Cellular and molecular effects of yeast probiotics on cancer

References

• Adams M, Moss M. (2000). Food microbiology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry.
   Google Scholar
• Aguilar‐Uscanga B, Francois J. (2003). A study of the yeast cell wall composition and structure in response to growth conditions and mode of cultivation. Let Appl Microbiol 37:268–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algaba A, Guerra I, Marin-Jimenez I, et al. (2015). Incidence, management, and course of cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 9:326–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Olmos MI, Oberhelman RA. (2001). Probiotic agents and infectious diseases: a modern perspective on a traditional therapy. Clin Infect Dis 32:1567–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baba Y, Fujii M, Maeda T. (2015). Deguelin induces apoptosis by targeting both EGFR-Akt and IGF1R-Akt pathways in head and neck squamous cell cancer cell lines. BioMed Res Int 2015:657179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey RL, West KP, Jr Black RE. (2015). The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies. Ann Nutr Metab 66:22–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baines M, Kredan MB, Usher J, et al. (2007). The association of homocysteine and its determinants MTHFR genotype, folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 with bone mineral density in postmenopausal British women. Bone 40:730–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin C, Millette M, Oth D, et al. (2010). Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. casei mix sensitize colorectal tumoral cells to 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis. Nutr Cancer 62:371–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkwill F, Mantovani A. (2001). Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet 357:539–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barouei J, Adams MC, Hodgson DM. (2009). Prophylactic role of maternal administration of probiotics in the prevention of irritable bowel syndrome. Med Hypothes 73:764–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum B, Liebler-Tenorio EM, Enss ML, et al. (2002). Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi influence the morphology and the mucins of the intestine of pigs. Z Gastroenterol 40:277–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beermann C, Hartung J. (2013). Physiological properties of milk ingredients released by fermentation. Food Funct 4:185–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belury MA. (2002). Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid: potential mechanisms of action. J Nutr 132:2995–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger J, Moller DE. (2002). The mechanisms of action of PPARs. Annu Rev Med 53:409–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bin Z, Ya-Zheng X, Zhao-Hui D, et al. (2015). The efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 in addition to standard helicobacter pylori eradication treatment in children. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 18:17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson J-F, Hidalgo S, Rozan P, Messaoudi M. (2010). Preventive effects of different probiotic formulations on travelers’ diarrhea model in Wistar rats: preventive effects of probiotics on TD. Dig Dis Sci 55:911–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borish LC, Steinke JW. (2003). Cytokines and chemokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111:S460–S75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brand CL, Sturis J, Gotfredsen CF, et al. (2003). Dual PPARalpha/gamma activation provides enhanced improvement of insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in ZDF rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 284:E841–E54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandao RL, Castro IM, Bambirra EA, et al. (1998). Intracellular signal triggered by cholera toxin in Saccharomyces boulardii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:564–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberg-White JL, Andersen NJ, Duesbery NS. (2012). MEK genomics in development and disease. Brief Funct Genomics 11:300–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns A, Rowland I. (2000). Anti-carcinogenicity of probiotics and prebiotics. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 1:13–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butler AR, White JH, Stark MJ. (1991). Analysis of the response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to Kluyveromyces lactis toxin. J Gen Microbiol 137:1749–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buts J-P, Bernasconi P, Vaerman JP, Dive C. (1990). Stimulation of secretory IgA and secretory component of immunoglobulins in small intestine of rats treated with Saccharomyces boulardii. Dig Dis Sci 35:251–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buts J-P, Bernasconi P, van Craynest M-P, et al. (1986). Response of human and rat small intestinal mucosa to oral administration of Saccharomyces boulardii. Pediatr Res 20:192–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buts J-P, de Keyser N. (2006). Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on intestinal mucosa. Dig Dis Sci 51:1485–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buts J-P, de Keyser N. (2010). Transduction pathways regulating the trophic effects of Saccharomyces boulardii in rat intestinal mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol 45:175–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buts J-P, de Keyser N, Marandi S, et al. (1999). Saccharomyces boulardii upgrades cellular adaptation after proximal enterectomy in rats. Gut 45:89–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buts J-P, de Keyser N, Stilmant C, et al. (2002). Saccharomyces boulardii enhances N-terminal peptide hydrolysis in suckling rat small intestine by endoluminal release of a zinc-binding metalloprotease. Pediatr Res 51:528–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buts J-P, de Keyser N, Stilmant C, et al. (2006). Saccharomyces boulardii produces in rat small intestine: a novel protein phosphatase that inhibits Escherichia coli endotoxin by dephosphorylation. Pediatr Res 60:24–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buts J-P, Stilmant C, Bernasconi P, et al. (2008). Characterization of alpha, alpha-trehalase released in the intestinal lumen by the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii. Scand J Gastroenterol 43:1489–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candela M, Guidotti M, Fabbri A, et al. (2011). Human intestinal microbiota: cross-talk with the host and its potential role in colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Microbiol 37:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantley LC. (2002). The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. Science 296:1655–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter K, Breslin W, Davidson T, et al. (2013). Baker’s yeast β-glucan supplementation increases monocytes and cytokines post-exercise: implications for infection risk? Br J Nutr 109:478–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagliuolo I, LaMont JT, Nikulasson ST, Pothoulakis C. (1996). Saccharomyces boulardii protease inhibits Clostridium difficile toxin A effects in the rat ileum. Infect Immun 64:5225–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caunt CJ, Sale MJ, Smith PD, Cook SJ. (2015). MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitors and cancer therapy: the long and winding road. Nat Rev Cancer 15:577–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceapa C, Wopereis H, Rezaïki L, et al. (2013). Influence of fermented milk products, prebiotics and probiotics on microbiota composition and health. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 27:139–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan JY, Cheung JY, Luk SC, et al. (2004). Anti-cancer and pro-apoptotic effects of an herbal medicine and Saccharomyces cerevisiae product (CKBM) on human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells in vitro and in vivo. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 26:597–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase D, Goulder A, Zenhausern F, et al. (2015). The vaginal and gastrointestinal microbiomes in gynecologic cancers: a review of applications in etiology, symptoms and treatment. Gynecol Oncol 138:190–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen P, Li C, Li X, et al. (2014). Higher dietary folate intake reduces the breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 110:2327–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Fruehauf J, Goldsmith JD, et al. (2009). Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits EGF receptor signaling and intestinal tumor growth in Apc(min) mice. Gastroenterology 137:914–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Kokkotou EG, Mustafa N, et al. (2006). Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation both in vitro and in vivo and protects against Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis. J Biolog Chem 281:24449–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Yang G, Song JH, et al. (2013). Probiotic yeast inhibits VEGFR signaling and angiogenesis in intestinal inflammation. PLoS One 8:e64227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu Y-H, Hsieh Y-J, Liao K-W, Peng K-C. (2010). Preferential promotion of apoptosis of monocytes by Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus soluble factors. Clin Nutr 29:131–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi CH, Jo SY, Park HJ, et al. (2011). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in irritable bowel syndrome: effect on quality of life. J Clin Gastroenterol 45:679–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi SW, Mason JB. (2000). Folate and carcinogenesis: an integrated scheme. J Nutr 130:129–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong ES. (2014). A potential role of probiotics in colorectal cancer prevention: review of possible mechanisms of action. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 30:351–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cindoruk M, Erkan G, Karakan T, et al. (2007). Efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii in the 14-day triple anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Helicobacter 12:309–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier CT, Carroll JA, Ballou MA, et al. (2011). Oral administration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii reduces mortality associated with immune and cortisol responses to Escherichia coli endotoxin in pigs. J Anim Sci 89:52–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousin FJ, Jouan-Lanhouet S, Dimanche-Boitrel M-T, et al. (2012). Milk fermented by Propionibacterium freudenreichii induces apoptosis of HGT-1 human gastric cancer cells. PLoS One 7:e31892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coussens LM, Werb Z. (2002). Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420:860–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czerucka D, Piche T, Rampal P. (2007). Review article: yeast as probiotics – Saccharomyces boulardii. Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut 26:767–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czerucka D, Rampal P. (2002). Experimental effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on diarrheal pathogens. Microbes Infect 4:733–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva JF, Peluzio JM, Prado G, et al. (2015). Use of probiotics to control aflatoxin production in peanut grains. ScientificWorldJournal 2015:959138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahan S, Dalmasso G, Imbert V, et al. (2003). Saccharomyces boulardii interferes with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli-induced signaling pathways in T84 cells. Infect Immun 71:766–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalmasso G, Cottrez F, Imbert V, et al. (2006a). Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits inflammatory bowel disease by trapping T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. Gastroenterol 131:1812–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalmasso G, Loubat A, Dahan S, et al. (2006b). Saccharomyces boulardii prevents TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in EHEC-infected T84 cells. Res Microbiol 157:456–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniluk U. (2012). Probiotics, the new approach for cancer prevention and/or potentialization of anti-cancer treatment? J Clin Exp Oncol. 1:2. doi:10.4172/2324-9110.1000e105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Batlle J, Ferrari P, Chajes V, et al. (2015). Dietary folate intake and breast cancer risk: European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. J Natl Cancer Inst 107:367.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Jong JS, van Diest PJ, van der Valk P, Baak JP. (1998). Expression of growth factors, growth-inhibiting factors, and their receptors in invasive breast cancer. II: correlations with proliferation and angiogenesis. J Pathol 184:53–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Martel C, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, et al. (2012). Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncol 13:607–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demir G, Klein HO, Mandel-Molinas N, Tuzuner N. (2007). Beta glucan induces proliferation and activation of monocytes in peripheral blood of patients with advanced breast cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 7:113–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Luzio NR, Williams DL, McNamee RB, et al. (1979). Comparative tumor-inhibitory and anti-bacterial activity of soluble and particulate glucan. Int J Cancer 24:773–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du C, Fang M, Li Y, et al. (2000). Smac, a mitochondrial protein that promotes cytochrome c-dependent caspase activation by eliminating IAP inhibition. Cell 102:33–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duthie SJ. (1999). Folic acid deficiency and cancer: mechanisms of DNA instability. Br Med Bull 55:578–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everard A, Matamoros S, Geurts L, et al. (2014). Saccharomyces boulardii administration changes gut microbiota and reduces hepatic steatosis, low-grade inflammation, and fat mass in obese and type 2 diabetic db/db mice. MBio 5:e01011–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell JJ, Zhang L, Zhou H, et al. (2012). Variations of oral microbiota are associated with pancreatic diseases including pancreatic cancer. Gut 61:582–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feige JN, Gelman L, Michalik L, et al. (2006). From molecular action to physiological outputs: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are nuclear receptors at the crossroads of key cellular functions. Prog Lipid Res 45:120–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez M, Hudson JA, Korpela R. (2015). Impact on human health of microorganisms present in fermented dairy products: an overview. Biomed Res Int 2015:412714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueiredo JC, Grau MV, Haile RW, et al. (2009). Folic acid and risk of prostate cancer: results from a randomized clinical trial. JNCI 101:432–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finegood DT, McArthur MD, Kojwang D, et al. (2001). Beta-cell mass dynamics in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Rosiglitazone prevents the rise in net cell death. Diabetes 50:1021–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleet G, Balia R. 2006. The public health and probiotic significance of yeasts in foods and beverages. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Fogg C, Kasliwal R, Shakir SA. (2009). Risk management and outcomes of adverse events to pioglitazone in primary care in the UK: an observational study. Drug Saf 32:229–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foligne B, Dewulf J, Vandekerckove P, et al. (2010). Probiotic yeasts: anti-inflammatory potential of various non-pathogenic strains in experimental colitis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 16:2134–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fooks LJ, Gibson GR. (2002). Probiotics as modulators of the gut flora. Br J Nutr 88:S39–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman G. (2012). The role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile colitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 41:763–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukata M, Abreu MT. (2010). Microflora in colorectal cancer: a friend to fear. Nat Med 16:639–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller R. (1991). Probiotics in human medicine. Gut 32:439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia Vilela E, de Lourdes de Abreu Ferrari M, Oswaldo Da Gama Torres H, et al. (2008). Influence of Saccharomyces boulardii on the intestinal permeability of patients with Crohn’s disease in remission. Scand J Gastroenterol 43:842–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gedek B. (1999). Adherence of Escherichia coli serogroup 0 157 and the Salmonella typhimurium mutant DT 104 to the surface of Saccharomyces boulardii. [Adhärenz von Escherichia coli Serogruppe 0 157 und von der Salmonella typhimurium-Mutante DT 104 an der Oberfläche.] Mycoses 42:261–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geier MS, Butler RN, Howarth GS. (2007). Inflammatory bowel disease: current insights into pathogenesis and new therapeutic options; probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Int J Food Microbiol 115:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoneum M, El-Din NKB, Noaman E, Tolentino L. (2008a). Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the baker’s yeast, suppresses the growth of Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 57:581–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoneum M, Gollapudi S. (2004). Induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the baker’s yeast, in vitro. Anticancer Res 24:1455–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoneum M, Gollapudi S. (2005). Synergistic role of arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran) in S. cerevisiae-induced apoptosis of monolayer breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Anticancer Res 25:4187–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoneum M, Hamilton J, Brown J, Gollapudi S. (2005). Human squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and colon undergoes apoptosis upon phagocytosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the baker’s yeast, in vitro. Anticancer Res 25:981–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoneum M, Matsuura M, Braga M, Gollapudi S. (2008b). S. cerevisiae induces apoptosis in human metastatic breast cancer cells by altering intracellular Ca2+ and the ratio of Bax and Bcl-2. Int J Oncol 33:533–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano A, Rustum YM, Wenner CE. (1998). Cell cycle: molecular targets for diagnosis and therapy: tumor suppressor genes and cell cycle progression in cancer. J Cell Biochem 70:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girard P, Pansart Y, Gillardin JM. (2005). Inducible nitric oxide synthase involvement in the mechanism of action of Saccharomyces boulardii in castor oil-induced diarrhoea in rats. Nitric Oxide 13:163–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardin M, Seidman EG. (2011). Indications for the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases. Dig Dis 29:574–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel S, Hidalgo M, Perez-Soler R. (2007). EGFR inhibitor-mediated apoptosis in solid tumors. J Exp Ther Oncol 6:305–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goncalves AM, Pedro AQ, Maia C, et al. (2013). Pichia pastoris: a recombinant microfactory for antibodies and human membrane proteins. J Microbiol Biotechnol 23:587–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodsell DS. (2002). The molecular perspective: Bcl-2 and apoptosis. Oncologist 7:259–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory J. (1996). Vitamins. In: Fennema OR, ed. Food chemistry. 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 532.
   Google Scholar
• Greten FR, Eckmann L, Greten TF, et al. (2004). IKKbeta links inflammation and tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer. Cell 118:285–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gui QF, Lu HF, Zhang CX, et al. (2015). Well-balanced commensal microbiota contributes to anti-cancer response in a lung cancer mouse model. Genet Mol Res 14:5642–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haghshenas B, Abdullah N, Nami Y, et al. (2014). Different effects of two newly-isolated probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 15HN and Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis 44Lac strains from traditional dairy products on cancer cell lines. Anaerobe 30:51–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson AD, Roje S. (2001). One-carbon metabolism in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 52:119–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatoum R, Labrie S, Fliss I. (2012a). Antimicrobial and probiotic properties of yeasts: from fundamental to novel applications. Front Microbiol 3:421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatoum R, Labrie S, Fliss I. (2012b). Antimicrobial and probiotic properties of yeasts: from fundamental to novel applications. Front Microbiol 3:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirayama K, Rafter J. (2000). The role of probiotic bacteria in cancer prevention. Microbes Infect 2:681–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjortmo S, Patring J, Andlid T. (2008a). Growth rate and medium composition strongly affect folate content in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Food Microbiol 123:93–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjortmo S, Patring J, Jastrebova J, Andlid T. (2005). Inherent biodiversity of folate content and composition in yeasts. Trends Food Sci Technol 16:311–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjortmo SB, Hellström AM, Andlid TA. (2008b). Production of folates by yeasts in Tanzanian fermented togwa. FEMS Yeast Res 8:781–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofer M, Pospíšil M. (1997). Glucan as stimulator of hematopoiesis in normal and gamma-irradiated mice. A survey of the authors’ results. Int J Immunopharmacol 19:607–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman FA, Heimbach JT, Sanders ME, Hibberd PL. (2008). Executive summary: scientific and regulatory challenges of development of probiotics as foods and drugs. Clin Inf Dis 46:S53–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzapfel WH, Schillinger U. (2002). Introduction to pre-and probiotics. Food Res Int 35:109–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong F, Hansen RD, Yan J, et al. (2003). Beta-glucan functions as an adjuvant for monoclonal antibody immunotherapy by recruiting tumoricidal granulocytes as killer cells. Cancer Res 63:9023–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong MY, Henning S, Moro A, et al. (2011). Chinese red yeast rice inhibition of prostate tumor growth in SCID mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 4:608–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong MY, Seeram N, Heber D. (2007). Matrix effects of Chinese red yeast rice beyond monacolin K alone in colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 67:4989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubmacher D, Cirulis JT, Miao M, et al. (2010). Functional consequences of homocysteinylation of the elastic fiber proteins fibrillin-1 and tropoelastin. J Biol Chem 285:1188–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter K, Gault R, Berner M. (2002). Preparation of microparticulate beta-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae for use in immune potentiation. Lett Appl Microbiol 35:267–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Icaza-Chavez ME. (2013). [Gut microbiota in health and disease]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 78:240–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iyer C, Kosters A, Sethi G, et al. (2008). Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri promotes TNF-induced apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia-derived cells by modulation of NF-kappaB and MAPK signalling. Cell Microbiol 10:1442–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaiswal M, LaRusso NF, Burgart LJ, Gores GJ. (2000). Inflammatory cytokines induce DNA damage and inhibit DNA repair in cholangiocarcinoma cells by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 60:184–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javmen A, Grigiškis S, Gliebutė R. (2012). β-glucan extraction from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast using Actinomyces rutgersensis 88 yeast lyzing enzymatic complex. Biologija 58:51–9.
   Google Scholar
• Javmen A, Grigiškis S, Rudenkov M, Mauricas M. (2013). Purification and partial characterization of a novel β-1,3-endoglucanase from Streptomyces rutgersensis. Protein J 32:411–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javmen A, Nemeikaite-Ceniene A, Bratchikov M, et al. (2015a). β-Glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces IFN-γ production in vivo in BALB/c mice. In Vivo 29:359–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javmen A, Nemeikaitè-Cènienè A, Grigiškis S, et al. (2015b). S. cerevisiae β-glucan reduced viability of mouse hepatoma cells in vitro. Turkish J Biol 39:562–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jawhara S, Poulain D. (2007). Saccharomyces boulardii decreases inflammation and intestinal colonization by Candida albicans in a mouse model of chemically-induced colitis. Med Mycol 45:691–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimeno A, Hidalgo M. (2006). Pharmacogenomics of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 1766:217–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamada N, Seo SU, Chen GY, Nunez G. (2013). Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 13:321–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karen M, Yuksel O, Akyürek N, et al. (2010). Probiotic agent Saccharomyces boulardii reduces the incidence of lung injury in acute necrotizing pancreatitis induced rats. J Surg Res 160:139–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kariluoto S, Aittamaa M, Korhola M, et al. (2006). Effects of yeasts and bacteria on the levels of folates in rye sourdoughs. Int J Food Microbiol 106:137–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YI. (2005). Nutritional epigenetics: impact of folate deficiency on DNA methylation and colon cancer susceptibility. J Nutr 135:2703–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YI. (2006a). Does a high folate intake increase the risk of breast cancer? Nutr Rev 64:468–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YI. (2006b). Folate: a magic bullet or a double edged sword for colorectal cancer prevention? Gut 55:1387–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YI. (2007). Folate and colorectal cancer: an evidence-based critical review. Mol Nutr Food Res 51:267–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaenhammer T, Doyle M, Beuchat L. (2007). Probiotics and prebiotics. Food Microbiol Fundam Front Edn 3:891–907.
   Google Scholar
• Klingberg TD, Lesnik U, Arneborg N, et al. (2008). Comparison of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains of clinical and nonclinical origin by molecular typing and determination of putative virulence traits. FEMS Yeast Res 8:631–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogan G, Pajtinka M, Babincova M, et al. (2008). Yeast cell wall polysaccharides as antioxidants and antimutagens: can they fight cancer? Neoplasma 55:387–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konings EJ, Troost FJ, Castenmiller JJ, et al. (2002). Intestinal absorption of different types of folate in healthy subjects with an ileostomy. Br J Nutr 88:235–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korhola M, Hakonen R, Juuti K, et al. (2014). Production of folate in oat bran fermentation by yeasts isolated from barley and diverse foods. J Appl Microbiol 117:679–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korhonen R, Lahti A, Kankaanranta H, Moilanen E. (2005). Nitric oxide production and signaling in inflammation. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 4:471–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krizkova L, Durackova Z, Sandula J, et al. (2001). Antioxidative and antimutagenic activity of yeast cell wall mannans in vitro. Mutat Res 497:213–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroemer G, Reed JC. (2000). Mitochondrial control of cell death. Nat Med 6:513–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar M, Nagpal R, Verma V, et al. (2013). Probiotic metabolites as epigenetic targets in the prevention of colon cancer. Nutr Rev 71:23–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar M, Verma V, Nagpal R, et al. (2012). Anticarcinogenic effect of probiotic fermented milk and chlorophyllin on aflatoxin-B1-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats. Br J Nutr 107:1006–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumura H, Tanoue Y, T M, et al. (2004). Screening of dairy yeast strains for probiotic applications. J Dairy Sci 87:4050–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuniyasu H, Yoshida K, Sasaki T, et al. (2006). Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits peritoneal metastasis in human gastrointestinal cancer cells. Int J Cancer 118:571–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laroche C, Michaud P. (2007). New developments and prospective applications for β (1,3) glucans. Recent Patents Biotechnol 1:59–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LeBlanc JG, de Giori GS, Smid EJ, et al. (2007). Folate production by lactic acid bacteria and other food-grade microorganisms. Commun Curr Res Edu Topics Trends Appl Microbiol 1:329–39.
   Google Scholar
• Lee SK, Kim HJ, Chi SG, et al. (2005). [Saccharomyces boulardii activates expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in HT-29 cells]. Korean J Gastroenterol 45:328–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lessard M, Dupuis M, Gagnon N, et al. (2009). Erratum to “Administration of Pediococcus acidilactici or Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii modulates development of porcine mucosal immunity and reduces intestinal bacterial translocation after Escherichia coli challenge”. J Anim Sci 87:922–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis TS, Shapiro PS, Ahn NG. (1998). Signal transduction through MAP kinase cascades. Adv Cancer Res 74:49–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim BK, Mahendran R, Lee YK, Bay BH. (2002). Chemopreventive effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on growth of a subcutaneously implanted bladder cancer cell line in the mouse. Jpn J Cancer Res 93:36–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lim MH, Lee OH, Chin JE, et al. (2008). Simultaneous degradation of phytic acid and starch by an industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing phytase and alpha-amylase. Biotechnol Lett 30:2125–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin EY, Pollard JW. (2004). Macrophages: modulators of breast cancer progression. Novartis Found Symp 256:158–68. discussion 68-72, 259-69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linhart HG, Troen A, Bell GW, et al. (2009). Folate deficiency induces genomic uracil misincorporation and hypomethylation but does not increase DNA point mutations. Gastroenterology 136:227–35.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Choi SW, Crott JW, et al. (2007). Mild depletion of dietary folate combined with other B vitamins alters multiple components of the Wnt pathway in mouse colon. J Nutr 137:2701–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Choi SW, Crott JW, et al. (2008). Multiple B-vitamin inadequacy amplifies alterations induced by folate depletion in p53 expression and its downstream effector MDM2. Int J Cancer 123:519–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low YL, Hwang PL. (1995). Lymphoma cells selected for resistance against the cytotoxic effect of oxygenated sterols are also resistant to nonsteroidal antiestrogens. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 1269:32–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGregor JT, Schlegel R, Wehr CM, et al. (1990). Cytogenetic damage induced by folate deficiency in mice is enhanced by caffeine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9962–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madrigal-Santillan E, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Marquez-Marquez R, Reyes A. (2006). Antigenotoxic effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the damage produced in mice fed with aflatoxin B(1) contaminated corn. Food Chem Toxicol 44:2058–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malfertheiner P, Selgrad M, Bornschein J. (2012). Helicobacter pylori: clinical management. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 28:608–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margeli A, Kouraklis G, Theocharis S. (2003). Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) ligands and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 6:165–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marteau P, Boutron-Ruault M. (2002). Nutritional advantages of probiotics and prebiotics. Brit J Nutr 87:S153–S7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinac B, Zhu H, Kubalski A, et al. (1990). Yeast K1 killer toxin forms ion channels in sensitive yeast spheroplasts and in artificial liposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:6228–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins AK, Martins FS, Gomes DA, et al. (2010a). Evaluation of in vitro antagonism and of in vivo immune modulation and protection against pathogenic experimental challenge of two probiotic strains of Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis. Arch Microbiol 192:995–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins FS, Dalmasso G, Arantes RM, et al. (2010b). Interaction of Saccharomyces boulardii with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium protects mice and modifies T84 cell response to the infection. PLoS One 5:e8925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins FS, Elian SD, Vieira AT, et al. (2011). Oral treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain UFMG 905 modulates immune responses and interferes with signal pathways involved in the activation of inflammation in a murine model of typhoid fever. Int J Med Microbiol 301:359–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins FS, Vieira AT, Elian SD, et al. (2013). Inhibition of tissue inflammation and bacterial translocation as one of the protective mechanisms of Saccharomyces boulardii against Salmonella infection in mice. Microbes Infect 15:270–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruti SS, Ulrich CM, White E. (2009). Folate and one-carbon metabolism nutrients from supplements and diet in relation to breast cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr 89:624–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason JB. (2009). Folate, cancer risk, and the Greek god, Proteus: a tale of two chameleons. Nutr Rev 67:206–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason R. (2001). What is beta-glucan? In: Safe goods. Sheffield, MA: New Century Publishing, 4–36.
   Google Scholar
• Maynard CL, Elson CO, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. (2012). Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system. Nature 489:231–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland LV. (2007). Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of traveler’s diarrhea. Travel Med Infect Dis 5:97–105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McFarland LV. (2010). Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients. World J Gastroenterol 16:2202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlin BK, Carpenter KC, Davidson T, McFarlin MA. (2013). Baker’s yeast beta glucan supplementation increases salivary IgA and decreases cold/flu symptomatic days after intense exercise. J Diet Suppl 10:171–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mirone G, Shukla A, Marfe G. (2015). Signaling mechanisms of resistance to EGFR- and anti-angiogenic inhibitors cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 97:85–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooradian AD, Chehade J, Thurman JE. (2002). The role of thiazolidinediones in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treat Endocrinol 1:13–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moslehi-Jenabian S, Lindegaard L, Jespersen L. (2010). Beneficial effects of probiotic and food borne yeasts on human health. Nutrients 2:449–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motomura W, Nagamine M, Tanno S, et al. (2004). Inhibition of cell invasion and morphological change by troglitazone in human pancreatic cancer cells. J Gastroenterol 39:461–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumy KL, Chen X, Kelly CP, McCormick BA. (2008). Saccharomyces boulardii interferes with Shigella pathogenesis by postinvasion signaling events. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294:G599–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naito S, Koga H, Yamaguchi A, et al. (2008). Prevention of recurrence with epirubicin and Lactobacillus casei after transurethral resection of bladder cancer. J Urol 179:485–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nami Y, Abdullah N, Haghshenas B, et al. (2014). Probiotic potential and biotherapeutic effects of newly isolated vaginal Lactobacillus acidophilus 36YL strain on cancer cells. Anaerobe 28:29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton L. (1988). A Gompertzian model of human breast cancer growth. Cancer Res 48:7067–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak M, Vetvicka V. (2009). Glucans as biological response modifiers. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 9:67–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nowak A, Slizewska K, Otlewska A. (2015). Antigenotoxic activity of lactic acid bacteria, prebiotics, and products of their fermentation against selected mutagens. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 73:938–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurmi JT, Puolakkainen PA, Rautonen NE. (2005). Bifidobacterium lactis sp. 420 up-regulates cyclooxygenase (Cox)-1 and down-regulates Cox-2 gene expression in a Caco-2 cell culture model. Nutr Cancer 51:83–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Horo JC, Jindai K, Kunzer B, Safdar N. (2014). Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. Infection 42:43–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira RJ, Matuo R, da Silva AF, et al. (2007). Protective effect of beta-glucan extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, against DNA damage and cytotoxicity in wild-type (k1) and repair-deficient (xrs5) CHO cells. Toxicol in Vitro 21:41–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira RJ, Salles MJ, da Silva AF, et al. (2013). In vivo evaluation of the antimutagenic and antigenotoxic effects of β-glucan extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in acute treatment with multiple doses. Genet Mol Biol 36:413–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olstorpe M, Schnürer J, Passoth V. (2009). Screening of yeast strains for phytase activity. FEMS Yeast Res 9:478–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooi CY, Dilley AV, Day AS. (2009). Saccharomyces boulardii in a child with recurrent Clostridium difficile. Pediatr Int 51:156–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palma M, Zamith-Miranda D, Martins F, et al. (2015). Probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains as biotherapeutic tools: is there room for improvement? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:6563–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patring JD, Hjortmo SB, Jastrebova JA, et al. (2006). Characterization and quantification of folates produced by yeast strains isolated from kefir granules. Eur Food Res Technol 223:633–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patring JD, Jastrebova JA, Hjortmo SB, et al. (2005). Development of a simplified method for the determination of folates in baker’s yeast by HPLC with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection. J Agric Food Chem 53:2406–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelizon A, Kaneno R, Soares A, et al. (2005). Immunomodulatory activities associated with β-glucan derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Physiol Res 54:557–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perla-Kajan J, Jakubowski H. (2010). Paraoxonase 1 protects against protein N-homocysteinylation in humans. FASEB J 24:931–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Péteri Z, Téren J, Vágvölgyi C, Varga J. (2007). Ochratoxin degradation and adsorption caused by astaxanthin-producing yeasts. Food Microbiol 24:205–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petravić-Tominac V, Zechner-Krpan V, Grba S, et al. (2010). Biological effects of yeast β-glucans. Agric Consp Sci 75:149–58.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeilschifter J, Eberhardt W, Beck KF. (2001). Regulation of gene expression by nitric oxide. Pflugers Arch 442:479–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philpott DJ, McKay DM, Sherman PM, Perdue MH. (1996). Infection of T84 cells with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli alters barrier and transport functions. Am J Physiol 270: G634–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickavance LC, Widdowson PS, Foster JR, et al. (2003). Chronic treatment with the thiazolidinedione, MCC-555, is associated with reductions in nitric oxide synthase activity and beta-cell apoptosis in the pancreas of the Zucker Diabetic Fatty rat. Int J Exp Pathol 84:83–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pithva SP, Ambalam PS, Ramoliya JM, et al. (2015). Antigenotoxic and antimutagenic activities of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus Vc against N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Nutr Cancer 67:1142–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaza-Diaz J, Gomez-Llorente C, Fontana L, Gil A. (2014). Modulation of immunity and inflammatory gene expression in the gut, in inflammatory diseases of the gut and in the liver by probiotics. World J Gastroenterol 20:15632–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontier-Bres R, Munro P, Boyer L, et al. (2014). Saccharomyces boulardii modifies Salmonella typhimurium traffic and host immune responses along the intestinal tract. PLoS One 9:e103069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponz-Sarvise M, Rodriguez J, Viudez A, et al. (2007). Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in colorectal cancer treatment: what’s new? World J Gastroenterol 13:5877–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pothoulakis C. (2009). Review article: anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action of Saccharomyces boulardii. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 30:826–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad V, Goldstein JA. (2014). US News and World Report cancer hospital rankings: do they reflect measures of research productivity? PLoS One 9:e107803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psani M, Kotzekidou P. (2006). Technological characteristics of yeast strains and their potential as starter adjuncts in Greek-style black olive fermentation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 22:1329–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qamar A, Aboudola S, Warny M, et al. (2001). Saccharomyces boulardii stimulates intestinal immunoglobulin A immune response to Clostridium difficile toxin A in mice. Infect Immun 69:2762–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafter J. (2003). Probiotics and colon cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 17:849–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragon M, Aumelas A, Chemardin P, et al. (2008). Complete hydrolysis of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate by a novel phytase from Debaryomyces castellii CBS 2923. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 78:47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravi Subbiah M, Abplanalp W. (2003). Ergosterol (major sterol of baker’s and brewer’s yeast extracts) inhibits the growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro and the potential role of its oxidation products. Int J Vit Nutr Res 73:19–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy BS, Weisburger JH, Narisawa T, Wynder EL. (1974). Colon carcinogenesis in germ-free rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Cancer Res 34:2368–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisenauer AM, Halsted CH. (1987). Human folate requirements. J Nutr 117:600–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogue A, Spire C, Brun M, et al. (2010). Gene expression changes induced by PPAR gamma agonists in animal and human liver. PPAR Res 2010:325183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross GD, Větvička V, Yan J, et al. (1999). Therapeutic intervention with complement and beta-glucan in cancer . Immunopharmacology 42:61–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland IR, Gangolli SD. 1999. Role of gastrointestinal flora in the metabolic and toxicological activities of xenobiotics. General and Applied Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Rumney CJ, Rowland IR, Coutts TM, et al. (1993). Effects of risk-associated human dietary macrocomponents on processes related to carcinogenesis in human-flora-associated (HFA) rats. Carcinogenesis 14:79–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabater-Vilar M, Malekinejad H, Selman M, et al. (2007). In vitro assessment of adsorbents aiming to prevent deoxynivalenol and zearalenone mycotoxicoses. Mycopathologia 163:81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvesen GS, Renatus M. (2002). Apoptosome: the seven-spoked death machine. Developmental Cell 2:256–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki T, Hiroki K, Yamashita Y. (2013). The role of epidermal growth factor receptor in cancer metastasis and microenvironment. Biomed Res Int 2013:546318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sazawal S, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, et al. (2006). Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis 6:374–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider SM, Girard-Pipau F, Filippi J, et al. (2005). Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on fecal short-chain fatty acids and microflora in patients on long-term total enteral nutrition. World J Gastroenterol 11:6165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz B, Hadar Y. (2014). Possible mechanisms of action of mushroom-derived glucans on inflammatory bowel disease and associated cancer. Annals Translational Medicine 2:1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott J, Rébeillé F, Fletcher J. (2000). Folic acid and folates: the feasibility for nutritional enhancement in plant foods. J Sci Food Agri 80:795–824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JM. (1999). Folate and vitamin B12. Proc Nutr Soc 58:441–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serban DE. (2014). Gastrointestinal cancers: influence of gut microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics. Cancer Lett 345:258–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi S, Ziouzenkova O, Ni H, et al. (2002). Oxidized omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil inhibit leukocyte-endothelial interactions through activation of PPAR alpha. Blood 100:1340–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyoum E, Selhub J. (1998). Properties of food folates determined by stability and susceptibility to intestinal pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase action. J Nutr 128:1956–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapira I, Sultan K, Lee A, Taioli E. (2013). Evolving concepts: how diet and the intestinal microbiome act as modulators of breast malignancy. ISRN Oncol 2013:693920.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheflin AM, Whitney AK, Weir TL. (2014). Cancer-promoting effects of microbial dysbiosis. Curr Oncol Rep 16:406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheu SH, Kaya T, Waxman DJ, Vajda S. (2005). Exploring the binding site structure of the PPAR gamma ligand-binding domain by computational solvent mapping. Biochemistry 44:1193–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin DY, Na II, Kim CH, et al. (2014). EGFR mutation and brain metastasis in pulmonary adenocarcinomas. J Thorac Oncol 9:195–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shokri H, Asadi F, Khosravi AR. (2008). Isolation of beta-glucan from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nat Prod Res 22:414–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shpitz B, Bomstein Y, Mekori Y, et al. (1997). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen as a marker of cell kinetics in aberrant crypt foci, hyperplastic polyps, adenomas, and adenocarcinomas of the human colon. Am J Surg 174:425–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivignon A, de Vallee A, Barnich N, et al. (2015). Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 prevents colitis induced by AIEC bacteria in the transgenic mouse model mimicking Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 21:276–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smaili SS, Hsu Y-T, Youle RJ, Russell JT. (2000). Mitochondria in Ca2+ signaling and apoptosis. J. Bioenerg Biomembr 32:35–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AD, Kim YI, Refsum H. (2008). Is folic acid good for everyone? Am J Clin Nutr 87:517–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith IM, Baker A, Arneborg N, Jespersen L. (2015). Non‐Saccharomyces yeasts protect against epithelial cell barrier disruption induced by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Let Appl Microbiol 61:491–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith IM, Christensen JE, Arneborg N, Jespersen L. (2014). Yeast modulation of human dendritic cell cytokine secretion: an in vitro study. PLoS One 9:e96595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares RL. (2014). Irritable bowel syndrome: a clinical review. World J Gastroenterol 20:12144–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobhani I, Tap J, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. (2011). Microbial dysbiosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. PLoS One 6:e16393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sougioultzis S, Simeonidis S, Bhaskar KR, et al. (2006). Saccharomyces boulardii produces a soluble anti-inflammatory factor that inhibits NF-κB-mediated IL-8 gene expression. Biochem Biophysical Res Commun 343:69–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soyturk M, Saygili SM, Baskin H, et al. (2012). Effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii in a rat model of colitis. World J Gastroenterol 18:6452–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su CG, Wen X, Bailey ST, et al. (1999). A novel therapy for colitis utilizing PPAR-gamma ligands to inhibit the epithelial inflammatory response. J Clin Investig 104:383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suk K, Kim YH, Chang I, et al. (2001). IFNalpha sensitizes ME-180 human cervical cancer cells to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis by inhibiting cytoprotective NF-kappaB activation. FEBS Lett 495:66–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan Å, Nord C. (2002). The place of probiotics in human intestinal infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 20:313–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney MR, McPartlin J, Scott J. (2007). Folic acid fortification and public health: report on threshold doses above which unmetabolised folic acid appear in serum. BMC Public Health 7:41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swidsinski A, Loening–Baucke V, Verstraelen H, et al. (2008). Biostructure of fecal microbiota in healthy subjects and patients with chronic idiopathic diarrhea. Gastroenterology 135:568–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takata Y, Shrubsole MJ, Li H, et al. (2014). Plasma folate concentrations and colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study nested within the Shanghai Men’s Health Study. Int J Cancer 135:2191–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakur S, Thakur SD, Wani NA, Kaur J. (2014). Reduced expression of folate transporters in kidney of a rat model of folate oversupplementation. Genes Nutr 9:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiago FC, Porto BA, Ribeiro NS, et al. (2015). Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain UFMG A-905 in experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease. Benef Microbes 6:807–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tien MT, Girardin SE, Regnault B, et al. (2006). Anti-inflammatory effect of Lactobacillus casei on Shigella-infected human intestinal epithelial cells. J Immunol 176:1228–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toma MM, Raipulis J, Kalnina I, Rutkis R. (2005). Does probiotic yeast act as antigenotoxin? Food Technol Biotechnol 43:301–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsimmerman IS. (2013). [Eubiosis and dysbiosis of gastrointestinal tract: myths and reality]. Klin Med (Mosk) 91:4–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsuei J, Chau T, Mills D, Wan YJ. (2014). Bile acid dysregulation, gut dysbiosis, and gastrointestinal cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 239:1489–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, et al. (2001). Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 345:784–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich CM, Potter JD. (2006). Folate supplementation: too much of a good thing? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:189–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Aa Kühle A, Skovgaard K, Jespersen L. (2005). In vitro screening of probiotic properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii and food-borne Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Int J Food Microbiol 101:29–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenplas Y, Brunser O, Szajewska H. (2009). Saccharomyces boulardii in childhood. Eur J Pediatr 168:253–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanEenwyk J, Davis FG, Colman N. (1992). Folate, vitamin C, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1:119–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venturi M, Hambly RJ, Glinghammar B, et al. (1997). Genotoxic activity in human faecal water and the role of bile acids: a study using the alkaline comet assay. Carcinogenesis 18:2353–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetvicka V. (2001). β-Glucans as immunomodulators. JANA 3:31–4.
   Google Scholar
• Vetvicka V, Terayama K, Mandeville R, et al. (2002). Pilot study: orally-administered yeast β-1,3-glucan prophylactically protects against anthrax infection and cancer in mice. JANA 5:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Vetvicka V, Volny T, Saraswat-Ohri S, et al. (2007). Glucan and resveratrol complex-possible synergistic effects on immune system. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 151:41–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vitale G, Zappavigna S, Marra M, et al. (2012). The PPAR-γ agonist troglitazone antagonizes survival pathways induced by STAT-3 in recombinant interferon-β treated pancreatic cancer cells. Biotechnol Adv 30:169–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vohra A, Satyanarayana T. (2012). Probiotic yeasts. In: Satyanarayana T, Johri BN, eds. Microorganisms in sustainable agriculture and biotechnology. Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Volman JJ, Ramakers JD, Plat J. (2008). Dietary modulation of immune function by beta-glucans. Physiol Behav 94:276–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan Y, Xin Y, Zhang C, et al. (2014). Fermentation supernatants of Lactobacillus delbrueckii inhibit growth of human colon cancer cells and induce apoptosis through a caspase 3-dependent pathway. Oncol Lett 7:1738–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei MM, Bailey LB, Toth JP, Gregory JF, 3rd. (1996). Bioavailability for humans of deuterium-labeled monoglutamyl and polyglutamyl folates is affected by selected foods. J Nutr 126:3100–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiler F, Schmitt MJ. (2003). Zygocin, a secreted antifungal toxin of the yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii, and its effect on sensitive fungal cells. FEMS Yeast Res 3:69–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells A. (2000). Tumor invasion: role of growth factor-induced cell motility. Adv Cancer Res 78:31–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston SA, Parish CR. (1991). Modification of lymphocyte migration by mannans and phosphomannans. Different carbohydrate structures control entry of lymphocytes into spleen and lymph nodes. J Immunol 146:4180–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO/FAO. (2002). Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. London: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization Working Group.
   Google Scholar
• Witthoft CM, Arkbage K, Johansson M, et al. (2006). Folate absorption from folate-fortified and processed foods using a human ileostomy model. Br J Nutr 95:181–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witthuhn R, Schoeman T, Britz T. (2005). Characterisation of the microbial population at different stages of Kefir production and Kefir grain mass cultivation. Int Dairy J 15:383–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xuan C, Shamonki JM, Chung A, et al. (2014). Microbial dysbiosis is associated with human breast cancer. PLoS One 9:e83744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yajima K, Hirose H, Fujita H, et al. (2003). Combination therapy with PPARgamma and PPARalpha agonists increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in db/db mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 284:E966–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeretssian G. (2012). Effector functions of NLRs in the intestine: innate sensing, cell death, and disease. Immunol Res 54:25–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zekovic DB, Kwiatkowski S, Vrvic MM, et al. (2005). Natural and modified (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans in health promotion and disease alleviation. Crit Rev Biotechnol 25:205–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Fan X, Fang B, et al. (2015). Effects of Lactobacillus salivarius Ren on cancer prevention and intestinal microbiota in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat model. J Microbiol 53:398–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Qiao X, Zhao L, et al. (2011). Lactobacillus salivarius REN counteracted unfavorable 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced changes in colonic microflora of rats. J Microbiol 49:877–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Wang F, Jiang L, et al. (2013). Lactobacillus salivarius REN inhibits rat oral cancer induced by 4-nitroquioline 1-oxide. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 6:686–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong L, Zhang X, Covasa M. (2014). Emerging roles of lactic acid bacteria in protection against colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 20:7878–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar