
  • Ekéus, R., The United Nations Special Commission on Iraq, in SIPRI Yearbook 1991., Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Ed., World Armaments and Disarmament, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, 509–530.
  • Ekéus, R., Monitoring Iraq, New Perspectives Quarterly, 12, 27–28, 1995.
  • Molander, J., The United Nations and the elimination of Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction: The implementation of a cease-fire condition, in From Versailles to Baghdad: Post-War Armament Control of Defeated States., Tanner, F., Ed., United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, New York, 146–147, 1992.
  • Zifferero, M., The IAEA: Neutralizing Iraq’s nuclear weapons potential, Arms Control Today, 23, 10–12, 1993.
  • Zilinskas, R. A., Detecting and deterring biological weapons in Iraq: the role of aerial surveillance, Politics and the Life Sciences, 14, 255–258, 1995.
  • Zilinskas, R. A., UNSCOM and the UNSCOM experience in Iraq, Politics and the Life Sciences, 14, 230–235, 1995.
  • Broad, W. J. and Miller, J., How Iraq’s biological weapons program came to light, New York Times., 1, February 26, 1998.
  • Zilinskas, R. A., Biotechnology and the Third World: The missing link between research and applications, Genome, 31, 1046–1054, 1989.
  • Zilinskas, R. A., Bridging the gap between research and applications in the Third World, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 9, 145–152, 1992.
  • Zilinskas, R. A., The other biological-weapons worry, New York Times., A39, November 28, 1997.
  • George, A., Head of Saddam’s germ warfare program received her education and experience in British university (in Arabic), Al-Sharq Al-Awsat (London), 2, January 29, 1995.
  • Nelan, B. W., Germ warfare, Time 150 (November 24), 54–56, 1997.
  • Smith, R. J., Iraq’s drive for a biological arsenal, Washington Post A1, A48, November 21, 1997.
  • Windrem, R., The world’s deadliest woman?, MSNBC News., http://www.msnbc.com/ news/ 124234.asp (February 17), 1998.
  • Barkho, L., Iraq shows foreign reporters main biological site, Reuter New Service., April 22, 1995.
  • Zilinskas, R. A., Iraq’s biological weapons: The past as future?, Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 418–424, 1997.
  • Carus, S., The Genie Unleashed: Iraq’s Chemical and Biological Weapons Production., Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Washington, D.C., 1989.
  • Gee, J., Confessions of an on-site inspector, Pacific Research, 4, 3–9, 1991.
  • Bowman, S.R., Iraqi Chemical Weapons Capabilities., Report # 93–292 F, Congressional Research, Service, Washington, D.C., 1993.
  • Leitenberg, M., The biological weapons program of the former Soviet Union, Biologicals, 21, 187–191, 1993.
  • Leitenberg, M., The conversion of biological warfare research and development facilities to peaceful uses, in Control of Dual-Threat Agents: The Vaccines for Peace Programme., Geissler, E. and Woodall, J. P., Eds., SIPRI and Oxford University Press, New York, 1994, 77–105.
  • Leitenberg, M., Project on Rethinking Arms Control, Biological Weapons Arms Control., Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland, College Park, MD, 1996.
  • United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, Foreign Availability Review, AG BW Controls: Proposed Equipment Items., Report # BXA/OFA 92–12(R), U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1992.
  • Office of Public Information, U.S Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Australia Group Export Controls on Materials Used in the Manufacture of Chemical and Biological Weapons., Control List of Dual-Use Chemicals, Commercial and Military Applications, 1993.
  • Franz, D. R., Inventory control of dual-use equipment, Politics and the Life Sciences, 14, 244–247, 1995.
  • Tucker, J. B., Remote monitoring of dual-capable biological facilities in Iraq, Politics and the Life Sciences, 14, 247–254, 1995.
  • Manchee, R. J., Broster, M. G., Melling, J., Henstridge, R. M., and Stagg, A. J., Bacillus anthracis in Gruinard island, Nature, 294, 254–255, 1981.
  • Manchee, R. J. and Stewart, W. D. P., The decontamination of Gruinard Island, Chemistry in Britain, 24, 690–691, 1988.
  • Hedlund, K. W., Anthrax toxin: history and recent advances and perspectives, Journal of Toxicology and Toxin Reviews, 11, 41–88, 1992.
  • Anony., Development of “N” for Offensive Use in Biological Warfare (Special Report No. 9), Camp Detrick, MD, 1945.
  • Dutz, W., Anthrax in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases., Braude, A. I., Davis, C. E. and Fierer, J., Eds., W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1981, 1806–1812.
  • Friedlander, A. M., Anthrax in Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Sidell, F. R., Takafuji, E. T., and Franz, D. R., Eds., Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D.C., 1997, 467–478.
  • Defense Intelligence Agency, Soviet Biological Warfare Threat., Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C., 1986.
  • Safulin, D., Will the secret laboratory not move from Kazakhstan to Russia? The bacteriological ‘sand dune’ on Vozrozhdeniye island continues to alarm the public (in Russian), Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow) 6, July 1, 1992.
  • United Nations Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, Final Document of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction., Document BWC/CONF.I/10, 1980.
  • Second Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction., Final Document, BWC/CONF.11/13, 1986.
  • Third Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction., Draft Final Declaration, BWC/CONF.III/22/Add2, 1991.
  • Fourth Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, Final Document., BWC/CONF.IV/9, 1996.
  • Dando, M. R. and Pearson, G. S., The Fourth Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention: Issues, outcomes, and unfinished business, Politics and the Life Sciences, 16, 105–126, 1997.
  • Ad Hoc Group of Governmental Experts to Identify and Examine Potential Verification Measures from a Scientific and Technical Standpoint, Report. BWC/CONF.III/ VEREX/9, 1993.
  • Third Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, Draft Annex to Final Declaration of Confidence-building Measures., BWC/CONF.III/22/Add3, 1991.
  • Smithson, A. E., Man versus microbe: The negotiations to strengthen the Biological Weapons Convention in Biological Weapons Proliferation: Reasons for Concern, Courses of Action, Chevrier, M. I., Pearson, G. S., Smithson, A. E., Tucker, J. B. and Woollett, G. R., Eds., The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, D.C., Report No. 24, 107–128, 1998.
  • Johnson-Winegar, A., The role of declarations in UNSCOM’s program in Iraq, Politics and the Life Sciences, 14, 236–238, 1995.
  • St-Onge, A. A., United Nations biological warfare inspectors in Iraq: Applications for biological arms control — one Canadian’s perspective, Politics and the Life Sciences, 14, 259–262, 1995.
  • Huxsoll, D. L., On-site inspection measures and interviews, Politics and the Life Sciences, 14, 238–240, 1995.
  • United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Chemical and Biological Weapons Reader., U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Washington, D.C., 1995, 1–61.
  • United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Fact Sheet. Australia Group Export Controls on Materials Used in the Manufacture of Chemical and Biological Weapons., U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Washington, D.C., 1995.
  • Smithson, A. E., Separating Fact from Fiction: The Australia Group and the Chemical Weapons Convention, Occasional Paper #34., The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, D.C., 1997.
  • Zelicoff, A. P., The Biological Weapons Convention: What is the role of sample collection in a legally-binding regime?, Politics and the Life Sciences, 14, 79–84, 1995.
  • Moodie, M. L. and Nagler, G. W., Parameters and procedures for sampling and analysis in The Utility of Sampling and Analysis for Compliance Monitoring of the Biological Weapons Convention., Tucker, J. B., Ed., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 37–46, 1995.
  • Spertzel, R. O., Lessons from the UNSCOM experience with sampling and analysis in The Utility of Sampling and Analysis for Compliance Monitoring of the Biological Weapons Convention., Tucker, J. B., Ed., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 1997, 17–26.
  • Morse, S.S., Technologies for biological sampling and analysis in The Utility of Sampling and Analysis for Compliance Monitoring of the Biological Weapons Convention., Tucker, J. B., Ed., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 1997, 5–16.
  • Federation of American Scientists, Report of the Subgroup on Investigation of Alleged Use or Release of Biological or Toxin Weapons Agents., Federation of American Scientists, Washington, D.C., 1996.
  • Morse, S. S., Methods for detecting biological warfare (BW) agents in Biological Warfare and Defense in the Era of Molecular Biology., Zilinskas, R. A., Ed., Lynne Rienner Publishers (in publication), Boulder, CO, 1998.
  • Verslovic, J., Swanson, D. S. and Musser, J. M., Nucleic acid sequencing studies of microbial pathogens: Insights into epidemiology, virulence, drug resistance, and diversity, in PCR Protocols for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Persing, D. H., Ed., ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 1996, 59–88.
  • Geissler, E. and Lohs, K., The changing status of toxin weapons, in Biological and Toxin Weapons Today., Geissler, E., Ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1986, 36–56.
  • Ad Hoc Group of Governmental Experts to Identify and Examine Potential Verification Measures from a Scientific and Technical Standpoint, Germany, Sampling and identification BWC/CONF.III/VEREX/WP, 1992.
  • Anon., Improved methods for detecting botulism toxin, Genome, 12, 11, 1992.
  • Franz, D. R., Defense against toxin weapons in Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Sidell, F. R., Takafuji, E. T. and Franz, D. R., Eds., Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D. C., 1997, 603–619.
  • Middlebrook, J. L. and Franz, D. R., Botu-linum toxins, in Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare., Sidell, F. R., Takafuji, E. T., and Franz, D. R., Eds., Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D.C., 1997, 643–654.
  • Ulrich, R. G., Sidell, S., Tayler, T. J., Wilhelmsen, C. L. and Franz, D. R., Sta-phylococcal Enterotoxin B and related pyro-genic toxins, in Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare., Sidell, F. R., Takafuji, E. T., and Franz, D. R., Eds., Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D.C., 1997, 621–630.
  • Wannemacher, R. W. and Wiener, S. L., Trichothecene mycotoxins in Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Sidell, F. R., Takafuji, E. T., and Franz, D. R., Eds., Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D.C., 1997, 655–676.
  • Hughes, J. H., Physical and chemical methods for enhancing detection of viruses and other agents, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 6, 150–170, 1993.
  • Nakamura, R. M., Kasahara, Y., and Rechnitz, G.A., Eds., Immunochemical Assays and Biosensor Technology for the 1990s, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1992.
  • Leslie, D., Phillips, T., Miller, L., and Pearson, G., Gene Probes for the Verification of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. Report # D/ACSA(NP)/1/4, 1–9 Her Britannic Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, 1995, 1–9.
  • Gao, S.-J. and Moore, P. S., Molecular approaches to the identification of unculturable infectious agents, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2, 159–167, 1996.
  • Büttner, M., Oehmig, A., Weiland, F., Rziha, H. J., and Pfaff, E., Detection of virus or virus specific nucleic acid in foodstuff or bioproducts — hazards and risk assessment, Archives of Virology 142 Suppl., 13, 57–66, 1997.
  • Donlon, M., Next generation technologies to counter proliferation, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center Newsletter, 3, 1–4, 1997.
  • Schena, M., Heller, R. A., Theriault, T. P., Konrad, K., Lachenmeier, E., and Davis, R. W., Microarrays: biotechnology’s discovery platform for functional genomics, Trends in Biotechnology, 16, 301–306, 1998.
  • Hall, C. T., Genelabs wins grant to fight germ warfare, San Francisco Chronicle., 10, February 12, 1998.
  • Relman, D. A., Detection and identification of previously unrecognized microbial pathogens, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4, 382–389, 1998.
  • Atlas, R. M., Costs and benefits of sampling and analysis, in The Utility of Sampling and Analysis for Compliance Monitoring of the Biological Weapons Convention., Tucker, J. B., Ed., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 55–60, 1997.
  • Dupree, S. A., Sonnier, C. S., and Johnson, C. S., Remote monitoring in international safeguards, Journal of Nuclear Material Management, 24, 19–30, 1996.
  • Ad Hoc Group of Governmental Experts to Identify and Examine Potential Verification Measures from a Scientific and Technical Standpoint, Canada, Capabilities and Limitations of Overhead Remote Sensing for Verification Within the Context of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC)., Discussion Paper, BWC/CONF.III/ VEREX/ WP, 1992.
  • United States of America, Summary Statement, Off-site: Remote Sensing, Surveillance by Satellite., U.S. Delegation to VEREX, Geneva, May 25, 1995.
  • Ad Hoc Group of Governmental Experts to Identify and Examine Potential Verification Measures from a Scientific and Technical Standpoint, Evaluation, Surveillance by Aircraft (Off-Site and On-Site)., BWC/ CONF.III/VEREX/WP, 1992.
  • Ad Hoc Group of Governmental Experts to Identify and Examine Potential Verification Measures from a Scientific and Technical Standpoint, Surveillance by Aircraft, BWC/CONF.III/VEREX/CRP.12, 1992.
  • Ad Hoc Group of Governmental Experts to Identify and Examine Potential Verification Measures from a Scientific and Technical Standpoint, Sweden, Introduction to Off-site Verification Measure, Sampling and Identification, BWC/CONF.III/VEREX/WP, 1992.
  • Mohr, A. J., Biological sampling and analysis procedures for the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) in Iraq, Politics and the Life Sciences, 14, 240–243, 1995.
  • Collins, C. H., Safety in microbiology: a review, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews 1, Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (1975), in U.S. Department of State Treaties and International Agreements Series No. 8062, 141–165, 1984.
  • Sewell, D. L., Laboratory-associated infections and biosafety, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 8, 389–405, 1995.
  • Department of the Army, U.S. Army Activity in the U.S. Biological Warfare Programs 1942–1977, Volume II: Annexes., U.S. Department of Defense,Washington, D.C., 1977.
  • United States Department of the Army, Biological Defense Research Program: Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement., U.S. Army Medical Research & Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 1989.
  • Langmuir, A. D., The potentialities of biological warfare against man: An epidemio-logical appraisal, Public Health Reports, 66, 387–399, 1951.
  • Brachman, P. S., Epidemiology of infectious diseases: transmission and principles of control, in Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (3rd ed)., Mandell, G. L., Douglas, R. G., Jr., and Bennett, J. E., Eds., Churchill Livingstone, New York, 155–158, 1990.
  • Barss, P., Epidemic field investigation as applied to allegations of chemical, biological, or toxin warfare, Politics and the Life Sciences, 11, 5–22, 1992.
  • Leitenberg, M., Anthrax in Sverdlovsk: new pieces to the puzzle, Arms Control Today, 22, 10–13, 1992.
  • Meselson, M., Guillemin, J., Hugh-Jones, M., Langmuir, A., Popova, I., Shelokov, A., and Yampolskaya, O., The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979, Science, 266, 1202–1208, 1994.
  • Hu, H., Cook-Deegan, R., and Shukri, A., The use of chemical weapons: Conducting an investigation using survey epidemiology, Journal of the American Medical Association., 262: 5,640–643, 1989.
  • Directorate of Preventive Medicine, Surgeon General Branch, An Epidemiological Investigation of Alleged CW/BW Incidents in SE Asia, National Defense Headquarters, Ottawa, Canada, 1982.
  • Wheelis, M. L., Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention through global epide-miological surveillance, Politics and the Life Sciences, 11, 179–189, 1992.
  • Woodall, J. P., WHO health and epidemic information as a basis for verification activities under the biological weapons convention, in Views on Possible Verification Measures for the Biological Weapons Convention., Lundin, S. J., Ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1991, 59–70.
  • Zilinskas, R. A. Hedén, C. G., The Biological Weapons Convention: vehicle for international co-operation in Views on Possible Verification Measures for the Biological Weapons Convention., Lundin, S. J., Ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 71–97, 1991.
  • Chevrier, M. I., Beyond Verex: A Legally Binding Compliance Regime for the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention., Federation of American Scientists Fund, Washington, D.C., 1994.
  • Ellwood, D. C., The Biotechnology Industry and Verification Measures for the Biological Weapons Convention, in Views on Possible Verification Measures For the Biological Weapons Convention., Lundin, S. J., Ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1991, 8–107.
  • Phillips, A. P., Commercial confidentiality concerns associated with sampling and analysis during on-site inspections under the BWC, Discussion Paper distributed by the U.K delegation, Geneva, 1992.
  • Holmberg, A. E. and Goldhammer, A., Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention: An industrial perspective, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center Newsletter, 2, 10, 1996.
  • Pharmaceutical and Research Manufacturers of America, Reducing the Threat of Biological Weapons — a PhRMA Perspective., PhRMA, Washington, D.C., 1996.
  • Walker, J. R., PhRMA position on a compliance protocol to the Biological Weapons Convention: UK commentary, U.K Delegation in Geneva, 1997.
  • Goldhammer, A. R., Biological weapons: information protection sought, BIO News., 12, February/March, 1998.
  • Woollett, G. R., Industry’s role, concerns, and interests in the negotiations of a BWC compliance regime, in Biological Weapons Proliferation: Reasons for Concern, Courses of Action., Chevrier, M. I., Pearson, G. S., Smithson, A. E., Tucker, J. B., and Woollett, G. R., Eds., Report No. 24, The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, D.C., 1998, 39–52.
  • Muth, W. L. and Lilly, E.&.C., Industry views on sampling and analysis, in The Utility of Sampling and Analysis for Compliance Monitoring of the Biological Weapons Convention., Tucker, J. B., Ed., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 1997, 27–36.
  • Trapp, R., Applicable Verification Lessons from the Negotiations on the Chemical Weapons Convention, in Views on Possible Verification Measures for the Biological Weapons Convention., Lundin, S. J., Ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1991, 26–36.
  • Robinson, J. P., Some lessons for the Biological Weapons Convention from preparations to implement the Chemical Weapons Convention, in Enhancing the Biological Weapons Convention., Thränert, O., Ed., Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachfolger, Bonn, Germany, 1996, 86–113.
  • Moodie, M., Chemical and Biological Weapons: Will Deterrence Work?., Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute, Washington, D.C., 1998.
  • Tucker, J. B., Verification provisions of the Chemical Weapons Convention and their relevance to the Biological Weapons Convention, in Biological Weapons Proliferation: Reasons for Concern, Courses of Action., Chevrier, M. I., Pearson, G. S., Smithson, A. E., Tucker, J. B. and Woollett, G. R., Eds., The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, D.C., Report No. 24, 77–105, 1998.
  • Ad Hoc Group of Governmental Experts to Identify and Examine Potential Verification Measures from a Scientific and Technical Standpoint, The World Health Organization and the Biological Weapons Convention, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1992.
  • LeDuc, J. W. and Tikhomirov, E., Global surveillance for recognition and response to emerging disease, in Disease in Evolution: Global Changes and Emergence of Infectious Diseases., Wilson, M. E., Levins, R., and Spielman, A., Eds., The New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 1994, 341–345.
  • Trevan, T., Exploiting intelligence in international arms control organizations in Biological Warfare and Defense in the Era of Molecular Biology., Zilinskas, R. A., Ed., Lynne Rienner Publishers (in publication), Boulder, CO, 1998.
  • Federation of American Scientists, Beyond VEREX: A Legally Binding Compliance Regime for the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention., Federation of American Scientists, Washington, D.C., 1994.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.