240
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Recent developments in less known and multi-resistant fungal opportunists

, , , , &
Pages 762-780 | Received 26 Feb 2021, Accepted 04 May 2021, Published online: 07 Jun 2021

References

  • Agarwal R, Singh G, Ghosh A, Verma KK, Pandey M, Xess I. 2017. Chromoblastomycosis in India: review of 169 cases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 11(8):e0005534.
  • Ahmad M, Jacobs D, Wu HH, Wolk DM, Kazmi SAJ, Jaramillo C, Toms SA. 2017. Cladophialophora bantiana: a rare intracerebral fungal abscess—case series and review of literature. Surg J. 03(02):e62–e68.
  • Ahmed SA, Hofmüller W, Seibold M, de Hoog GS, Harak H, Tammer I, van Diepeningen D, Behrens‐Baumann W. 2017. Tintelnotia, a new genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae harbouring agents of cornea and nail infections in humans. Mycoses. 60(4):244–253.
  • Ahmed SA, van de Sande WWJ, Stevens DA, Fahal A, van Diepeningen AD, Menken SBJ, de Hoog GS. 2014. Revision of agents of black grain eumycetoma in the order Pleosporales. Persoonia. 33:141–154.
  • Alanio A, Desnos-Ollivier M, Garcia-Hermoso D, Bretagne S. 2017. Investigating clinical issues by genotyping of medically important fungi: why and how? Clin Microbiol Reviews. 30(3):671–707.
  • Al-Hatmi AMS, Bonifaz A, Ranque S, de Hoog GS, Verweij PE, Meis JE. 2016. Current antifungal treatment of fusariosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 51(3):326–332.
  • Al-Hatmi AMS, Bonifaz A, Tirado-Sánchez T, Meis JF, de Hoog GS, Ahmed SA. 2017. Fusarium species causing eumycetoma: report of two cases and comprehensive review of the literature. Mycoses. 60(3):204–212.
  • Al-Hatmi AMS, Meis JF, de Hoog GS. 2016. Fusarium: molecular diversity and intrinsic drug resistance. PLoS Pathog. 12(4):e1005464.
  • Ali TK, Amescua G, Miller D, Suh LH, Delmonte DW, Gibbons A, Alfonso EC, Forster RK. 2017. Contact-lens-associated Purpureocillium keratitis: risk factors, microbiologic characteristics, clinical course, and outcomes. Semin Ophthalmol. 32(2):157–162.
  • Altibi AM, Sheth R, Battisha A, Kak V. 2020. Cutaneous fusariosis in a patient with Job’s (Hyper-IgE) syndrome. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2020:3091806.
  • Anaissie E, Bodey GP, Kantarjian H, Ro J, Vartivarian SE, Hopfer R, Hoy J, Rolston K. 1989. New spectrum of fungal infections in patients with cancer. Rev Infect Dis. 11(3):369–378.
  • André N, Coze C, Gentet JC, Perez R, Bernard JL. 2004. Geotrichum candidum septicemia in a child with hepatoblastoma. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 23:86.
  • Arabatzis M, Abel P, Kanellopoulou M, Adamou D, Alexandrou-Athanasoulis H, Stathi A, Platsouka E, Milioni A, Pangalis A, Velegraki A. 2014. Sequence-based identification, genotyping and EUCAST antifungal susceptibilities of Trichosporon clinical isolates from Greece. Clin Microbiol Infect. 20(8):777–783.
  • Araiza J, Saldaña M, Dávila I, Tirado-Sánchez A, Kassack JJ, González GM, Bonifaz A. 2020. Onicomicosis by Fusarium spp. in patients with hematological neoplasms. Dermatol Rev Mex. 64:371–378.
  • Arcobello JT, Revankar SG. 2020. Phaeohyphomycosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 41(1):131–140.
  • Asz-Sigall D, Tosti A, Arenas R. 2017. Tinea unguium: diagnosis and treatment in practice. Mycopathologia. 182(1–2):95–100.
  • Balis E, Velegraki A, Fragou A, Pefanis A, Kalabokas T, Mountokalakis T. 2006. Lung mass caused by Phoma exigua. Scand J Infect Dis. 38(6–7):552–555.
  • Baudraz-Rosselet F, Ruffieux C, Lurati M, Bontems O, Monod M. 2010. Onychomycosis insensitive to systemic terbinafine and azole treatments reveals non-dermatophyte moulds as infectious agents. Dermatology. 220(2):164–168.
  • Bishnoi A, Vinay K, Dogra S. 2018. Emergence of recalcitrant dermatophytosis in India. Lancet Infect Dis. 18(3):250–251.
  • Bojic M, Willinger B, Rath T, Tobudic S, Thalhammer F, Böhm A, Mitterbauer M, Schulenburg A, Wöhrer S, Kalhs P, et al. 2013. Fatal skin and pulmonary infection caused by Hormographiella aspergillata in a leukaemic patient: case report and literature overview. Mycoses. 56(6):687–689.
  • Bonifaz A, Armas-Vázquez A, Ponce-Olivera RM. 2014. Infection due to Saprochaete capitata on immunocompromised patient. Dermatol Rev Mex. 58:380–384.
  • Bonifaz A, Davoudi MM, de Hoog GS, Padilla-Desgarennes C, Vázquez-González D, Navarrete G, Meis JF, Badali H. 2013. Severe disseminated phaeohyphomycosis in an immunocompetent patient caused by Veronaea botryosa. Mycopathologia. 175(5–6):497–503.
  • Borkar SA, Sharma MS, Rajpal G, Jain M, Xess I, Sharma BS. 2008. Brain abscess caused by Cladophialophora bantiana in an immunocompetent host: need for a novel cost-effective antifungal agent. Indian J Med Microbiol. 26(3):271–274.
  • Bouchand C, Nguyen D, Secretan PH, Vidal F, Guery R, Auvity S, Cohen JF, Lanternier F, Lortholary O, Cisternino S, et al. 2020. Voriconazole topical cream formulation: evidence for stability and antifungal activity. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 56(3):106083.
  • Bouchara JP, Le Govic Y, Kabbara S, Cimon B, Zouhair R, Hamze M, Papon N, Nevez G. 2020. Advances in understanding and managing Scedosporium respiratory infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med. 14(3):259–273.
  • Buzina W, Braun H, Freudenschuss K, Lackner A, Habermann W, Stammberger H. 2003. Fungal biodiversity–as found in nasal mucus. Med Mycol. 41(2):149–161.
  • Buzina W, Feierl G, Haas D, Reinthaler FF, Holl A, Kleinert R, Reichenpfader B, Roll P, Marth E. 2006. Lethal brain abscess due to the fungus Scedosporium apiospermum (teleomorph Pseudallescheria boydii) after a near-drowning incident: case report and review of the literature. Med Mycol. 44(5):473–477.
  • Campoli C, Ferraro S, Salfi N, Coladonato S, Morelli MC, Giannella M, Ambretti S, Viale PL, Cricca M. 2020. Diffuse primary cutaneous infection by Alternaria alternata in a liver transplant recipient with pulmonary nocardiosis: importance of prompt identification for clinical resolution. Med Mycol Case Rep. 28:42–45.
  • Camus V, Thibault ML, David M, Gargala G, Compagnon P, Lamoureux F, Girault C, Michot JB, Stamatoullas A, Lanic H, et al. 2014. Invasive Geotrichum clavatum fungal infection in an acute myeloid leukaemia patient: a case report and review. Mycopathologia. 177(5–6):319–324.
  • Castelli MV, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Cuesta I, Monzon A, Mellado E, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca-Estrella M. 2008. Susceptibility testing and molecular classification of Paecilomyces spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 52(8):2926–2928.
  • Chagas-Neto TC, Chaves GM, Colombo AL. 2008. Update on the genus Trichosporon. Mycopathologia. 166(3):121–132.
  • Chaidaroon W, Supalaset S, Tananuvat N, Vanittanakom N. 2016. Corneal phaeohyphomycosis caused by Bipolaris hawaiiensis. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 7(2):364–371.
  • Chakrabarti A, Kaur H, Rudramurthy SM, Appannanavar SB, Patel A, Mukherjee KK, Ghosh A, Ray U. 2016. Brain abscess due to Cladophialophora bantiana: a review of 124 cases. Med Mycol. 54(2):111–119.
  • Chaney S, Gopalan R, Berggren RE. 2004. Pulmonary Pseudallescheria boydii infection with cutaneous zygomycosis after near drowning. South Med J. 97(7):683–688.
  • Chen WY, Lin SR, Hung SJ. 2019. Successful treatment of recurrent cutaneous Purpureocillium lilacinum (Paecilomyces lilacinus) infection with posaconazole and surgical debridement. Acta Derm Venereol. 99(13):1313–1314.
  • Chen YT, Yeh LK, Ma DH, Lin HC, Sun CC, Tan HY, Chen HC, Chen SY, Sun PL, Hsiao CH. 2020. Paecilomyces/Purpureocillium keratitis: a consecutive study with a case series and literature review. Med Mycol. 58(3):293–299.
  • Chowdhary A, Meis JF, Guarro J, de Hoog GS, Kathuria S, Arendrup SMC, Arikan‐Akdagli S, Akova M, Boekhout T, Caira M, et al. 2014. ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of systemic phaeohyphomycosis: diseases caused by black fungi. Clin Microbiol Infect. 20:47–75.
  • Ciecko SC, Scher R. 2010. Invasive fungal rhinitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus infection: report of a case and a novel treatment. Ear Nose Throat J. 89:594–596.
  • Čmoková A, Kolařík M, Dobiáš D, Hoyer LL, Janouškovcová H, Kano R, Kuklová I, Lysková P, Machová L, Maier T, et al. 2020. Resolving the taxonomy of emerging zoonotic pathogens in the Trichophyton benhamiae complex. Fung Div. 104(1):333–387.
  • Colombo AL, Padovan ACB, Chaves GM. 2011. Current knowledge of Trichosporon spp. and trichosporonosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 24(4):682–700.
  • Corrado G, Pagano L, Martino B, D’Antonio D, Fanci R, Specchia G, Melillo L, Buelli M, Pizzarelli G, Venditti M, et al. 2005. Invasive infections caused by Trichosporon species and Geotrichum capitatum in patients with hematological malignancies: a retrospective multicenter study from Italy and review of the literature. J Clin Microbiol. 43(4):1818–1828.
  • de Almeida Júnior JN, Hennequin C. 2016. Invasive Trichosporon infection: a systematic review on a re-emerging fungal pathogen. Front Microbiol. 7:1629.
  • de Almeida SM, Imano ECM, Vicente VA, Gomes RR, Trentin AP, Zamarchi K, Schneider GX, Pinheiro RL, Menezes da Silva N, de Hoog GS. 2020. Primary central nervous system infection by Histoplasma in an immunocompetent adult. Mycopathologia. 185:331–338.
  • de Hoog GS, Chaturvedi V, Denning DW, Dyer PS, Frisvad JC, Geiser D, Gräser Y, Guarro J, Haase G, Kwon-Chung KJ, et al. 2015. Commentaries: name changes in medically important fungi and their implications for clinical practice. J Clin Microbiol. 53(4):1056–1062.
  • de Hoog GS, Guarro J, Gené J, Ahmed S, Al-Hatmi AMS, Figueras MJ, Vitale RG. 2020. Atlas of clinical fungi. 4th ed. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, Hilversum.
  • de Hoog GS, Guarro J, Gené J, Figueras MJ. 2000. Atlas of clinical fungi. 2nd ed. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
  • de Hoog GS, Horré R. 2002. Molecular taxonomy of the Alternaria and Ulocladium species from humans and their identification in the routine laboratory. Mycoses. 45(8):259–276.
  • de Hoog GS, Smith MT. 2004. Ribosomal gene phylogeny and species delimitation in Geotrichum and its teleomorphs. Stud Mycol. 50:489–515.
  • Delfino D, de Hoog GS, Polonelli L, Benecchi M, Fanti F, Galatioto S, Manti G, Cusumano V. 2006. Survival of a neglected case of brain abscess caused by Cladophialophora bantiana. Med Mycol. 44(7):651–654.
  • Demitsu T, Nagashima K, Okabe T, Morisawa Y, Ishikawa N, Yagisawa T, Fukuta H, Ohtsuki M, Kano R, Harada K. 2017. Subcutaneous hyalohyphomycosis due to Purpureocillium lilacinum in an immunocompromised patient after renal transplantation. J Dermatol. 44(6):725–726.
  • Didehdar M, Gokanian A, Sofian M, Mohammadi S, Mohammadi R, Aslani N, Haghani I, Badali H. 2015. First fatal cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Rhinocladiella mackenziei in Iran, based on ITS rDNA. J Mycol Med. 25(1):81–86.
  • Diekema DJ, Petroelje B, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, Pfaller MA. 2005. Activities of available and investigational antifungal agents against Rhodotorula species. J Clin Microbiol. 43(1):476–478.
  • Dissanayake AJ, Phillips AJL, Hyde KD, Yan JY, Li XH. 2017. The current status of species in Diaporthe. Mycosphere. 8(5):1106–1156.
  • do Espírito Santo EPT, Monteiro RC, da Costa ARF, Marques-da-Silva SH. 2020. Molecular identification, genotyping, phenotyping, and antifungal susceptibilities of medically important Trichosporon, Apiotrichum, and Cutaneotrichosporon species. Mycopathologia. 185(2):307–317.
  • Döğen A, Kaplan E, Öksüz Z, Serin MS, Ilkit M, de Hoog GS. 2013. Dishwashers are a major source of human opportunistic yeast-like fungi in indoor environments in Mersin. Med Mycol. 51(5):493–498.
  • Drouot S, Mignon B, Fratti M, Roosje P, Monod M. 2009. Pets as the main source of two zoonotic species of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex in Switzerland, Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii and Arthroderma benhamiae. Vet Dermatol. 20(1):13–18.
  • Dukik K, Al-Hatmi AMS, Curfs-Breuker I, Faro D, de Hoog S, Meis JF. 2017. Antifungal susceptibility of emerging dimorphic pathogens in the family Ajellomycetaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 62(1):e01886–17.
  • Dukik K, Muñoz JF, Jiang Y, Feng P, Sigler L, Stielow JB, Freeke J, Jamalian A, Gerrits van den Ende AHG, McEwen JG, et al. 2017. Novel taxa of thermally dimorphic systemic pathogens in the Ajellomycetaceae (Onygenales). Mycoses. 60(5):296–309.
  • El Omri H, Fathallah-Mili A, Ben Youssef Y, Amara H, Ben Said M, Khelif A. 2005. Geotrichum capitatum septicemia in neutropenic patient, case report and review. J Mycol Med. 15(4):242–246.
  • Esterre P, Andriantsimahavandy A, Ramarcel ER, Pecarrere JL. 1996. Forty years of chromoblastomycosis in Madagascar: a review. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 55(1):45–47.
  • Etienne KA, Roe CC, Smith RM, Vallabhaneni S, Duarte C, Escandón P, Castañeda E, Gómez BL, de Bedout C, López LF, et al. 2016. Whole-genome sequencing to determine origin of multinational outbreak of Sarocladium kiliense bloodstream infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 22(3):476–481.
  • Ference EH, Kubak BM, Zhang P, Suh JD. 2019. Successful treatment of Scedosporium sinusitis in two lung transplant recipients: Review of the literature and recommendations for management. Allergy Rhinol (Providence). 10:2152656719827253–2152656719827258.
  • Feugray G, Krzisch D, Dehais M, Razakandrainibe R, Gargala G, Favennec L, Lepretre S, Camus V, Costa D. 2019. Successful treatment of Trichosporon asahii fungemia with isavuconazole in a patient with hematologic malignancies. Infect Drug Resist. 12:2015–2018.
  • Filipe R, Caldas JP, Soares N, Sabino R, Veríssimo C, Silva R, Silva-Pinto A, Tavares M, Sarmento A. 2020. Schizophyllum commune sphenoidal sinusitis as presentation of a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Med Mycol Case Rep. 28:26–28.
  • Frasquet-Artés JS, Pemán J, Blanes M, Hernández-Porto M, Cano J, Jiménez-Herrero E, López-Hontangas JL. 2014. Feohifomicosis cerebral: descripción de un caso y revisión de la literatura. Rev Iberoam Micol. 31(3):197–202.
  • Galletti J, Negri M, Grassi FL, Kioshima-Cotica ÉS, Svidzinski TI. 2015. Fusarium spp. is able to grow and invade healthy human nails as a single source of nutrients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 34(9):1767–1772.
  • Garcia‐Reyne A, López‐Medrano F, Morales JM, Garcia Esteban C, Martín I, Eraña I, Meije Y, Lalueza A, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Rodríguez-Tudela JL, et al. 2011. Cutaneous infection by Phomopsis longicolla in a renal transplant recipient from Guinea: first report of human infection by this fungus. Transpl Infect Dis. 13(2):204–207.
  • García-Ruiz JC, López-Soria L, Olazába I, Amutio E, Arrieta-Aguirre I, Velasco-Benito V, Pontón J, Moragues MD. 2013. Invasive infections caused by Saprochaete capitata in patients with haematological malignancies: report of five cases and review of the antifungal therapy. Rev Iberoam Micol. 30(4):248–255.
  • García-Suárez J, Gómez-Herruz P, Cuadros JA, Burgaleta C. 2011. Epidemiology and outcome of Rhodotorula infection in haematological patients. Mycoses. 54(4):318–324.
  • Garnica M, Nucci M. 2013. Epidemiology of fusariosis. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 7(4):301–305.
  • Garzoni C, Markham L, Bijlenga P, Garbino J. 2008. Cladophialophora bantiana: a rare cause of fungal brain abscess. Clinical aspects and new therapeutic options. Med Mycol. 46(5):481–486.
  • George IA, Mathews MS, Karthik R, John L, Sundar A, Abraham OC, Joseph V. 2008. Fatal cerebral abscess caused by Cladophialophora bantiana. J Assoc Physicians India. 56:470–472.
  • Ghosh AK, Gupta A, Rudramurthy SM, Paul S, Hallur VK, Chakrabarti A. 2016. Fungal keratitis in North India: spectrum of agents, risk factors and treatment. Mycopathologia. 181(11–12):843–850.
  • Godet C, Cateau E, Rammaert B, Grosset M, Le Moal G, Béraud G, Martellosio JP, Iriart X, Cadranel J, Roblot F. 2017. Nebulized liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of pulmonary infection caused by Hormographiella aspergillata: case report and literature review. Mycopathologia. 182(7–8):709–713.
  • Godoy-Martinez P, Nunes FG, Tomimori-Yamashita J, Urrutia M, Zaror L, Silva V, Fischmanet O. 2009. Onychomycosis in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Mycopathologia. 168(3):111–116.
  • Gomes MZR, Mulanovich VE, Jiang Y, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. 2014. Incidence density of invasive fungal infections during primary antifungal prophylaxis in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia patients in a tertiary cancer center, 2009 to 2011. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 58(2):865–873.
  • Govender NP, Grayson W. 2019. Emergomycosis (Emergomyces africanus) in advanced HIV disease. Dermatopathology (Basel). 6(2):63–69.
  • Gräser Y, Hoog GS, Summerbell RC. 2006. Dermatophytes: recognizing species of clonal fungi. Med Mycol. 44(3):199–209.
  • Groll AH, Walsh TJ. 2001. Uncommon opportunistic fungi: new nosocomial threats. Clin Microbiol Infect. 7:8–24.
  • Guarro J, Kantarcioglu AS, Horré R, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca Estrella M, Berenguer J, de Hoog GS. 2006. Scedosporium apiospermum: changing clinical spectrum of a therapy-refractory opportunist. Med Mycol. 44(4):295–327.
  • Gupta AK, Cooper EA. 2008. Update in antifungal therapy of dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia. 166(5–6):353–367.
  • Gupta AK, Drummond-Main C, Cooper EA, Brintnell W, Piraccini BM, Tosti A. 2012. Systematic review of nondermatophyte mold onychomycosis: diagnosis, clinical types, epidemiology, and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 66(3):494–502.
  • Gutierrez-Rodero F, Moragon M, Ortiz de la Tabla V, Mayol MJ, Martin C. 1999. Cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus in an immunocompetent host successfully treated with itraconazole: case report and review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 18(11):814–818.
  • Hazen KC, Howell SA. 2003. Candida, Cryptococcus and other yeasts of medical importance. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA, editors. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed. Washington (DC): ASM Press; p. 1693–1711.
  • Heiblig M, Bozzoli V, Saison J, Thomas X, De Croze D, Traverse-Glehen A, Cosmidis A, Chidiac C, Ferry T, Alanio A, et al. 2015. Combined medico‐surgical strategy for invasive sino-orbito-cerebral breakthrough fungal infection with Hormographiella aspergillata in an acute leukaemia patient. Mycoses. 58(5):308–312.
  • Hoenigl M, Aspeck E, Valentin T, Heiling B, Seeber K, Krause R, Stammberger H, Beham A, Buzina W. 2013. Sinusitis and frontal brain abscess in a diabetic patient caused by the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune: case report and review of the literature. Mycoses. 56(3):389–393.
  • Hoenigl M, Salmanton-García J, Walsh TJ, Nucci M, Neoh CF, Jenks JD, Lackner M, Sprute R, Al-Hatmi AMS, Bassetti M, et al. 2021. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of rare mould infections: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology and the American Society for Microbiology. Lancet Infect Dis. 3099(20):30784.
  • Hofmann H, Choi SM, Wilsmann‐Theis D, Horré R, de Hoog GS, Bieber T. 2005. Invasive chromoblastomycosis and sinusitis due to Phialophora verrucosa in a child from northern Africa. Mycoses. 48(6):456–461.
  • Horré R, de Hoog GS. 1999. Primary cerebral infections by melanized fungi: a review. Stud Mycol. 43:176–193.
  • Horré R, Schumacher G, Marklein G, Stratmann H, Wardelmann E, Gilges S, de Hoog GS, Schaal KP. 2002. Mycetoma due to Pseudallescheria boydii and co-isolation of Nocardia abscessus in a patient injured in road accident. Med Mycol. 40(5):525–527.
  • Houbraken J, Kocsubé S, Visagie CM, Yilmaz N, Wang XC, Meijer M, Kraak B, Hubka V, Bensch K, Samson RA, 2020. Classification of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and related genera (Eurotiales): an overview of families, genera, subgenera, sections, series and species. Stud Mycol. 95:5–169.
  • Howden BP, Slavin MA, Schwarer AP, Mijch AM. 2003. Successful control of disseminated Scedosporium prolificans infection with a combination of voriconazole and terbinafine. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 22(2):111–113.
  • Howlett S, Sullivan T, Abdolrasouli A, Borman AM, Johnson EM, Lewis P, Baheerathan A, Davies F, Sanderson F, Davies N, et al. 2019. A black mould death: a case of fatal cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana. Med Mycol Case Rep. 24:23–26.
  • Huang C, Zhang Y, Song Y, Wan Z, Wang X, Li R. 2019. Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Phialophora americana with CARD9 mutation and 20‐year literature review in China. Mycoses. 62(10):908–919.
  • Ikuta K, Torimoto Y, Yamamoto M, Okamura N, Hosoki T, Sato K, Fujiya M, Kohgo Y. 2010. Successful treatment of systemic Geotrichum capitatum infection by liposomal amphotericin-B, itraconazole, and voriconazole in a Japanese man. Intern Med. 49(22):2499–2503.
  • Ioannou P, Vamvoukaki R, Samonis G. 2019. Rhodotorula species infections in humans: a systematic review. Mycoses. 62(2):90–100.
  • Jiang Y, Al-Hatmi AMS, Xiang Y, Jiang Y, Al-Hatmi AMS, Xiang Y, Cao Y, van den Ende AHGG, Curfs-Breuker I, Meis JF, et al. 2016. The concept of ecthyma gangrenosum illustrated by a Fusarium oxysporum infection in an immunocompetent individual. Mycopathologia. 181(9–10):759–763.
  • Jiang Y, Dukik K, Muñoz JF, Sigler L, Schwartz IS, Govender NP, Kenyon C, Feng P, Gerrits van den Ende B, Stielow JB, et al. 2018. Phylogeny, ecology and taxonomy of systemic pathogens and their relatives in Ajellomycetaceae (Onygenales): Blastomyces, Emergomyces, Emmonsia, Emmonsiellopsis. Fung Div. 90(1):245–291.
  • Jiang Y, Tsui C, Ahmed SA, Hagen F, Shang Z, Gerrits van den Ende B, Verweij PE, Sigler L, Lu H, de Hoog GS. 2020. Intraspecific variation of Emmonsia crescens causing adiaspiromycosis in small wild mammals. Mycopathologia. 185:613–627.
  • Johnson MD, Perfect JR. 2010. Use of antifungal combination therapy: agents, order, and timing. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 4(2):87–95.
  • Júnior MC, de Moraes Arantes A, Meneses Silva H, Rodrigues Costa C, do Rosário Rodrigues Silva M. 2013. Acremonium kiliense: case report and review of published studies. Mycopathologia. 176(5–6):417–421.
  • Kandemir H, Dukik K, Hagen F, Ilkit M, Gräser Y, de Hoog GS. 2020. A polyphasic approach for the differentiation Trichophyton tonsurans and T. equinum. Mycopathologia. 185(1):113–122. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-019-00344-9.
  • Kantarcioglu AS, Guarro J, de Hoog S, Apaydin H, Kiraz N. 2017. An updated comprehensive systematic review of Cladophialophora bantiana and analysis of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome of cerebral cases. Med Mycol. 55:579–604.
  • Kaplan E, Aktaş D, Döğen A, Hilmioğlu-Polat S, Gümral R, Hagen F, Ilkit M, de Hoog GS. 2020. Development and analysis of qPCR for the identification of arthroconidial yeasts of the genus Magnusiomyces. Mycopathologia. 186:1–11.
  • Kaplan E, Al-Hatmi AMS, Ilkit M, Gerrits van den Ende AHG, Hagen F, Meis JF, de Hoog GS. 2017. Molecular diagnostics of arthroconidial yeasts, frequent pulmonary opportunists. J Clin Microbiol. 56(1):e01427–17.
  • Katragkou A, Dotis J, Kotsiou M, Tamiolaki M, Roilides E. 2007. Scedosporium apiospermum infection after near‐drowning. Mycoses. 50:412–421.
  • Kaur J, Kautto L, Penesyan A, Meyer W, Elbourne LD, Paulsen IT, Nevalainen H. 2019. Interactions of an emerging fungal pathogen Scedosporium aurantiacum with human lung epithelial cells. Sci Rep. 9(1):1–10.
  • Kenyon C, Bonorchis K, Corcoran C, Meintjes G, Locketz M, Lehloenya R, Vismer HF, Naicker P, Prozesky H, van Wyk M, et al. 2013. A dimorphic fungus causing disseminated infection in South Africa. N Engl J Med. 369:1416–1424.
  • Khan Z, Ahmad S, Al-Ghimlas F, Al-Mutairi S, Joseph L, Chandy R, Sutton DA, Guarro J. 2012. Purpureocillium lilacinum as a cause of cavitary pulmonary disease: a new clinical presentation and observations on atypical morphologic characteristics of the isolate. J Clin Microbiol. 50:1800–1804.
  • Kim J, Kim D, Jang J, Sung H, Kim MN. 2016. A case of fungal keratitis caused by Purpureocillium lilacinum: a microbiological review of Korean cases. Kor J Med Mycol. 21:84–91.
  • Kong X, Tang C, Singh A, Ahmed SA, Al-Hatmi AMS, Chowdhary A, Nenoff P, Gräser Y, Hainsworth S, Zhan P, et al. 2021. Antifungal susceptibility and mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene in dermatophytes of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes species complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 65:8. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00056-21.
  • Kpodzo DS, Calderwood MS, Ruchelsman DE, Abramson JS, Piris A, Winograd JM, Kotton CN. 2011. Primary subcutaneous Alternaria alternata infection of the hand in an immunocompromised host. Med Mycol. 49:543–547.
  • Lackner M, Rezusta A, Villuendas MC, Palacian MP, Meis JF, Klaassen CH. 2011. Infection and colonisation due to Scedosporium in Northern Spain. An in vitro antifungal susceptibility and molecular epidemiology study of 60 isolates. Mycoses. 54:12–21.
  • Lanternier F, Mahdaviani SA, Barbati E, Chaussade H, Koumar Y, Levy R, Denis B, Brunel AS, Martin S, Loop M, et al. 2015. Inherited CARD9 deficiency in otherwise healthy children and adults with Candida species–induced meningoencephalitis, colitis, or both. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 135:1558–1568. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1930.
  • Li FG, Yang YP, Li W, Sheng P, Li W, Huang WM, Fan YM. 2017. Spontaneous remission of subcutaneous scedosporiosis caused by Scedosporium dehoogii in a psoriatic patient. Mycopathologia. 182:561–567.
  • Li H, Guo M, Wang C, Li Y, Fernandez AM, Ferraro TN, Yang R, Chen Y. 2020. Epidemiological study of Trichosporon asahii infections over the past 23 years. Epidemiol Infect. 148:e169.
  • Liao Y, Lu X, Yang S, Luo Y, Chen Q, Yang R. 2015. Epidemiology and outcome of Trichosporon fungemia: a review of 185 reported cases from 1975 to 2014. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2:ofv141.
  • Lombard L, van der Merwe NA, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW. 2015. Generic concepts in Nectriaceae. Stud Mycol. 80:189–245.
  • Luchsinger I, Bosshard PP, Kasper RS, Reinhardt D, Lautenschlager S. 2015. Tinea genitalis: a new entity of sexually transmitted infection? Case series and review of the literature. Sex Ransm Infect. 91:493–496.
  • Lyskova P, Kubanek M, Hubka V, Sticova E, Voska L, Kautznerova D, Kolarik M, Hamal P, Vasakova M. 2017. Successful posaconazole therapy of disseminated alternariosis due to Alternaria infectoria in a heart transplant recipient. Mycopathologia. 182:297–303.
  • Ma LJ, van der Does HC, Borkovich KA, Coleman JJ, Daboussi M-J, Di Pietro A, Dufresne M, Freitag M, Grabherr M, Henrissat B, et al. 2010. Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in Fusarium. Nature. 464:367–373.
  • Marinach-Patrice C, Lethuillier A, Marly A, Brossas JY, Gene J, Symoens F, Datry A, Guarro J, Mazier D, Hennequin C. 2009. Use of mass spectrometry to identify clinical Fusarium isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect. 15:634–642.
  • Martínez-Lamas L, Álvarez M, Llovo J, Gené J, Cano J. 2014. Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana. Rev Iberoam Micol. 31:203–206.
  • Martino R, Salavert M, Parody R, Tomás JF, de la Cámara R, Vázquez L, Jarque I, Prieto E, Sastre JL, Gadea I, et al. 2004. Blastoschizomyces capitatus infection in patients with leukemia: report of 26 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 38:335–341.
  • Matsushita A, Jilong L, Hiruma M, Kobayashi M, Matsumoto T, Ogawa H, Padhye AA. 2003. Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Veronaea botryosa in the People’s Republic of China. J Clin Microbiol. 41:2219–2222.
  • McCarthy MW, Katragkou A, Iosifidis E, Roilides E, Walsh TJ. 2018. Recent advances in the treatment of scedosporiosis and fusariosis. J Fungi (Basel). 4(2):73.
  • Mello TP, Bittencourt VCB, Liporagi-Lopes LC, Aor AC, Branquinha MH, Santos AL. 2019. Insights into the social life and obscure side of Scedosporium/Lomentospora species: ubiquitous, emerging and multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens. Fungal Biol Rev. 33(1):16–46.
  • Mercier V, Bastides F, Bailly É, Garcia-Hermoso D, Miquelestorena-Standley E, El Baz Z, Marteau E, Vermes E, De Muret A, Bernard L, et al. 2020. Successful terbinafine treatment for cutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Trematosphaeria grisea in a heart transplanted man: case report and literature review. Mycopathologia. 185:709–716.
  • Minotto R, Bernardi CD, Mallmann LF, Edelweiss MI, Scroferneker ML. 2001. Chromoblastomycosis: a review of 100 cases in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. J Am Acad Dermatol. 44(4):585–592.
  • Mohammadi R, Mohammadi A, Ashtari F, Khorvash F, Hakamifard A, Vaezi A, Javidnia J, Meis JF, Badali H. 2018. Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Rhinocladiella mackenziei in Persian Gulf region: a case and review. Mycoses. 61:261–265.
  • Montejo M, Muniz ML, Zarraga S, Aguirrebengoa K, Amenabar JJ, López‐Soria L, Gonzalez R. 2002. Infection due to Scedosporium apiospermum in renal transplant recipients: a report of two cases and literature review of central nervous system and cutaneous infections by Pseudallescheria boydii/Sc. apiospermum. Mycoses. 45:418–427.
  • Morales CA, Solórzano A, Rojas AP. 2013. Características epidemiológicas y clínicas de las onicomicosis causadas por Fusarium spp. en un centro de referencia de Bogotá, Colombia, 2001–2010. Rev Asoc Colomb Dermatol Cir Dematol. 21(1):21–28.
  • Nagamoto E, Fujisawa A, Yoshino Y, Yoshitsugu K, Odo M, Watanabe H, Igata T, Noguchi H. 2014. A case of Paecilomyces lilacinus infection occurring in necrotizing fasciitis-associated skin ulcers on the face and surrounding a tracheotomy stoma. Med Mycol J. 55:E21–E27.
  • Nakada T, Teranishi M, Tomita M, Ueda Y, Kamei K, Sone M. 2017. AFRS caused by S. commune diagnosed using specific antibodies and genetic identification. B-ENT. 13:123–127.
  • Nucci M, Marr KA, Vehreschild MJGT, de Souza CA, Velasco E, Cappellano P, Carlesse F, Queiroz‐Telles F, Sheppard DC, Kindo A, et al. 2014. Improvement in the outcome of invasive fusariosis in the last decade. Clin Microbiol Infect. 20(6):580–585.
  • Nucci F, Nouer SA, Capone D, Anaissie E, Nucci M. 2015. Fusariosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 36:706–714.
  • O’Donnell K, Ward TJ, Robert VA, Crous PW, Geiser DM, Kang S. 2015. DNA sequence-based identification of Fusarium: current status and future directions. Phytoparasitica. 43(5):583–595.
  • O’Donnell K, Al-Hatmi AMS, Aoki T, Brankovics B, Cano-Lira JF, Coleman JJ, de Hoog GS, Di Pietro A, Frandsen RJN, Geiser DM, et al. 2020. No to neocosmospora: phylogenomic and practical reasons for continued inclusion of the Fusarium solani species complex in the genus Fusarium. mSphere. 5(5):e00810–20.
  • O’Donnell K, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG, Gueidan C, Crous PW, Geiser DM. 2009. Novel multilocus sequence typing scheme reveals high genetic diversity of human pathogenic members of the Fusarium incarnatum-F. equiseti and F. chlamydosporum species complexes within the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 47:3851–3861.
  • Oberlin KE, Nichols AJ, Rosa R, Dejman A, Mattiazzi A, Guerra G, Elgart GW, Abbo LM. 2017. Phaeohyphomycosis due to Exophiala infections in solid organ transplant recipients: case report and literature review. Transpl Infect Dis. 19(4):e12723.
  • O’Brien M, O’Kiely P, Forristal PD, Fuller HT. 2005. Fungi isolated from contaminated baled grass silage on farms in the Irish Midlands. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 247:131–135.
  • Ochoa MT, Franco L, Restrepo O, Restrepo A. 1992. Un caso de Eumicetoma por Fusarium oxysporum y su tratamiento con itraconazol. Rev Soc Colomb Dermatol. 1:93–95.
  • Perez L, Messina F, Negroni R, Arechavala A, Bustamante J, Oleastro M, Migaud M, Casanova JL, Puel A, Santiso G. 2020. Inherited CARD9 deficiency in a patient with both Exophiala spinifera and Aspergillus nomius severe infections. J Clin Immunol. 40:359–366.
  • Perez-Blanco M, Hernandez Valles R, Garcia-Humbria L, Yegres F. 2006. Chromoblastomycosis in children and adolescents in the endemic area of the Falcon State, Venezuela. Med Mycol. 44:467–471.
  • Pérez‐Cantero A, Guarro J. 2020. Sarocladium and Acremonium infections: new faces of an old opportunistic fungus. Mycoses. 63:1203–1214.
  • Permi HS, Sunil KY, Karnaker VK, Kishan PH, Teerthanath S, Bhandary SK. 2011. A rare case of fungal maxillary sinusitis due to Paecilomyces lilacinus in an immunocompetent host, presenting as a subcutaneous swelling. J Lab Physicians. 3:46–48.
  • Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, Newell VA, Ellis D, Tullio V, Rodloff A, Fu W, Ling TA, and the Global Antifungal Surveillance Group 2010. Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance Study, 1997 to 2007: a 10.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida species to fluconazole and voriconazole as determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion. J Clin Microbiol. 48(4):1366–1377.
  • Potenza L, Chitasombat MN, Klimko N, Bettelli F, Dragonetti G, Del Principe MI, Nucci M, Busca A, Fracchiolla N, Sciumè M, et al. 2019. Rhodotorula infection in haematological patient: Risk factors and outcome. Mycoses. 62:223–229.
  • Prenafeta-Boldú FX, Summerbell R, de Hoog SG. 2006. Fungi growing on aromatic hydrocarbons: biotechnology's unexpected encounter with biohazard? FEMS Microbiol Rev. 30:109–130.
  • Purohit P, Al‐Obaid I, Al‐Oneizi E, Al‐Hindi O, Joseph L, Ahmad S, Khan Z. 2014. Breakthrough disseminated Saprochaete capitata infection in a child with acute myeloid leukaemia receiving caspofungin therapy. JMM Case Rep. 1:e001750.
  • Quan Y, Muggia L, Moreno LF, Wang M, Al-Hatmi AM, da Silva Menezes N, Shi D, Deng S, Ahmed S, Hyde KD, et al. 2020. A re-evaluation of the Chaetothyriales using criteria of comparative biology. Fung Divers. 103(1):47–85.
  • Queiroz-Telles F, Esterre P, Perez-Blanco M, Vitale RG, Salgado CG, Bonifaz A. 2009. Chromoblastomycosis: an overview of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Med Mycol. 47:3–15.
  • Rajmane VS, Rajmane ST, Ghatole MP. 2011. Rhodotorula species infection in traumatic keratitis-a case report. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 71:428–429.
  • Ramirez-Garcia A, Pellon A, Rementeria A, Buldain I, Barreto-Bergter E, Rollin-Pinheiro R, de Meirelles JV, Xisto MIDS, Ranque S, Havlicek V. 2018. Scedosporium and Lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists. Med Mycol. 56:102–125.
  • Rasamoelina T, Maubon D, Andrianarison M, Ranaivo I, Sendrasoa F, Rakotozandrindrainy N, Bailly S, Rakotonirina B, Andriantsimahavandy A, Rabenja FR, et al. 2020. Endemic chromoblastomycosis caused predominantly by Fonsecaea nubica, Madagascar. Emerg Infect Dis. 26:1201–1211.
  • Restrepo CS, Ortiz C, Singh AK, Sannananja B. 2017. Near-drowning: epidemiology, pathophysiology and imaging findings. J Trauma Care. 3:1026.
  • Rodrigues AM, Beale MA, Hagen F, Fisher MC, Terra PPD, de Hoog GS, Brilhante RSN, de Aguiar Cordeiro R, de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco D, Rocha MFG, et al. 2020. The global epidemiology of emerging Histoplasma species in recent years. Stud Mycol. 97:100095.
  • Rosow L, Jiang JX, Deuel T, Lechpammer M, Zamani AA, Milner DA, Folkerth R, Marty FM, Kesari S. 2011. Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Bipolaris spicifera after heart transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 13:419–423.
  • Rougeron A, Giraud S, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Cano-Lira J, Rainer J, Mouhajir A, Le Gal S, Nevez G, Meyer W, Bouchara JP. 2018. Ecology of Scedosporium species: present knowledge and future research. Mycopathologia. 183:185–200.
  • Saghrouni F, Saidi W, Ben Said Z, Gheith S, Ben Said M, Ranque S, Denguezli M. 2013. Cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis caused by Purpureocillium lilacinum in an immunocompetent patient: case report and review. Med Mycol. 51(6):664–668.
  • Sahay P, Goel S, Nagpal R, Maharana PK, Sinha R, Agarwal T, Sharma N, Titiyal JS. 2020. Infectious keratitis caused by rare and emerging micro-organisms. Curr Eye Res. 45:1–13.
  • Salazar-González MA, Violante-Cumpa JR, Alfaro-Rivera CG, Villanueva-Lozano H, de J, Treviño-Rangel R, González GM. 2020. Purpureocillium lilacinum as unusual cause of pulmonary infection in immunocompromised hosts. J Infect Dev Ctries. 14:415–419.
  • Salonen J, Richardson M, Gallacher K, Issakainen J, Helenius H, Lehtonen O, Nikoskelainen J. 2000. Fungal colonization of haematological patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy: emergence of azole-resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Hosp Infect. 45(4):293–301.
  • Samson RA, Visagie CM, Houbraken J, Hong SB, Hubka V, Klaassen CH, Perrone G, Seifert KA, Susca A, Tanney JB, et al. 2014. Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus. Stud Mycol. 78:141–173.
  • Schroers HJ. 2001. A monograph of bionectria (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae) and its clonostachys anamorphs. Stud Mycol. 46:1–214.
  • Schwartz IS, Maphanga TG, Govender NP. 2018. Emergomyces: a new genus of dimorphic fungal pathogens causing disseminated disease among immunocompromised persons globally. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 12(1):44–50.
  • Seidel D, Meißner A, Lackner M, Piepenbrock E, Salmanton-García J, Stecher M, Mellinghoff S, Hamprecht A, Graeff LD, Köhler P. 2019. Prognostic factors in 264 adults with invasive Scedosporium spp. and Lomentospora prolificans infection reported in the literature and FungiScope®. Crit Rev Microbiol. 45:1–21.
  • Sepulveda VE, Marquez R, Turissini DA, Goldman WE, Matute DR. 2017. Genome sequences reveal cryptic speciation in the human pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum. mBio. 8(6):e01339–17.
  • Shang ST, Yang YS, Peng MY. 2010. Nosocomial Trichosporon asahii fungemia in a patient with secondary hemochromatosis: a rare case report. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 43(1):77–80.
  • Sharma N, Sankaran P, Agarwal T, Arora T, Chawla B, Titiyal JS. 2016. Amphotericin B in the management of fungal keratitis: randomized controlled trial. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 24:493–497.
  • Sharma S, Das S, Virdi A, Fernandes M, Sahu SK, Kumar Koday N, Ali MH, Garg P, Motukupally SR. 2015. Re-appraisal of topical 1% voriconazole and 5% natamycin in the treatment of fungal keratitis in a randomised trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 99(9):1190–1195.
  • Shivaprakash MR, Singh G, Gupta P, Dhaliwal M, Kanwar AJ, Chakrabarti A. 2011. Extensive white piedra of the scalp caused by Trichosporon inkin: a case report and review of literature. Mycopathologia. 172:481–486.
  • Shivaprasad A, Ravi GC. 2013. A rare case of nasal septal perforation due to Purpureocillium lilacinum: case report and review. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 65:184–188.
  • Singh A, Masih A, Khurana A, Singh PK, Gupta M, Hagen F, Meis JF, Chowdhary A. 2018. High terbinafine resistance in Trichophyton interdigitale isolates in Delhi, India harbouring mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene. Mycoses. 61:477–484.
  • Song Y, Liu X, Yang Z, Meng X, Xue R, Yu J, Al-Hatmi AMS, de Hoog GS, Li R. 2021. Molecular and MALDI-ToF MS differentiation and antifungal susceptibility of prevalent clinical Fusarium species in China. J Fungi. (in press).
  • Song Y, Menezes da Silva N, Vicente VA, Quan Y, Teixeira M, Gong J, Hoog S, Li R. 2021. Comparative genomics of opportunistic Phialophora species involved in divergent disease types. Mycoses. 64(5):555–568.
  • Su H, Packeu A, Hagen F, Ahmed SA, Al-Hatmi AMS, Blechert O, İlkit M, Weida L, Deng S, Xu J, et al. 2019. Species distinction in the Trichophyton rubrum complex. J Clin Microbiol. 57(9):e00352–19.
  • Suarez F, Olivier G, Garcia-Hermoso D, Randriamalala E, Ghez D, Bruneau J, Kauffmann-Lacroix C, Bougnoux ME, Lortholary O. 2011. Breakthrough Hormographiella aspergillata infections arising in neutropenic patients treated empirically with caspofungin. J Clin Microbiol. 49:461–465.
  • Summerbell RC, Gueidan C, Guarro J, Eskalen A, Crous PW, Gupta AK, Gené J, Cano-Lira JF, van Iperen A, Starink M, et al. 2018. The Protean Acremonium. A. sclerotigenum/egyptiacum: revision, food contaminant and human disease. Microorganisms. 6(3):88.
  • Summerbell RC, Gueidan C, Schroers HJ, de Hoog GS, Starink M, Rosete YA, Guarro J, Scott JA. 2011. Acremonium phylogenetic overview and revision of Gliomastix, Sarocladium, and Trichothecium. Stud Mycol. 68:139–162.
  • Summerbell RC, Schroers HJ. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationship of Cylindrocarpon lichenicola and Acremonium falciforme to the Fusarium solani species complex and a review of similarities in the spectrum of opportunistic infections caused by these fungi. J Clin Microbiol. 40(8):2866–2875.
  • Suzuki R, Kiniwa Y, Shirai T, Takazawa Y, Natori T, Mochizuki T, Okuyama R. 2020. Successful treatment of cutaneous infection due to Purpureocillium lilacinum using voriconazole. J Dermatol. 47:e342–e343.
  • Taj-Aldeen SJ. 2017. Reduced multidrug susceptibility profile is a common feature of opportunistic Fusarium species: Fusarium multi-drug resistant pattern. J Fungi (Basel). 3(2):18.
  • Taj-Aldeen SJ, Almaslamani M, Alkhalf A, Al Bozom I, Romanelli AM, Wickes BL, Fothergill AW, Sutton DA. 2010. Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Rhinocladiella mackenziei (formerly Ramichloridium mackenziei): a taxonomic update and review of the literature. Med Mycol. 48:546–556.
  • Tan SJ, Nure M, Gardam D, McKnight C, Boan PA, Clark BM. 2020. Contact lens associated keratitis due to Tintelnotia destructans. Med Mycol Case Rep. 27:8–10.
  • Tang C, Kong X, Ahmed SA, Al-Hatmi AMS, Chowdhary A, Nenoff P, Gräser Y, Hainsworth S, Zhan P, Meis JF, et al. 2021. Molecular and physiological analysis of the T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale species complex using a global set of strains. Mycopathologia. (in press).
  • Teran CG, Downes K, Medows M. 2014. Fatal Bipolaris spicifera infection in an immunosuppressed child. BMJ Case Rep. 2014(feb03 1):bcr2013009703–bcr2013009703.
  • Tone K, Fujisaki R, Hagiwara S, Tamura T, Ishigaki S, Alshahni M, Takehisa M, Watanabe T, Yasui T, Tokairin T, et al. 2018. Epidural abscess caused by Schizophyllum commune: a rare case of rhinogenic cranial complication by a filamentous basidiomycete. Mycoses. 61:213–217.
  • Tortorano AM, Prigitano A, Esposto MC, Arsic Arsenijevic V, Kolarovic J, Ivanovic D, Paripovic L, Klingspor L, Nordøy I, Hamal P, et al. 2014. European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) epidemiological survey on invasive infections due to Fusarium species in Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 33:1623–1630.
  • Trabelsi H, Néji S, Gargouri L, Sellami H, Guidara R, Cheikhrouhou F, Bellaaj H, Makni F, Elloumi M, Ayadi A. 2015. Geotrichum capitatum septicemia: case report and review of the literature. Mycopathologia. 179:465–469.
  • Tsukatani T, Ogawa H, Anzawa K, Kobayashi E, Hasegawa H, Makimura K, Tomokazu Y, Ueda N. 2015. Schizophyllum commune-induced allergic fungal rhinosinusitis and sinobronchial mycosis. Med Mycol Case Rep. 8:10–13.
  • Tullio V, Mandras N, Banche G, Allizond V, Gaido E, Roana J, Cuffini AM, Carlone NA. 2008. Schizophyllum commune: an unusual of agent bronchopneumonia in an immunocompromised patient. Med Mycol. 46:735–738.
  • Tuon FF, Costa SF. 2008. Rhodotorula infection. A systematic review of 128 cases from literature. Rev Iberoam Micol. 25:135–140.
  • Turissini DA, Gomez OM, Teixeira d. M M, McEwen JG, Matute DR. 2017. Species boundaries in the human pathogen Paracoccidioides. Fungal Genet Biol. 106:9–25.
  • Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber WH, Li DZ, Marhold K, et al. 2018. International code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress, Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashütten: Koeltz Botanical Books.
  • Valenzuela-Lopez N, Cano-Lira JF, Guarro J, Sutton DA, Wiederhold N, Crous PW, Stchigel AM. 2018. Coelomycetous dothideomycetes with emphasis on the families Cucurbitariaceae and didymellaceae. Stud Mycol. 90:1–69.
  • van Diepeningen A, de Hoog GS. 2016. Challenges in Fusarium, a trans-kingdom pathogen. Mycopathologia. 181:161–163.
  • van Diepeningen AD, Al-Hatmi AMS, Brankovics B, de Hoog GS. 2014. Taxonomy and clinical spectra of Fusarium species: where do we stand in 2014? Curr Clin Micro Rpt. 1(1–2):10–18.
  • van Diepeningen AD, Feng P, Ahmed S, Sudhadham M, Bunyaratavej S, de Hoog GS. 2015. Spectrum of Fusarium infections in tropical dermatology evidenced by multilocus sequencing typing diagnostics. Mycoses. 58:48–57.
  • Varon AG, Nouer SA, Barreiros G, Trope BM, Magalhaes F, Akiti T, Garnica M, Nucci M. 2014. Superficial skin lesions positive for Fusarium are associated with subsequent development of invasive fusariosis. J Infect. 68:85–89.
  • Velasco J, Revankar S. 2019. CNS infections caused by brown-black fungi. J Fungi (Basel). 5(3):60.
  • Verma R, Roy P, Vasudevan B, Bhatt P, Kharayat V, Kau G. 2014. Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Bipolaris hawaiiensis in an immunocompetent patient. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 80(6):554–556.
  • Verrier J, Bontems O, Baudraz-Rosselet F, Monod M. 2014. Oral terbinafine and itraconazole treatments against dermatophytes appear not to favor the establishment of Fusarium spp. in nail. Dermatology. 228:225–232.
  • Virgilio E, Mercantini P, Samra SA, Vitali M, Cavallin M. 2015. Pleuritis caused by Acremonium strictum in a patient with metastatic testicular teratocarcinoma. Braz J Infect Dis. 19:336–337.
  • Wang XW, Houbraken J, Groenewald JZ, Meijer M, Andersen B, Nielsen KF, Samson RA. 2016. Diversity and taxonomy of Chaetomium and chaetomium-like fungi from indoor environments. Stud Mycol. 84:145–224.
  • Wang X, Lu X, Li S, Wang T, Jia Y, Wang S, Wang J, Dong C, Shi W. 2019. Clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of rare genera fungal keratitis in China. Res Square. DOI:https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.14305/v2.
  • Wang X, Zhang R, Wu W, Song Y, Wan Z, Han W, Li R. 2018. Impaired specific antifungal immunity in CARD9-deficient patients with phaeohyphomycosis. J Invest Dermatol. 138:607–617.
  • Warris A, Wesenberg F, Gaustad P, Verweij PE, Abrahamsen TG. 2000. Acremonium strictum fungaemia in a paediatric patient with acute leukaemia. Scand J Infect Dis. 32:442–444.
  • Watson SL, Cabrera‐Aguas M, Keay L, Khoo P, McCall D, Lahra MM. 2020. The clinical and microbiological features and outcomes of fungal keratitis over 9 years in Sydney, Australia. Mycoses. 63:43–51.
  • Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, Baddley JW, McKinsey DS, Loyd JE, Kauffman CA. 2007. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 45(7):807–825.
  • Wynne SM, Kwon-Chung KJ, Shea YR, Filie AC, Varma A, Lupo P, Holland SM. 2004. Invasive infection with Trichosporon inkin in 2 siblings with chronic granulomatous disease. B Clin Immunol. 114:1418–1424.
  • Yang M, Gao H, Li L. 2014. A fatal case of Trichosporon asahii fungemia and pneumonia in a kidney transplant recipient during caspofungin treatment. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 10:759–762.
  • Zapata M, Palma MA, Aninat MJ, Piontelli E. 2020. Polyphasic studies of new species of Diaporthe from native forest in Chile, with descriptions of Diaporthe araucanorum sp. nov., Diaporthe foikelawen sp. nov. and Diaporthe patagonica sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 70:3379–3390.
  • Zeng JS, Sutton DA, Fothergill AW, Rinaldi MG, Harrak MJ, de Hoog GS. 2007. Spectrum of clinically relevant Exophiala species in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 45:3713–3720.
  • Zvezdanova ME, Escribano P, Ruiz A, Martínez-Jiménez MC, Peláez T, Collazos A, Guinea J, Bouza E, Rodriguez-Sanchez B. 2019. Increased species-assignment of filamentous fungi using MALDI-TOF MS coupled with a simplified sample processing and an in-house library. Med Mycol. 57:63–70.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.