1,087
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Fungi in archives, libraries, and museums: a review on paper conservation and human health

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 686-700 | Received 19 Mar 2019, Accepted 04 Nov 2019, Published online: 09 Dec 2019

References

  • Abdel-Azeem AM, Gherbawy YA, Sabry AM. 2016. Enzyme profiles and genotyping of Chaetomium globosum isolates from various substrates. Plant Biosyst. 150(3):420–428.
  • Abrusci C, Martín-González A, Del Amo A, Catalina F, Collado J, Platas G. 2005. Isolation and identification of bacteria and fungi from cinematographic films. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 56(1):58–68.
  • Adamo M, Magaudda G, Nisini PT, Tronelli G. 2003. Susceptibility of cellulose to attack by cellulolytic microfungi after gamma irradiation and ageing. Restaurator. 24:145–151.
  • Adan OCG, Samson RA, editors. 2011. Fundamentals of mold growth in indoor environments and strategies for healthy living. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic.
  • Adelantado C, Bello C, Borrell A, Calvo MA. 2005. Evaluation of the antifungal activity of products used for disinfecting documents on paper in archives. Restaurator. 26:235–238.
  • Anaya M, Borrego SF, Gámez E, Castro M, Molina A, Valdés O. 2016. Viable fungi in the air of indoor environments of the National Archive of the Republic of Cuba. Aerobiologia. 32(3):513–527.
  • Andersen B, Poulsen R, Hansen GH. 2016. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities of common indoor fungi. Int Biodeterior Biodegra. 107:111–116.
  • Bankole OM. 2010. A review of biological deterioration of library materials and possible control strategies in the tropics. Libr Rev. 59(6):414–429.
  • Bennett JW, Klich M. 2003. Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev. 16(3):497–516.
  • Bergadi F, Laachari F, Elabed S, Mohammed IH, Ibnsouda SK. 2014. Cellulolytic potential and filter paper activity of fungi isolated from ancients manuscripts from the Medina of Fez. Ann Microbiol. 64:815–822.
  • Di Bonaventura MP, DeSalle R, Eveleigh DE, Baldwin A, Koestler RJ. 2003. Studies of fungal infestations of Tiffany’s Drawings: limits and advantages of classical and molecular techniques. In: Koestler RJ, Koestler VH, Charola AE, Nieto-Fernández FE, editors. Art, Biology, and Conservation: Biodeterioration of Works of Art. New York (NY): The Metropolitan Museum of Art; p. 94–109.
  • Borrego S, Lavin P, Perdomo I, Gómez de Saravia S, Guiamet P. 2012. Determination of indoor air quality in archives and biodeterioration of the documentary heritage. ISRN Microbiol. 2012:1–10.
  • Brokerhof AW, van Zanen B, den Teuling A. 2007. Fluffy stuff - integrated control of mould in archives. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage (ICN).
  • Caneva G, Maggi O, Nugari MP, Pietrini AM, Piervittori R, Ricci S, Roc-Cardi A. 2003. The biological aerosol as a factor of biodeterioration. In: Mandrioli P, Caneva G, Sabbioni C, editors. Cult herit aerobiol – methods meas tech biodeterior monit. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; p. 3–29.
  • Canhoto O, Pinzari F, Fanelli C, Magan N. 2004. Application of electronic nose technology for the detection of fungal contamination in library paper. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 54(4):303–309.
  • Capderou C, Flieder F. 1999. Sauvegarde des collections du patrimoine: la lute contre les détériorations biologiques. Paris: CNRS éditions.
  • Cappitelli F, Fermo P, Vecchi R, Piazzalunga A, Valli G, Zanardini E, Sorlini C. 2009. Chemical-physical and microbiological measurements for indoor air quality assessment at the Ca’ granda historical archive, Milan (Italy). Water Air Soil Pollut. 201(1–4):109–120.
  • Cappitelli F, Pasquariello G, Tarsitani G, Sorlini C. 2010. Scripta manent? Assessing microbial risk to paper heritage. Trends Microbiol. 18(12):538–542.
  • Castillo NI, Ibáñez M, Beltrán E, Rivera-Monroy J, Ochoa JC, Páez-Castillo M, Posada-Buitrago ML, Sulyok M, Hernndez F. 2016. Identification of mycotoxins by UHPLC-QTOF MS in airborne fungi and fungi isolated from industrial paper and antique documents from the Archive of Bogotá. Environ Res. 144:130–138.
  • Chang YC, Tsai HF, Karos M, Kwon-Chung KJ. 2004. THTA, a thermotolerance gene of Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungal Genet Biol. 41(9):888–896.
  • Chinedu SN, Okochi VI, Omidiji O. 2011. Cellulase production by wild strains of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum and Trichoderma harzianum grown on waste cellulosic materials. IFE J Sci. 13:57–62.
  • Coronado-Ruiz C, Avendaño R, Escudero-Leyva E, Conejo-Barboza G, Chaverri P, Chavarría M. 2018. Two new cellulolytic fungal species isolated from a 19th-century art collection. Sci Rep. 8(1):1–9.
  • Corte AM, Ferroni A, Salvo VS. 2003. Isolation of fungal species from test samples and maps damaged by foxing, and correlation between these species and the environment. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 51(3):167–173.
  • Das MKL, Prasad JS, Ahmad SK. 1997. Endoglucanase production by paper-degrading mycoflora. Lett Appl Microbiol. 25(5):313–315.
  • Duchaine C, Mériaux A. 2001. The importance of combining air sampling and surface analysis when studying problematic houses for mold biodiversity determination. Aerobiologia. 17(2):121–125.
  • Etkin DS. 1994. Particulates in the indoor environment: characterisation and health effects. Arlington (MA): Cutter Information Corp.
  • Fabbri AA, Ricelli A, Brasini S, Fanelli C. 1997. Effect of different antifungals on the control of paper biodeterioration caused by fungi. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 39(1):61–65.
  • Fávaro Lc de L, de Melo FL, Aguilar-Vildoso CI, Araújo WL. 2011. Polyphasic analysis of intraspecific diversity in Epicoccum nigrum warrants reclassification into separate species. PLoS One. 6:e14828.
  • Flannigan B, Samson RA, Miller JD, editors. 2011. Microorganisms in home and indoor work environments - diversity. Health impacts, investigation and control. 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Florenzano G. 1949. Studi sul genere chaetomium: 2. Inquadramento fisiologico e proprietà cellulosolitiche delle diverse specie di chaetomium. Boll Ist Patol. 8:61–74.
  • Florian MLE, Manning L. 2000. SEM analysis of irregular fungal fox spots in an 1854 book: population dynamics and species identification. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 46(3):205–220.
  • Fogarty WM, Kelly CT. 1979. Amylases, amyloglucosidases and related glucanases. In: Rose AH, editor. Economic microbiology. Vol. 5. London: Academic Press Inc. Ltd.; p. 115–170.
  • Gopinath SCB, Anbu P, Hilda A. 2005. Extracellular enzymatic activity profiles in fungi isolated from oil-rich environments. Mycoscience. 46(2):119–126.
  • Goyer N, Lavoie J, Lazure L. 2001. Bioaerosols in the workplace: evaluation, control and prevention guide. Québec: IRSST.
  • Harkawy A, Górny RL, Ogierman L, Wlazło A, Ławniczek-Wałczyk A, Niesler A. 2011. Bioaerosol assessment in naturally ventilated historical library building with restricted personnel access. Ann Agric Environ Med. 18(2):323–329.
  • Hayleeyesus SF, Manaye AM. 2014. Microbiological quality of indoor air in university libraries. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 4:S312–S317.
  • Hurts C, Walter M, Stetzenbach L. 1997. Manual of environmental microbiology. Washington (DC): ASM Press.
  • Hyvärinen A, Meklin T, Vepsalainen A, Nevalainen A. 2002. Fungi and actinobacteria in moisture-damaged building materials — concentrations and diversity. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 49:27–37.
  • Jain AK. 2000. Survey of bioaerosol in different indoor working environments in central India. Aerobiologia (Bologna). 16(2):221–225.
  • Janda K, Ulfig K, Markowska-Szczupak A. 2009. Further studies of extracellular enzyme profiles of xerophilic fungi isolates from dried medicinal plants. Polish J Environ Stud. 18:627–633.
  • Jorgensen TR, Park J, Arentshorst M, van Welzen AM, Lamers G, VanKuyk PA, Damveld RA, van den Hondel CAM, Nielsen KF, Frisvad JC. 2011. The molecular and genetic basis of conidial pigmentation in Aspergillus niger. Fungal Genet Biol. 48:544–553.
  • Karakasidou K, Nikolouli K, Amoutzias GD, Pournou A, Manassis C, Tsiamis G, Mossialos D. 2018. Microbial diversity in biodeteriorated Greek historical documents dating back to the 19th and 20th century: a case study. Microbiologyopen. 7:e00596.
  • Karbowska-Berent J, Górny RL, Strzelczyk AB, Wlazło A. 2011. Microbial quality in selected Polish libraries and archives. Build Environ. 46(10):1872–1879.
  • Khan AAH, Karuppayil SM, Manoharachary C, Kunwar IK, Waghray S. 2009. Isolation, identification and testing for allergenicity of fungi from air-conditioned indoor environments. Aerobiologia (Bologna). 25(2):119–123.
  • Khan H, Karuppayil M. 2012. Fungal pollution of indoor environments and its management. Saudi J Biol Sci. 19:405–426.
  • Klánová K. 2000. The concentrations of mixed populations of fungi in indoor air: rooms with and without mould problems, rooms with and without health complaints. Cent Eur J Public Health. 8(1):59–61.
  • Kolstad HA, Brauer C, Iversen M, Sigsgaard T, Mikkelsen S. 2002. Do indoor moulds in nonindustrial environments threaten workers’ health? A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Epidemiol Rev. 24(2):203–217.
  • Kraková L, Chovanová K, Selim S. A, Šimonovičová A, Puškarová A, Maková A, Pangallo D. 2012. A multiphasic approach for investigation of the microbial diversity and its biodegradative abilities in historical paper and parchment documents. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 70:117–125.
  • Kraková L, Šoltys K, Otlewska A, Pietrzak K, Purkrtová S, Savická D, Puškárová A, Bučková M, Szemes T, Budiš J, et al. 2018. Comparison of methods for identification of microbial communities in book collections: culture-dependent (sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS) and culture-independent (Illumina MiSeq). Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 131:51–59.
  • Lakshmikant. 1990. Cellulose degradation and cellulase activity of five cellulolytic fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 6:64–66.
  • Lignell U, Meklin T, Rintala H, Hyvärinen A, Vepsäläinen A, Pekkanen J, Nevalainen A. 2008. Evaluation of quantitative PCR and culture methods for detection of house dust fungi and streptomycetes in relation to moisture damage of the house. Lett Appl Microbiol. 47(4):303–308.
  • Lourenço MJL, Pol LV, Sampaio JP, Philips A, Fonseca A, Vieira J. 2005. Isolamento, identificação e caracterização de microrganismos contaminantes dos arquivos da Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais. A história, a formação e as boas práticas em conserv e restauro. Lisbon: Atas do 4° Encontro do Instituto Português de Conservação e Restauro.
  • Low SY, Dannemiller K, Yao M, Yamamoto N, Peccia J. 2011. The allergenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia is influenced by growth temperature. Fungal Biol. 115(7):625–632.
  • Lugauskas A, Krikŝtaponis A. 2004. Microscopic fungi found in the libraries of vilnius and factors affecting their development. Indoor Built Environ. 13(3):169–182.
  • Maggi O, Persiani AM, Gallo F, Valenti P, Pasquariello G, Sclocchi MC, Scorrano M. 2000. Airborne fungal spores in dust present in archives: proposal for a detection method, new for archival materials. Aerobiologia (Bologna). 16(3–4):429–434.
  • Mesquita N, Portugal A, Videira S, Rodriguez-Echeverria S, Bandeira AML, Santos MJA, Freitas H. 2009. Fungal diversity in ancient documents. A case study on the Archive of the University of Coimbra. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 63(5):626–629.
  • Messner K, Alberighi L, Banik G, Srebotnik E, Sobotka W, Mairinger A. 1988. Comparison of possible chemical and microbial factors influencing paper decay by iron-gall inks. In: Houghton DR, Smith RN, Eggins HOW, editors. Biodeterior 7 sel pap present seventh international biodeterioration symposium. Cambridge, UK, 6-11 Sept 1987. Cambridge: Elsevier Science Publishers, Ltd.; p. 449–454.
  • MIBAC (Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage). 2001. Atto di indirizzo sui criteri tecnico-scientifi ci e sugli standard di funzionamento e sviluppo dei musei, Ambito VI. D.Lgs. 112/1998 (art. 150, comma 6). p. 81–94.
  • Micalli O, Montacutelli R, Tarsitani G. 2003. Pathogenic microorganisms and situations of risk to man. In: Mandrioli P, Caneva G, Sabbioni C, editors. Cult herit aerobiol – methods meas technic biodeterior monitor. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; p. 31–43.
  • Michaelsen A, Pinar G, Montanari M, Pinzari F. 2009. Biodeterioration and restoration of a 16th-century book using a combination of conventional and molecular techniques: a case study. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 63(2):161–168.
  • Michaelsen A, Piñar G, Pinzari F. 2010. Molecular and microscopical investigation of the microflora inhabiting a deteriorated Italian manuscript dated from the thirteenth century. Microb Ecol. 60(1):69–80.
  • Molina-Veloso A, Borrego-Alonso SF. 2017. Viable allergenic fungi in a documentary deposit of the National Archive of Cuba. Rev Alerg Mex. 64(1):40–51.
  • Nevailanen A, Hyvarynen A. 2015. Fungi in low-contamination occupational environments. In: Viegas P, Viegas S, Veríssimo B, editors. Public heal fungi mycotoxins risk assess manage. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishing Company Incorporated; p. 107–124.
  • Nielsen KF. 2003. Mycotoxin production by indoor molds. Fungal Genet Biol. 39:103–117.
  • Nol L, Henis Y, Kenneth RG. 2001. Biological factors of foxing in postage stamp paper. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 48(1–4):98–104.
  • NT-SCE-02. 2009. Nota Técnica — NT -SCE — 02 — Metodologia para auditorias periódicas de QAI em edifícios existentes no Âmbito do RSECE [Technical note - NT-SCE-02- Methodology for periodic IAQ audits of existing buildings within the RSECE (Regulation of Energy Conditioning Systems in Buildings)]. Lisbon.
  • Oetari A, Susetyo-Salim T, Sjamsuridzal W, Suherman EA, Monica M, Wongso R, Fitri R, Nurlaili DG, Ayu DC, Teja TP. 2016. Occurrence of fungi on deteriorated old dluwang manuscripts from Indonesia. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 114:94–103.
  • Ohgke H, Geers A, Beckert J. 1987. Fungal load of indoor air in historical and newly constructed buildings used by public services. In: Seifkrt B, Worn H, Fischer M, Ruden H, Wegner J, editors. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. Berlin (West): Institute of Water, Soil and Air Hygiene; p. 681–684.
  • Okpalanozie OE, Adebusoye SA, Troiano F, Cattò C, Ilori MO, Cappitelli F. 2018. Assessment of indoor air environment of a Nigerian museum library and its biodeteriorated books using culture-dependent and – independent techniques. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 132:139–149.
  • Oyeleke SB, Egwim EC, Auta SH. 2010. Screening of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus strains for extracellular protease enzyme production. J Microbiol Antimicrob. 2:83–87.
  • Pandey S, Srivastava M, Shahid M, Kumar V, Singh A, Trivedi S, Srivastava YK. 2015. Trichoderma species cellulases produced by solid state fermentation. J Data Mining Genomics Proteomics. 06:2–5.
  • Parchas M. 2009. Comment faire face aux risques biologiques? Paris: Direction des Archives de France.
  • Parra R, Magan N. 2004. Modelling the effect of temperature and water activity on growth of Aspergillus niger strains and applications for food spoilage moulds. J Appl Microbiol. 97(2):429–438.
  • Pasanen AL, Kalliokoski P, Pasanen P, Jantunen MJ, Nevalainen A. 1991. Laboratory studies on the relationship between fungal growth and atmospheric temperature and humidity. Environ Int. 17(4):225–228.
  • Pietrzak K, Otlewska A, Danielewicz D, Dybka K, Pangallo D, Kraková L, Puškárová A, Bučková M, Scholtz V, Ďurovič M, et al. 2017. Disinfection of archival documents using thyme essential oil, silver nanoparticles misting and low temperature plasma. J Cult Herit. 24:69–77.
  • Pinheiro AC. 2015. Fungi in archives: a double concern. In: Viegas P, Sabino V, Brandão V, editors. Environ mycol public heal fungi mycotoxins risk assess manage. Oxford: Academic Press; p. 157–166.
  • Pinheiro AC. 2014. Fungal communities in archives: assessment strategies and impact on paper conservation and human health. [dissertation]. Lisbon, Portugal: Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
  • Pinzari F, Pasquariello G, De Mico A. 2006. Biodeterioration of paper: a SEM study of fungal spoilage reproduced under controlled conditions. Macromol Symp. 238(1):57–66.
  • Pinzari F, Zotti M, De Mico A, Calvini P. 2010. Biodegradation of inorganic components in paper documents: formation of calcium oxalate crystals as a consequence of Aspergillus terreus Thom growth. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 64(6):499–505.
  • Pitt JI, Hocking AD. 2009. Fungi and food spoilage. 3rd ed. In: Hocking AD, Pitt JI, Samson RA, Thrane U, editors. New York (NY): Springer.
  • Ponce-Jimenez MD, Toral F, Fornue ED. 2002. Antifungal protection and sizing of paper with chitosan salts and cellulose ethers. Part 1, physical effects. J Am Inst Conserv. 41:243–254.
  • Rakotonirainy MS, Heude E, Lavédrine B. 2007. Isolation and attempts of biomolecular characterization of fungal strains associated to foxing on a 19th century book. J Cult Herit. 8(2):126–133.
  • Reiss J. 1978. Mycotoxins in foodstuffs - XII. The influence of the water activity (alpha-omega) of cakes on the growth of molds and the formation of mycotoxins. Zeitschrift Fur Leb Und-Forsch. 167:419–422.
  • Reynolds SJ, Streifel AJ, Mcjilton CE. 1990. Elevated airborne concentrations of fungi in residential and office environment. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 51(11):601–604.
  • Ricelli A, Fabbri AA, Fanelli C, Menicagli R, Samaritani S, Pini D, Rapaccini SM, Salvadori P. 1999. Fungal growth on samples of paper: inhibition by new antifungals. Restaurator. 20:97–107.
  • Ruegger MJS, Tauk-Tornisielo SM. 2004. Atividade da celulase de fungos isolados do solo da estação ecológica de Juréia-Itatins, São Paulo, Brasil. Rev Bras Bot. 27(2):205–211.
  • Saleem A, Ebrahim M. 2014. Production of amylase by fungi isolated from legume seeds collected in Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia. J Taibah Univ Sci. 8(2):90–97.
  • Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, Frisvad JC, Filtenborg O, editors. 2000. Introduction to food and airborne fungi. 6th ed. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelculture.
  • Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, Frisvad JC, Filtenborg O. 2010. Introduction to food-and airborne fungi. 7th ed. Utrecht: Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelculture.
  • Sato Y, Aoki M, Kigawa R. 2014. Microbial deterioration of tsunami-affected paper-based objects: a case study. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 88:142–149.
  • Sautour M, Soares Mansur C, Divies C, Bensoussan M, Dantigny P. 2002. Comparison of the effects of temperature and water activity on growth rate of food spoilage moulds. J Ind Microbiol Biotech. 28(6):311–315.
  • Sequeira SO, Carvalho H. D, Mesquita N, Portugal A, Macedo MF. 2019. Fungal stains on paper: is what you see what you get? Conserv património. 32:18–27.
  • Sequeira SO, Phillips AJL, Cabrita EJ, Macedo MF. 2017. Antifungal treatment of paper with calcium propionate and parabens: Short-term and long-term effects. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 120:203–215.
  • Shahriarinour M, Noor M, Wahab A, Mohamad R, Mustafa S, Ariff AB. 2011. Effect of medium composition and cultural condition on cellulase production by Aspergillus terreus. Afr J Biotechnol. 10:7459–7467.
  • Sharma D, Shukla AK. 2008. Starch hydrolysis and alpha-amylase activity of Aspergillus and Chaetomium. Asian J Biochem. 3:284–289.
  • da Silva M, Moraes AML, Nishikawa MM, Gatti MJA, Vallim de Alencar MA, Brandao LE, Nobrega A. 2006. Inactivation of fungi from deteriorated paper materials by radiation. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 57(3):163–167.
  • Skeist I 2007. Handbook of adhesives. Vol. 104. Chapman & Hall. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703993104.
  • Sterflinger K. 2010. Fungi: their role in deterioration of cultural heritage. Fungal Biol Rev. 24(1–2):47–55.
  • Sterflinger K, Engel P. 2014. Microorganisms in books – the archives of the protestant Parish of the holy trinity in Swidnica. St. Pölten, Austria: Men Books From Microorg to Megaorganisms. Poster resentation.
  • Sterflinger K, Little B, Pinar G, Pinzari F, de los Rios A, Gu JD. 2018. Future directions and challenges in biodeterioration research on historic materials and cultural properties. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 129:10–12.
  • Szczepanowska H, Cavaliere A. 2000. Fungal deterioration of 18th and 19th century documents: a case study of the Tilghman Family Collection, Wye House, Easton, Maryland. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 46(3):245–249.
  • Szczepanowska HM, Cavaliere AR. 2003. Artworks, drawings, prints, and documents fungi eat them all! In: Koestler RJ, Koestler VH, Charola AE, Nieto-Fernandez F, editors. Art, biology, and conservation: biodeterioration of works of art. New York (NY): The Metropolitan Museum of Art; p. 128–151.
  • Teixeira FS, dos Reis TA, Sgubin L, Thomé LE, Bei IW, Clemencio RE, Corrêa B, Salvadori MC. 2018. Disinfection of ancient paper contaminated with fungi using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Cult Herit. 30:110–116.
  • Tepsic K, Gunde-Cimerman N, Frisvad JC. 1997. Growth and mycotoxin production by Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from a saltern. Fems Microbiol Lett. 157:9–12.
  • Valentin N. 2007. Microbial contamination in archives and museums: health hazards and preventive strategies using air ventilation systems. In: Boersma F, editor. Experts’ roundtable on sustainable climate management strategies. Tenerife, Spain: The Getty Conservation Institute; p. 1–26.
  • Valentin N. 2010. Microorganisms in museum collections. Coalition. 19:2–5.
  • Viegas C, Almeida-Silva M, Gomes A. Q, Wolterbeek HT, Almeida SM. 2014. Fungal contamination assessment in Portuguese elderly care centers. J Toxicol Environ Heal Part A. 77(1–3):14–23.
  • Viegas C, Alves C, Carolino E, Pinheiro C, Rosado L, Silva-Santos C. 2011. Assessment of fungal contamination in a group of Lisbon´s gymnasiums with a swimming pool. Ital J Occup Environ Hyg. 2:15–20.
  • Wiszniewska M, Walusiak-Skorupa J, Pannenko I, Draniak M, Palczynski C. 2009. Occupational exposure and sensitization to fungi among museum workers. Occup Med (Lond). 59(4):237–242.
  • Yang CS, Hung LL, Lewis FA, Zampiello FA. 1993. Airborne fungal populations in non-residential buildings in the United States. In: Seppänen O, editor. Indoor Air Part Microbes, Radon Proceedings Sixth International Conference Indoor Air Quality Climate. Helsinki, Finland: Helsinki University of Technology; p. 219–224.
  • Zerek BF. 2003. Fungi isolated from paper works of art - identification, susceptibility to the chosen methods used in the conservation of paper, susceptibility of the chosen kinds of paper to infections. Warszawa, Poland: University of Warsaw.
  • Zielinska-Jankiewicz K, Kozajda A, Piotrowska M, Szadkowska-Stanczyk I. 2008. Microbiological contamination with moulds in work environment. Ann Agric Environ Med. 15(1):71–78.
  • Zotti M, Ferroni A, Calvini P. 2007. Inhibition properties of simple fungistatic compounds on fungi isolated from foxing spots. Restaurator. 28:201–217.
  • Zotti M, Ferroni A, Calvini P. 2008. Microfungal biodeterioration of historic paper: preliminary FTIR and microbiological analyses. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 62(2):186–194.
  • Zyska B. 1997. Fungi isolated from library materials: a review of the literature. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 40(1):43–51.
  • Zyska BJ. 2002. Problems of microbial deterioration of materials in Eastern Europe. Int Biodeterior Biodegr. 49(1):73–83.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.