Silver, biofilms and wounds: resistance revisited

References

• Andrade LN, Siqueira TES, Martinez R, Darini ALC. 2018. Multidrug-resistant CTX-M-(15, 9, 2)- and KPC-2-producing Enterobacter hormaechei and Enterobacter asburiae isolates possessed a set of acquired heavy metal tolerance genes including a chromosomal sil operon (for Acquired Silver Resistance). Front Microbiol. 9:539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annear DI, Mee BJ, Bailey M. 1976. Instability and linkage of silver resistance, lactose fermentation, and colony structure in Enterobacter cloacae from burn wounds. J Clin Pathol. 29:441–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association of Textile (AMP). 2016. Antibacterial Finishes on Textile Materials. AATCC Test Method 100-2012. American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists.
   Google Scholar
• Atiyeh B, Barret JP, Hu D, Duteille F, Fowler A, Enoch S, Greenfield E, Magnette A, Rode H, Xia Z. 2014. International Best Practice Guidelines: Effective skin and wound management of non-complex burns. Wounds International; [accessed].
   Google Scholar
• Banu A, Noorul Hassan MM, Rajkumar J, Srinivasa S. 2015. Spectrum of bacteria associated with diabetic foot ulcer and biofilm formation: a prospective study. Australas Med J. 8:280–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barillo DJ, Pozza M, Margaret-Brandt M. 2014. A literature review of the military uses of silver-nylon dressings with emphasis on wartime operations. Burns. 40:S24–S29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belly RT, Kydd GC. 1982. Silver resistance in microorganisms. Dev Ind Microbiol. 23:567–577.
   Google Scholar
• Billings N, Millan M, Caldara M, Rusconi R, Tarasova Y, Stocker R, Ribbeck K. 2013. The extracellular matrix Component Psl provides fast-acting antibiotic defense in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. PLoS Pathog. 9:e1003526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler PG. 2003. The 10(5) bacterial growth guideline: reassessing its clinical relevance in wound healing. Ostomy Wound Manage. 49:44–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowler PG, Duerden BI, Armstrong DG. 2001. Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 14:244–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bragg PD, Rainnie DJ. 1974. The effect of silver ions on the respiratory chain of Escherichia coli. Can J Microbiol. 20:883–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brett DW. 2006. A discussion of silver as an antimicrobial agent: alleviating the confusion. Ostomy Wound Manage. 52:34–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges K, Kidson A, Lowbury EJ, Wilkins MD. 1979. Gentamicin- and silver-resistant pseudomonas in a burns unit. Br Med J. 1:446–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrell RE. 2003. A scientific perspective on the use of topical silver preparations. Ostomy Wound Manage. 49:19–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavanagh MH, Burrell RE, Nadworny PL. 2010. Evaluating antimicrobial efficacy of new commercially available silver dressings. Int Wound J. 7:394–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chappell JB, Greville GD. 1954. Effect of silver ions on mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase. Nature. 174:930–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charley RC, Bull AT. 1979. Bioaccumulation of silver by a multispecies community of bacteria. Arch Microbiol. 123:239–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaw KC, Manimaran M, Tay FEH. 2005. Role of silver ions in destabilization of intermolecular adhesion forces measured by atomic force microscopy in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49:4853–4859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra I. 2007. The increasing use of silver-based products as antimicrobial agents: a useful development or a cause for concern? J Antimicrob Chemother. 59:587–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davin-Regli A, Pages JM. 2012. Cross-resistance between biocides and antimicrobials: an emerging question. Rev – Off Int Epizoot. Epizoot. 31:89–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmar JA, Su CC, Yu EW. 2014. Bacterial multidrug efflux transporters. Annu Rev Biophys. 43:93–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshpande LM, Chopade BA. 1994. Plasmid mediated silver resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Biometals. 7:49–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibrov P, Dzioba J, Gosink KK, Hase CC. 2002. Chemiosmotic mechanism of antimicrobial activity of Ag(+) in Vibrio cholerae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 46:2668–2670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donlan RM. 2002. Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces [Review]. Emerg Infect Dis. 8:881–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowd SE, Sun Y, Secor PR, Rhoads DD, Wolcott BM, James GA, Wolcott RD. 2008. Survey of bacterial diversity in chronic wounds using pyrosequencing, DGGE, and full ribosome shotgun sequencing. BMC Microbiol. 8:43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drlica K. 2003. The mutant selection window and antimicrobial resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 52:11–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumville JC, Lipsky BA, Hoey C, Cruciani M, Fiscon M, Xia J. 2017. Topical antimicrobial agents for treating foot ulcers in people with diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 6:CD011038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazli M, Bjarnsholt T, Kirketerp‐Møller K, Jørgensen A, Andersen CB, Givskov M, Tolker‐Nielsen T. 2011. Quantitative analysis of the cellular inflammatory response against biofilm bacteria in chronic wounds. Wound Repair Regen. 19:387–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng QL, Wu J, Chen GQ, Cui FZ, Kim TN, Kim JO. 2000. A mechanistic study of the antibacterial effect of silver ions on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. J Biomed Mater Res. 52:662–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finley PJ, Norton R, Austin C, Mitchell A, Zank S, Durham P. 2015. Unprecedented silver resistance in clinically isolated Enterobacteriaceae: major implications for burn and wound management. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 59:4734–4741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnegan S, Percival SL. 2015. Clinical and antibiofilm efficacy of antimicrobial hydrogels. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 4:398–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming D, Chahin L, Rumbaugh K. 2017. Glycoside hydrolases degrade polymicrobial bacterial biofilms in wounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 61: e01998–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming HC. 2016. EPS – then and now. Microorganisms. 4:41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrilska RA, Rumbaugh KP. 2015. Biofilm models of polymicrobial infection. Future Microbiol. 10:1997–2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadd GM, Griffiths AJ. 1977. Microorganisms and heavy metal toxicity. Microb Ecol. 4:303–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallant-Behm CL, Yin HQ, Liu S, Heggers JP, Langford RE, Olson ME, Hart DA, Burrell RE. 2005. Comparison of in vitro disc diffusion and time kill-kinetic assays for the evaluation of antimicrobial wound dressing efficacy. Wound Repair Regen. 13:412–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon O, Vig Slenters T, Brunetto PS, Villaruz AE, Sturdevant DE, Otto M, Landmann R, Fromm KM. 2010. Silver coordination polymers for prevention of implant infection: thiol interaction, impact on respiratory chain enzymes, and hydroxyl radical induction. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 54:4208–4218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Matsui K, Lo JF, Silver S. 1999. Molecular basis for resistance to silver cations in Salmonella. Nat Med. 5:183–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Phung LT, Taylor DE, Silver S. 2001. Diversity of silver resistance genes in IncH incompatibility group plasmids. Microbiology (Reading, Engl). 147:3393–3402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haefeli C, Franklin C, Hardy K. 1984. Plasmid-determined silver resistance in Pseudomonas stutzeri isolated from a silver mine. J Bacteriol. 158:389–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall RE, Bender G, Marquis RE. 1987. Inhibitory and cidal antimicrobial actions of electrically generated silver ions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 45:779–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halstead FD, Rauf M, Bamford A, Wearn CM, Bishop JRB, Burt R, Fraise AP, Moiemen NS, Oppenheim BA, Webber MA. 2015. Antimicrobial dressings: comparison of the ability of a panel of dressings to prevent biofilm formation by key burn wound pathogens. Burns. 41:1683–1694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins-Bradley B, Walden M. 2002. Treatment of a nonhealing wound with hypergranulation tissue and rolled edges. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 29:320–324.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hendry AT, Stewart IO. 1979. Silver-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from hospital patients. Can J Microbiol. 25:915–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt KB, Bard AJ. 2005. Interaction of silver(I) ions with the respiratory chain of Escherichia coli: an electrochemical and scanning electrochemical microscopy study of the antimicrobial mechanism of micromolar Ag+. Biochemistry. 44:13214–13223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ip M, Lui SL, Chau SS, Lung I, Burd A. 2006a. The prevalence of resistance to silver in a Burns unit. J Hosp Infect. 63:342–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ip M, Lui SL, Poon VK, Lung I, Burd A. 2006b. Antimicrobial activities of silver dressings: an in vitro comparison. J Med Microbiol. 55:59–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen L, Andersen AS, Friis-Moller A, Jorgensen B, Krogfelt KA, Frimodt MN. 2011. Silver resistance: an alarming public health concern? Int J Antimicrob Agents. 38:454–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery Marano R, Jane Wallace H, Wijeratne D, William Fear M, San Wong H, O'Handley R. 2015. Secreted biofilm factors adversely affect cellular wound healing responses in vitro. Sci Rep. 5:13296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemec GB, Kerihuel JC, Ousey K, Lauemoller SL, Leaper DJ. 2014. Cost-effective use of silver dressings for the treatment of hard-to-heal chronic venous leg ulcers. PLoS One. 9:e100582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalan L, Loesche M, Hodkinson BP, Heilmann K, Ruthel G, Gardner SE, Grice EA. 2016. Redefining the chronic-wound microbiome: fungal communities are prevalent, dynamic, and associated with delayed healing. MBio. 7:pii: e01058–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaspar TC, Droubay T, Chambers SA, Bagus PS. 2010. Spectroscopic evidence for Ag(III) in highly oxidized silver films by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [Article]. J Phys Chem C. 114:21562–21571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katharios-Lanwermeyer S, Xi C, Jakubovics NS, Rickard AH. 2014. Mini-review: microbial coaggregation: ubiquity and implications for biofilm development. Biofouling. 30:1235–1251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur P, Vadehra DV. 1986. Mechanism of resistance to silver ions in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 29:165–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klasen HJ. 2000. A historical review of the use of silver in the treatment of burns. II. Renewed interest for silver. Burns. 26:131–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein P, Sojka M, Kucera J, Matonohova J, Pavlik V, Nemec J, Kubickova G, Slavkovsky R, Szuszkiewicz K, Danek P, et al. 2018. A porcine model of skin wound infected with a polybacterial biofilm. Biofouling. 34:226–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostenko V, Lyczak J, Turner K, Martinuzzi RJ. 2010. Impact of silver-containing wound dressings on bacterial biofilm viability and susceptibility to antibiotics during prolonged treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 54:5120–5131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Alam A, Rani M, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. 2017. Biofilms: survival and defense strategy for pathogens. Int J Med Microbiol. 307:481–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landsdown AB, Williams A. 2007. Bacterial resistance to silver in wound care and medical devices. J Wound Care. 16:15–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lansdown AB. 2002. Silver. I: its antibacterial properties and mechanism of action. J Wound Care. 11:125–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lansdown AB. 2004. A review of the use of silver in wound care: facts and fallacies. Br J Nurs. 13:S6–S19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lansdown AB. 2006. Silver in health care: antimicrobial effects and safety in use. Curr Probl Dermatol. 33:17–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lansdown AB. 2010. A pharmacological and toxicological profile of silver as an antimicrobial agent in medical devices. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2010:910686.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leaper D. 2012. Appropriate use of silver dressings in wounds: international consensus document. Int Wound J. 9:461–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leaper DJ. 2006. Silver dressings: their role in wound management. Int Wound J. 3:282–294.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS. 2011. General principles of antimicrobial therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 86:156–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemire JA, Kalan L, Bradu A, Turner RJ. 2015. Silver oxynitrate, an unexplored silver compound with antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 59:4031–4039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XZ, Nikaido H, Williams KE. 1997. Silver-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli display active efflux of Ag + and are deficient in porins. J Bacteriol. 179:6127–6132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lok CN, Ho CM, Chen R, He QY, Yu WY, Sun H, Tam PK, Chiu JF, Che CM. 2006. Proteomic analysis of the mode of antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles. J Proteome Res. 5:916–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen JS, Burmolle M, Hansen LH, Sorensen SJ. 2012. The interconnection between biofilm formation and horizontal gene transfer. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 65:183–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maple PA, Hamilton-Miller JM, Brumfitt W. 1992. Comparison of the in-vitro activities of the topical antimicrobials azelaic acid, nitrofurazone, silver sulphadiazine and mupirocin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother. 29:661–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowska k, Grudniak AM, Wolska KI. 2013. Silver nanoparticles as an alternative strategy against bacterial biofilms. Acta Biochim Pol. 60:523–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBain AJ. 2009. In vitro biofilm models: an overview. Adv Appl Microbiol. 69:99–132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonnell G, Russell AD. 1999. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 12:147–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan JA. 1962. Higher oxidation states of silver. Chem Rev. 62:65–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melaiye A, Youngs WJ. 2005. Silver and its application as an antimicrobial agent. Expert Opin Ther Patents. 15:2:125–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney EK, Lippitt C, Friedman J; Plastic Surgery Educational Foundation DC. 2006. Silver dressings. Plast Reconstr Surg. 117:666–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadworny PL, Burrell RE. 2008. A review of assessment techniques for silver technology in wound care. Part 1: in vitro methods for assessing antimicrobial activity. J Wound Technol. 2:6–13.
   Google Scholar
• Ousey KR, Leaper D. 2016. Silver-containing dressings. In: Agren M, editor. Wound Healing Biomaterials. Duxford (UK): Woodhead Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ovington LG. 1999. Dressings and ajunctive therapies: AHCPR guidelines revisited. Ostomy Wound Manage. 45:94S–106S. quiz 107S-108S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Panáček A, Kvítek L, Smékalová M, Večeřová R, Kolář M, Röderová M, Dyčka F, Šebela M, Prucek R, Tomanec O, et al. 2018. Bacterial resistance to silver nanoparticles and how to overcome it. Nat Nanotechnol. 13:65–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival SL. 2017. Importance of biofilm formation in surgical infection. Br J Surg. 104:e85–e94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival SL. 2018. Restoring balance: biofilms and wound dressings. J Wound Care. 27:102–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Percival SL, Bowler PG, Russell D. 2005. Bacterial resistance to silver in wound care. J Hosp Infect. 60:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival SL, Dowd SE. 2010. The microbiology of wounds. In: Percival SL, Cutting KF, editors. Chronic wounds. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Percival SL, Malone M, Mayer D, Salisbury AM, Schultz G. 2018. Role of anaerobes in polymicrobial communities and biofilms complicating diabetic foot ulcers. Int Wound J. 15: 776–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival SL, Mayer D, Salisbury AM. 2017. Efficacy of a surfactant-based wound dressing on biofilm control. Wound Repair Regen. 25:767–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival SL, McCarty SM. 2015. Silver and alginates: role in wound healing and biofilm control. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 4:407–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival SL, McCarty SM, Lipsky B. 2015a. Biofilms and wounds: an overview of the evidence. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 4:373–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival SL, Slone W, Linton S, Okel T, Corum L, Thomas JG. 2011. Use of flow cytometry to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of silver-containing wound dressings against planktonic Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [Article]. Wound Repair Regen. 19:436–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival SL, Suleman L. 2015. Slough and biofilm: removal of barriers to wound healing by desloughing. J Wound Care. 24:498, 500–493, 506–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival SL, Thomas J, Linton S, Okel T, Corum L, Slone W. 2012. The antimicrobial efficacy of silver on antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from burn wounds. Int Wound J. 9:488–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival SL, Thomas JG, Williams DW. 2010. Biofilms and bacterial imbalances in chronic wounds: anti-Koch. Int Wound J. 7:169–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival SL, Vuotto C, Donelli G, Lipsky BA. 2015b. Biofilms and wounds: an identification algorithm and potential treatment options. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 4:389–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percival SLC K. 2010. Microbiology of wounds. London: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Randall CP, Gupta A, Jackson N, Busse D, O’Neill AJ. 2015. Silver resistance in Gram-negative bacteria: a dissection of endogenous and exogenous mechanisms. J Antimicrob Chemother. 70:1037–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray P, Sen D. 1960. Chemistry of bi- and tripositive silver. New Delhi: National Institute of Sciences of India.
   Google Scholar
• Reidy B, Haase A, Luch A, Dawson KA, Lynch I. 2013. Mechanisms of silver nanoparticle release, transformation and toxicity: a critical review of current knowledge and recommendations for future studies and applications. Materials (Basel). 6:2295–2350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricketts CR, Lowbury EJ, Lawrence JC, Hall M, Wilkins MD. 1970. Mechanism of prophylaxis by silver compounds against infection of burns. Br Med J. 1:444–446.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenkranz HS, Carr HS. 1972. Silver sulfadiazine: effect on the growth and metabolism of bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2:367–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell AD, Hugo WB. 1994. Antimicrobial activity and action of silver. Prog Med Chem. 31:351–370.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saeb ATM, Al-Rubeaan KA, Abouelhoda M, Selvaraju M, Tayeb HT. 2017. Genome sequencing and analysis of the first spontaneous nanosilver resistant bacterium Proteus mirabilis strain SCDR1. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 6:119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCENIHR. 2009. Assessment of the antibiotic resistance effects of biocides. B-1049 Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• Schafer B, Brocke JV, Epp A, Gotz M, Herzberg F, Kneuer C, Sommer Y, Tentschert J, Noll M, Gunther I, et al. 2013. State of the art in human risk assessment of silver compounds in consumer products: a conference report on silver and nanosilver held at the BfR in 2012. Arch Toxicol. 87:2249–2262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semeykina AL, Skulachev VP. 1990. Submicromolar Ag + increases passive Na + permeability and inhibits the respiration-supported formation of Na + gradient in Bacillus FTU vesicles. FEBS Lett. 269:69–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver S. 1981. Pathogenicity and ecology of bacterial plasmids. In: Levy SB, Clowes RC, Koenig EL, editors. Molecular biology. New York: Plenum Publishing Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Silver S. 2003. Bacterial silver resistance: molecular biology and uses and misuses of silver compounds. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 27:341–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver S, Gupta A, Matsui K, Lo JF. 1999. Resistance to ag(i) cations in bacteria: environments, genes and proteins. Met Based Drugs. 6:315–320.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silver S, Phung lT, Silver G. 2006. Silver as biocides in burn and wound dressings and bacterial resistance to silver compounds. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 33:627–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvestry-Rodriguez N, Sicairos-Ruelas EE, Gerba CP, Bright KR. 2007. Silver as a disinfectant. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 191:23–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R, Ray P, Das A, Sharma M. 2009. Role of persisters and small-colony variants in antibiotic resistance of planktonic and biofilm-associated Staphylococcus aureus: an in vitro study. J Med Microbiol. 58:1067–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Singh SK, Chowdhury I, Singh R. 2017. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilms resistance to antimicrobial agents. Open Microbiol J. 11:53–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spacciapoli P, Buxton D, Rothstein D, Friden P. 2001. Antimicrobial activity of silver nitrate against periodontal pathogens. J Periodont Res. 36:108–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spadaro JA. 1985. Bone formation and bacterial inhibition with silver and other electrodes. Reconstr Surg Traumatol. 19:40–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart PS. 2015. Antimicrobial tolerance in biofilms. Microbiol Spectrum. 3. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.MB-0010-2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storm-Versloot MN, Vos CG, Ubbink DT, Vermeulen H. 2010. Topical silver for preventing wound infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD006478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strbo N, Yin N, Stojadinovic O. 2014. Innate and adaptive immune responses in wound epithelialization. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 3:492–501.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun J, Deng Z, Yan A. 2014. Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps: mechanisms, physiology and pharmacological exploitations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 453:254–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Smith E, Wolcott R, Dowd SE. 2009. Propagation of anaerobic bacteria within an aerobic multi-species chronic wound biofilm model. J Wound Care. 18:426–431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suryaletha K, John J, Radhakrishnan MP, George S, Thomas S. 2018. Metataxonomic approach to decipher the polymicrobial burden in diabetic foot ulcer and its biofilm mode of infection. Int Wound J. 15:473–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutterlin S, Dahlo M, Tellgren-Roth C, Schaal W, Melhus A. 2017. High frequency of silver resistance genes in invasive isolates of Enterobacter and Klebsiella species. J Hosp Infect. 96:256–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutterlin S, Edquist P, Sandegren L, Adler M, Tangden T, Drobni M, Olsen B, Melhus A. 2014. Silver resistance genes are overrepresented among Escherichia coli isolates with CTX-M production. Appl Environ Microbiol. 80:6863–6869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson T, Angel D, Sussman G, Cooper R, Haesler E, Ousey K, Carville K, Fletcher J, Kalan L, Keast D, et al. 2016. International Wound Infection Institute (IWII) Wound infection in clinical practice. [accessed].
   Google Scholar
• Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Harbarth S, Mendelson M, Monnet DL, Pulcini C, Kahlmeter G, Kluytmans J, Carmeli Y, et al. 2018. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 18:318–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tashiro Y, Eida H, Ishii S, Futamata H, Okabe S. 2017. Generation of small colony variants in biofilms by Escherichia coli harboring a conjugative F plasmid. Microbes Environ. 32:40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas S, McCubbin P. 2003a. A comparison of the antimicrobial effects of four silver-containing dressings on three organisms. J Wound Care. 12:101–107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas S, McCubbin P. 2003b. An in vitro analysis of the antimicrobial properties of 10 silver-containing dressings. J Wound Care. 12:305–308.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toy LW, Macera L. 2011. Evidence-based review of silver dressing use on chronic wounds. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 23:183–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker M, Cochrane CA, Bowler PG, Parsons D, Bradshaw P. 2006. Silver deposition and tissue staining associated with wound dressings containing silver. Ostomy Wound Manage. 52:42–44, 46–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warriner R, Burrell R. 2005. Infection and the chronic wound: a focus on silver. Adv Skin Wound Care. 18(Suppl 1)2–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weast RC, editor, 1970. Handbook of chemistry and physics. 51st ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co.
   Google Scholar
• White RJ, Cutting KF. 2006. Critical colonization – the concept under scrutiny. Ostomy Wound Manage. 52:50–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White RJC K. 2008. Critical colonisation of chronic wounds: microbial mechanisms. Wounds UK. 4:70–78.
   Google Scholar
• Woo KY, Ayello EA, Sibbald RG. 2008. SILVER versus other antimicrobial dressings: best practices!. Surg Technol Int. 17:50–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood TK, Knabel SJ, Kwan BW. 2013. Bacterial persister cell formation and dormancy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 79:7116–7121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward M. 2005. Silver dressings in wound healing: what is the evidence? Primary Intention. 13:153–160.
   Google Scholar
• Wright JB, Lam K, Burrell RE. 1998. Wound management in an era of increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance: a role for topical silver treatment. Am J Infect Control. 26:572–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin HQ, Langford R, Burrell RE. 1999. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of ACTICOAT antimicrobial barrier dressing. J Burn Care Rehabil. 20:195–200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zago CE, Silva S, Sanitá PV, Barbugli PA, Dias CMI, Lordello VB, Vergani CE. 2015. Dynamics of biofilm formation and the Interaction between Candida albicans and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PLoS One. 10:e0123206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zechini B, Versace I. 2009. Inhibitors of multidrug resistant efflux systems in bacteria. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 4:37–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar