Bile acid and its bidirectional interactions with gut microbiota: a review

References

• Bhowmik S, Jones DH, Chiu HP, Park IH, Chiu HJ, Axelrod HL, Farr CL, Tien HJ, Agarwalla S, Lesley SA. 2014. Structural and functional characterization of BaiA, an enzyme involved in secondary bile acid synthesis in human gut microbe. Proteins Struct Funct Bioinf. 82(2):216–229. doi: 10.1002/prot.24353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Call L, Molina T, Stoll B, Guthrie G, Chacko S, Plat J, Robinson J, Lin S, Vonderohe C, Mohammad M, et al. 2020. Parenteral lipids shape gut bile acid pools and microbiota profiles in the prevention of cholestasis in preterm pigs. J Lipid Res. 61(7):1038–1051. doi: 10.1194/jlr.RA120000652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y, Liu H, Qin N, Ren X, Zhu B, Xia X. 2020. Impact of food additives on the composition and function of gut microbiota: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol. 99:295–310. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Zhang Y, Guan X, Cao H, Li L, Yu J, Liu H. 2022. Characterization of Saponins from differently colored quinoa cultivars and their in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation properties. J Agric Food Chem. 70(6):1810–1818. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen MJ, Liu C, Wan Y, Yang L, Jiang S, Qian DW, Duan JA. 2021. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and their emerging roles on glucolipid metabolism. Steroids. 165:108757. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Zhu L, Hu W, Wang Y, Wen X, Yang J. 2022. Simiao Wan modulates the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism during improving type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice. Phytomedicine. 104:154264. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang JYL, Ferrell JM. 2018. Bile acid metabolism in liver pathobiology. Gene Expr. 18(2):71–87. doi: 10.3727/105221618X15156018385515.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, Ling AV, Devlin AS, Varma Y, Fischbach MA, et al. 2014. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 505(7484):559–563. doi: 10.1038/nature12820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Tarling EJ, Edwards PA. 2013. Pleiotropic roles of bile acids in metabolism. Cell Metab. 17(5):657–669. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer JF, Verkade E, Mulder NL, de Vries HD, Huijkman N, Koehorst M, Boer T, Wolters JC, Bloks VW, van de Sluis B, et al. 2020. A human-like bile acid pool induced by deletion of hepatic Cyp2c70 modulates effects of FXR activation in mice. J Lipid Res. 61(3):291–305. doi: 10.1194/jlr.RA119000243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin AS, Fischbach MA. 2015. A biosynthetic pathway for a prominent class of microbiota-derived bile acids. Nat Chem Biol. 11(9):685–690. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.1864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doden HL, Ridlon JM. 2021. Microbial hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: from alpha to omega. Microorganisms. 9(3):469. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9030469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doden HL, Wolf PG, Gaskins HR, Anantharaman K, Alves JMP, Ridlon JM. 2021. Completion of the gut microbial epi-bile acid pathway. Gut Microbes. 13(1):1–20. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1907271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan R, Guan X, Huang K, Zhang Y, Li S, Xia JA, Shen M. 2021. Flavonoids from whole-grain oat alleviated high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia via regulating bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 69(27):7629–7640. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyssen H, De Pauw G, Stragier J, Verhulst A. 1983. Cooperative formation of omega-muricholic acid by intestinal microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol. 45(1):141–147. doi: 10.1128/aem.45.1.141-147.1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang S, Suh JM, Reilly SM, Yu E, Osborn O, Lackey D, Yoshihara E, Perino A, Jacinto S, Lukasheva Y, et al. 2015. Intestinal FXR agonism promotes adipose tissue browning and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Nat Med. 21(2):159–165. doi: 10.1038/nm.3760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman ES, Li Y, Shen TD, Jiang J, Chau L, Adorini L, Babakhani F, Edwards J, Shapiro D, Zhao C, et al. 2018. FXR-dependent modulation of the human small intestinal microbiome by the bile acid derivative obeticholic acid. Gastroenterology. 155(6):1741–1752.e1745. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.022.-
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funabashi M, Grove TL, Wang M, Varma Y, McFadden ME, Brown LC, Guo C, Higginbottom S, Almo SC, Fischbach MA. 2020. A metabolic pathway for bile acid dehydroxylation by the gut microbiome. Nature. 582(7813):566–570. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2396-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaikwad NW. 2020. Bileome: the bile acid metabolome of rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 533(3):458–466. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge YP, Chen WL, Sun M, Zhang L, Liu WB, Li XF. 2022. Molecular characterization of farnesoid X receptor alpha in Megalobrama amblycephala and its potential roles in high-carbohydrate diet-induced alterations of bile acid metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 219:106065. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez C, Stücheli S, Kratschmar DV, Bouitbir J, Odermatt A. 2020. Development and validation of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of bile acids in serum, plasma, and liver tissue samples. Metabolites. 10(7):282. doi: 10.3390/metabo10070282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grobe S, Wszołek A, Brundiek H, Fekete M, Bornscheuer UT. 2020. Highly selective bile acid hydroxylation by the multifunctional bacterial P450 monooxygenase CYP107D1 (OleP). Biotechnol Lett. 42(5):819–824. doi: 10.1007/s10529-020-02813-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagey LR, Schteingart CD, Rossi SS, Ton-Nu HT, Hofmann AF. 1998. An N-acyl glycyltaurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid in the biliary bile acids of the rabbit. J Lipid Res. 39(11):2119–2124. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)32466-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris SC, Devendran S, Alves JMP, Mythen SM, Hylemon PB, Ridlon JM. 2018. Identification of a gene encoding a flavoprotein involved in bile acid metabolism by the human gut bacterium Clostridium scindens ATCC 35704. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 1863(3):276–283. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heubi JE, Setchell KDR, Jha P, Buckley D, Zhang W, Rosenthal P, Potter C, Horslen S, Suskind D. 2015. Treatment of bile acid amidation defects with glycocholic acid. Hepatology. 61(1):268–274. doi: 10.1002/hep.27401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann AF, Hagey LR. 2008. Bile acids: chemistry, pathochemistry, biology, pathobiology, and therapeutics. Cell Mol Life Sci. 65(16):2461–2483. doi: 10.1007/s00018-008-7568-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hua YL, Jia YQ, Zhang XS, Yuan ZW, Ji P, Hu JJ, Wei YM. 2021. Baitouweng Tang ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis through the regulation of the gut microbiota and bile acids via pathways involving FXR and TGR5. Biomed Pharmacother. 137:111320. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang CC. 2018. Effect of Lotus Seed Resistant Starch on Improvement of Intestinal Function and Metabolism in Rats, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University.
   Google Scholar
• Huang F, Zheng X, Ma X, Jiang R, Zhou W, Zhou S, Zhang Y, Lei S, Wang S, Kuang J, et al. 2019. Theabrownin from Pu-erh tea attenuates hypercholesterolemia via modulation of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. Nat Commun. 10(1):4971. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12896-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang SI, Fang S, Kim KP, Ko Y, Kim H, Oh J, Hong GY, Lee SY, Kim JM, Noh I, et al. 2019. Combination treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ursodeoxycholic acid dissolves cholesterol gallstones in mice. Sci Rep. 9(1):12740. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49095-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jazrawi RP, Pigozzi MG, Galatola G, Lanzini A, Northfield TC. 1992. Optimum bile acid treatment for rapid gall stone dissolution. Gut. 33(3):381–386. doi: 10.1136/gut.33.3.381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia W, Xie G, Jia W. 2018. Bile acid-microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 15(2):111–128. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Z, Zhuo L-B, He Y, Fu Y, Shen L, Xu F, Gou W, Miao Z, Shuai M, Liang Y, et al. 2022. The gut microbiota-bile acid axis links the positive association between chronic insomnia and cardiometabolic diseases. Nat Commun. 13(1):3002. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30712-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juan C, García-Cañaveras MTD, Castell JV, Lahoz A. 2012. Targeted profiling of circulating and hepatic bile acids in human, mouse, and rat using a UPLC-MRM-MS-validated method. J Lipid Res. 53(10):2231–2241. doi: 10.1194/jlr.D028803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang JD, Myers CJ, Harris SC, Kakiyama G, Lee IK, Yun BS, Matsuzaki K, Furukawa M, Min HK, Bajaj JS, et al. 2019. Bile Acid 7α-dehydroxylating gut bacteria secrete antibiotics that inhibit clostridium difficile: role of secondary bile acids. Cell Chem Biol. 26(1):27–34.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kübeck R, Bonet-Ripoll C, Hoffmann C, Walker A, Müller VM, Schüppel VL, Lagkouvardos I, Scholz B, Engel KH, Daniel H, et al. 2016. Dietary fat and gut microbiota interactions determine diet-induced obesity in mice. Mol Metab. 5(12):1162–1174. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuramoto T, Miyamoto J, Konishi M, Hoshita T, Masul T, Une M. 2000. Bile acids in porcine fetal bile. Biol Pharm Bull. 23(10):1143–1146. doi: 10.1248/bpb.23.1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurdi P, Kawanishi K, Mizutani K, Yokota A. 2006. Mechanism of growth inhibition by free bile acids in lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. J Bacteriol. 188(5):1979–1986. doi: 10.1128/JB.188.5.1979-1986.2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei S, Liu L, Ding L, Zhang Y, Zeng H. 2021. Lotus seed resistant starch affects the conversion of sodium taurocholate by regulating the intestinal microbiota. Int J Biol Macromol. 186(5):227–236. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.031.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li M, Wang S, Li Y, Zhao M, Kuang J, Liang D, Wang J, Wei M, Rajani C, Ma X, et al. 2022. Gut microbiota-bile acid crosstalk contributes to the rebound weight gain after calorie restriction in mice. Nat Commun. 13(1):2060. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29589-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Chiang JYL. 2014. Bile acid signaling in metabolic disease and drug therapy. Pharmacol Rev. 66(4):948–983. doi: 10.1124/pr.113.008201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Lei S, Liu L, Zhang Y, Zheng B, Zeng H. 2021. Synergistic effect of lotus seed resistant starch and short-chain fatty acids on mice fecal microbiota in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol. 183(3):2272–2281. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.016.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin H, An Y, Tang H, Wang Y. 2019. Alterations of bile acids and gut microbiota in obesity induced by high fat diet in rat model. J Agric Food Chem. 67(13):3624–3632. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Wang Y, Xue L, Nie C, Sun J, Fan M, Qian H, Wang L, Li Y. 2021. Novel metabolic regulation of bile acid responses to low cholesterol in whole-grain-diet-fed mice. J Agric Food Chem. 69(30):8440–8447. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Wang Y. 2019. An overview of bile acid synthesis and its physiological and pathological functions. Yi Chuan. 41(5):365–374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu Y, Chen K, Li F, Gu Z, Liu Q, He L, Shao T, Song Q, Zhu F, Zhang L, et al. 2020. Probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus GG prevents liver fibrosis through inhibiting hepatic bile acid synthesis and enhancing bile acid excretion in mice. Hepatology. 71(6):2050–2066. doi: 10.1002/hep.30975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Q, Jiang Z, Wang Q, Hu H, Zhao G. 2021. The effect of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and gut microbiota on murine gallbladder stone formation. Ann Hepatol. 23(10):100289. doi: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.100289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lundell K, Hansson R, Wikvall K. 2001. Cloning and expression of a pig liver taurochenodeoxycholic acid 6alpha-hydroxylase (CYP4A21): a novel member of the CYP4A subfamily. J Biol Chem. 276(13):9606–9612. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M006584200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundell K, Wikvall K. 2008. Species-specific and age-dependent bile acid composition: aspects on CYP8B and CYP4A subfamilies in bile acid biosynthesis. Curr Drug Metab. 9(4):323–331. doi: 10.2174/138920008784220574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald IA, Rochon YP, Hutchison DM, Holdeman LV. 1982. Formation of ursodeoxycholic acid from chenodeoxycholic acid by a 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-elaborating Eubacterium aerofaciens strain cocultured with 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-elaborating organisms. Appl Environ Microbiol. 44(5):1187–1195. doi: 10.1128/aem.44.5.1187-1195.1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macierzanka A, Torcello-Gómez A, Jungnickel C, Maldonado-Valderrama J. 2019. Bile salts in digestion and transport of lipids. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 274:102045. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlone ER, Bloom SR. 2019. Bile acids and the metabolic syndrome. Ann Clin Biochem. 56(3):326–337. doi: 10.1177/0004563218817798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molinaro A, Wahlström A, Marschall H-U. 2018. Role of bile acids in metabolic control. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 29(1):31–41. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.11.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndou SP, Kiarie E, Ames N, Nyachoti CM. 2019. Flaxseed meal and oat hulls supplementation: impact on dietary fiber digestibility, and flows of fatty acids and bile acids in growing pigs1. J Anim Sci. 97(1):291–301. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolucci AC, Hume MP, Martínez I, Mayengbam S, Walter J, Reimer RA. 2017. Prebiotics reduce body fat and alter intestinal microbiota in children who are overweight or with obesity. Gastroenterology. 153(3):711–722. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noh DO, Gilliland SE. 1993. Influence of bile on cellular integrity and beta-galactosidase activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus. J Dairy Sci. 76(5):1253–1259. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77454-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ocvirk S, O’Keefe SJD. 2021. Dietary fat, bile acid metabolism and colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 73:347–355. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathak P, Xie C, Nichols RG, Ferrell JM, Boehme S, Krausz KW, Patterson AD, Gonzalez FJ, Chiang JYL. 2018. Intestine farnesoid X receptor agonist and the gut microbiota activate G‐protein bile acid receptor‐1 signaling to improve metabolism. Hepatology. 68(4):1574–1588. doi: 10.1002/hep.29857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, Garruti G, Vacca M, De Angelis M, Wang DQH. 2020. Bile acids and GPBAR-1: dynamic interaction involving genes, environment and gut microbiome. Nutrients. 12(12):3709. doi: 10.3390/nu12123709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramasamy, Sureshkumar, Pundle, Archana, Vishnu, Chand, Deepak, Yadav, Yashpal, Suresh. 2017. Molecular features of bile salt hydrolases and relevance in human health. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 1861(1 Pt A):2981–2991. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridlon JM, Harris SC, Bhowmik S, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB. 2016. Consequences of bile salt biotransformations by intestinal bacteria. Gut Microbes. 7(1):22–39. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1127483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridlon JM, Hylemon PB. 2012. Identification and characterization of two bile acid coenzyme A transferases from clostridium scindens, a bile acid 7α-dehydroxylating intestinal bacterium. J Lipid Res. 53(1):66–76. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M020313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridlon JM, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB. 2010. Isolation and characterization of a bile acid inducible 7a-dehydroxylating operon in Clostridium hylemonae TN271. Anaerobe. 16(2):137–146. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.05.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridlon JM, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB, Bajaj JS. 2014. Bile acids and the gut microbiome. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 30(3):332–338. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeler M, Caesar R. 2019. Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 20(4):461–472. doi: 10.1007/s11154-019-09512-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setchell KD, Rodrigues CM, Clerici C, Solinas A, Morelli A, Gartung C, Boyer J. 1997. Bile acid concentrations in human and rat liver tissue and in hepatocyte nuclei. Gastroen­terology. 112(1):226–235. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)70239-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie S, Wei D, Tian L, Liu Y. 2021. Dietary supplementation of chenodeoxycholic acid improved the growth performance, immune response and intestinal health of juvenile Penaeus monodon fed a low fish-meal diet. Aquacult Rep. 20:100773. doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short KR,Diavatopoulos DA. 2015. Nasopharyngeal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae: nasopharyngeal colonization with streptococcus pneumoniae. New York, NY: Academic Press. p. 279–291.
   Google Scholar
• Staley C, Weingarden AR, Khoruts A, Sadowsky MJ. 2017. Interaction of gut microbiota with bile acid metabolism and its influence on disease states. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 101(1):47–64. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-8006-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stange EF, Scheibner J, Ditschuneit H. 1989. Role of primary and secondary bile acids as feedback inhibitors of bile acid synthesis in the rat in vivo. J Clin Invest. 84(1):173–180. doi: 10.1172/JCI114137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Pang Y, Wang X, Wu Q, Liu H, Liu B, Liu G, Ye M, Kong W, Jiang C. 2019. Ablation of gut microbiota alleviates obesity-induced hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance by modulating bile acid metabolism in hamsters. Acta Pharm Sin B. 9(4):702–710. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.02.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland JD, Macdonald IA. 1982. The metabolism of primary, 7-oxo, and 7 beta-hydroxy bile acids by clostridium absonum. J Lipid Res. 23(5):726–732. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)38105-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi S, Fukami T, Masuo Y, Brocker CN, Xie C, Krausz KW, Wolf CR, Henderson CJ, Gonzalez FJ. 2016. Cyp2c70 is responsible for the species difference in bile acid metabolism between mice and humans. J Lipid Res. 57(12):2130–2137. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M071183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas C, Pellicciari R, Pruzanski M, Auwerx J, Schoonjans K. 2008. Targeting bile-acid signalling for metabolic diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 7(8):678–693. doi: 10.1038/nrd2619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ticho AL, Malhotra P, Dudeja PK, Gill RK, Alrefai WA. 2019. Intestinal absorption of bile acids in health and disease. Compr Physiol. 10(1):21–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomkin GH, Owens D. 2016. Obesity diabetes and the role of bile acids in metabolism. J Transl Int Med. 4(2):73–80. doi: 10.1515/jtim-2016-0018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdez G, Martos G, Taranto MP, Lorca GL, Oliver G, Holgado A. 1997. Influence of bile on beta-galactosidase activity and cell viability of Lactobacillus reuteri when subjected to freeze-drying. J Dairy Sci. 80(9):1955–1958. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76137-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlström A, Sayin SI, Marschall HU, Bäckhed F. 2016. Intestinal crosstalk between bile acids and microbiota and its impact on host metabolism. Cell Metab. 24(1):41–50. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan Y, Yuan J, Li J, Li H, Zhang J, Tang J, Ni Y, Huang T, Wang F, Zhao F, et al. 2020. Unconjugated and secondary bile acid profiles in response to higher-fat, lower-carbohydrate diet and associated with related gut microbiota: a 6-month randomized controlled-feeding trial. Clin Nutr. 39(2):395–404. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang DQ, Tazuma S. 2002. Effect of beta-muricholic acid on the prevention and dissolution of cholesterol gallstones in C57L/J mice. J Lipid Res. 43(11):1960–1968. doi: 10.1194/jlr.m200297-jlr200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K, Peng X, Yang A, Huang Y, Tan Y, Qian Y, Lv F, Si H. 2022. Effects of diets with different protein levels on lipid metabolism and gut microbes in the host of different genders. Front Nutr. 9:940217. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.940217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang N, Wang J, Zhang T, Huang L, Yan W, Lu L, Jia J, Tao Y, Cai W, Wang Y. 2021. Alterations of gut microbiota and serum bile acids are associated with parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. J Pediatr Surg. 56(4):738–744. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.06.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Hao C, Yao W, Zhu D, Lu H, Li L, Ma B, Sun B, Xue D, Zhang W. 2020. Intestinal flora imbalance affects bile acid metabolism and is associated with gallstone formation. BMC Gastroenterol. 20(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s12876-020-01195-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe K, Igarashi M, Li X, Nakatani A, Miyamoto J, Inaba Y, Sutou A, Saito T, Sato T, Tachibana N, et al. 2018. Dietary soybean protein ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity by modifying the gut microbiota-dependent biotransformation of bile acids. PLoS One. 13(8):e0202083.,. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei HC, Xing SJ, Chen P, Wu XF, Gu X, Luo L, Liang XF, Xue M. 2020. Plant protein diet-induced hypoimmunity by affecting the spiral valve intestinal microbiota and bile acid enterohepatic circulation in Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 106:421–430. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winston JA, Theriot CM. 2020. Diversification of host bile acids by members of the gut microbiota. Gut Microbes. 11(2):158–171. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1674124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Zhu X, Lin H, Chen Z, Tang H, Wang Y. 2020. Gender differences in the bile acid profiles of APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice. Brain Res Bull. 161:116–126. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.05.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng X, Cheng T, Jiang R, Zhao A, Wu Q, Kuang J, Sun D, Ren Z, Li M, Zhao M, et al. 2021. Hyocholic acid species improve glucose homeostasis through a distinct TGR5 and FXR signaling mechanism. Cell Metab. 33(4):791–803.e797. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.11.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota A, Fukiya S, Islam KB, Ooka T, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Hagio M, Ishizuka S. 2012. Is bile acid a determinant of the gut microbiota on a high-fat diet? Gut Microbes. 3(5):455–459. doi: 10.4161/gmic.21216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshitsugu R, Kikuchi K, Iwaya H, Fujii N, Hori S, Lee DG, Ishizuka S. 2019. Alteration of bile acid metabolism by a high-fat diet is associated with plasma transaminase activities and glucose intolerance in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 65(1):45–51. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.65.45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang Q, Ye X, Shen S, Cheng J, Shi Y, Wu S, Xia J, Ning M, Dong Z, Wan X. 2021. Astragalus polysaccharides ameliorate diet-induced gallstone formation by modulating synthesis of bile acids and the gut microbiota. Front Pharmacol. 12:701003. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar