Critical Observations on the Neurotoxicity of Silver

REFERENCES

• Wan A. T., Conyers RAJ., Coombs C. J., Masterton J. P. Determination of silver in blood, urine and tissues of volunteers and burn patients. Clin. Chem. 1991; 37: 1683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansdown A. B.G. Physiological and toxicological changes in the skin resulting from the action and interaction of metal ions. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1995; 25: 397
   Google Scholar
• Lansdown A. B.G. Silver 2: Toxicity in mammals and how its products aid wound repair. J. Wound Care 2002; 11: 173
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White R. J. A historical review of silver in wound management. Br. J. Nurs. 1999; S3–S8
   Google Scholar
• Klasen H. J. A historical review of the history of silver in burns. Burns 2000; 26: 117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambidge A. Reviewing efficacy of alternative water treatment techniques. Health Estate 2001; 55: 23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lansdown A. B.G., Williams A., Chandler S., Benfield S. Silver absorption and antibacterial efficacy of silver dressings. J. Wound Care 2005; 14/4: 155
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys S. D.M., Routledge P. A. The toxicology of silver nitrate. Adverse Drug React. Toxicol. Rev. 1998; 17: 115
   Google Scholar
• Fung M. C., Bowen D. L. Silver products for medical indications: risk-benefit assessment. Clin. Toxicol. 1996; 34: 119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boosalis M. G., McCall J.T., Ahrenholtz D. H., et al. Serum and urinary silver levels in thermal injury patients. Surgery 1982; 101: 40
   Google Scholar
• Pariser R. J. Generalised argyria: clinicopathologic features and histochemical studies. Arch. Dermatol. 1978; 114: 373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombs C. J., Wan A. T., Masterton J. P., et al. Do burn patients have a silver lining?. Burns 1992; 18: 179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansdown A. B.G., Williams A. How safe is silver in wound care?. J. Wound Care 2004; 13: 131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bleehan S. S., Gold D. J., Harrington C. I., et al. Occupational argyria: Light and electron microscopic studies and X-ray microanalysis. Br. J. Dermatol. 1981; 104: 19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deitl H. W., Anzil A. P., Mehraein P. Brain involvement in generalised argyria. Clin. Neuropathol. 1984; 3: 32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landas S., Bonsib S. M., Ellerbroek R., Fischer J. Argyria: Microanalytic-morphologic correlation using paraffin embedded tissue. Ultrastruct. Pathol. 1986; 10: 129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirsattari S. M., Hammond A. R., Sharpe M. D., et al. Myoclonic status epilepticus following repeated injection of colloidal silver. Neurology 2004; 62: 1408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vik H., Andersen K. J., Juhlshamn K., Todnem K. Neuropathy caused by silver absorption from arthroplasty cement. Lancet 1985; I: 872
   Google Scholar
• Sudmann E., Vik H., Rait M., et al. Systemic and local silver accumulation after total hip replacement using silver-impregnated bone cement. Med. Prog. Technol. 1994; 20: 179–184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roper W. L. Toxicological profile for silver. 1990, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
   Google Scholar
• Danscher G., Rungby J. Differentiation of histochemically visualised mercury and silver. Histochemistry 1986; 18: 109
   Google Scholar
• Stoltenberg M., Juhl S., Poulsen E. H., Ernst E. Autometallographic detection of silver in hypothalamic neurons in rats exposed to silver nitrate. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1994; 14: 275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansdown A. B.G. Silver in health care: antmicrobial effects and safety in use. Curr. Prob. Dermatol. 2006; 33: 17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ovington L. G. Nanocrystalline silver: where the old and familiar meets a new frontier. Wounds 2001; 13: 5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrell R. E. A scientific perspective on the use of topical silver preparations. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2003; 49: 19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tredgett E. E., Shankowski H. A., Groenveld A., Burrell R. E. A matched pair, randomised study evaluating the efficacy and safety of Acticoat® silver coated dressing for the treatment of burn wounds. J. Burn Care Rehab. 1998; 19: 531
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fonnier F. Neurotoxicology. General and Applied Toxicology, B. Ballantyne, T. Marrs., T. Sylversen. MacMillan Reference Ltd., London 1999; 631, Vol. 2
   Google Scholar
• LeFauconnier J. M., Bouchard C. Neurotoxicology. General and Applied Toxicology, B Ballantyne, T Marrs, P Turner. MacMillan Press, London 1993; 469, Vol. 1
   Google Scholar
• Zheng W., Aschner M., Ghersi-Egea, J.-F. Brain barrier systems: A new frontier in metal neurotoxicological research. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2003; 192: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano A., Levine S., Zimmerman H. M. Experimental cyanide encephalopathy: Electron microscopic observation of early lesions in white matter. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1967; 26: 200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirano A. Edema damage. Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull. 1967; 9: 493
   Google Scholar
• Webster H., de F., Ulsamer A. G., O'Connell M.F. Hexachlorophene induced myelin lesions in developing nervous system of Xenopustadpoles: Morphological and biochemical observations. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1974; 33: 144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng W. Toxicology of the choroid plexus: Special reference to metal-induced toxicities. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2001; 52: 89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappoport S. I. The Blood Brain Barrier in Physiology and Medicine. Raven Press, New York 1976
   Google Scholar
• Davson H. The Physiology of the Cerebrospinal Fluid. Churchill, London
   Google Scholar
• Bouchaud C., Le Bert M., Dupouey P. Are close contacts between astrocytes and endothelial cells a prerequisite condition of a blood-brain barrier? The rat sub-fornical organ as an example. Biol. Cell. 1967; 67: 159
   Google Scholar
• Goldman E. E. Die aussere und innere Sekretion des gesunden und kranken organismus im Lichte der vitalen Färbung. Bewitr. Z. Klin. Chir. 1909; 64: 192–265
   Google Scholar
• Goldman E. E. Vitalfärbung am Zentralnervensystem. Beitrag zur Physiologie des Plexus Choroideus und der Hirnhaute (Berlin). 1913
   Google Scholar
• Millen J. W., Woolham D. M.H. Anatomy of the Cerebrospinal Fluid. Oxford University Press, U.K. 1962
   Google Scholar
• Wright E. M. Mechanisms of ion transport across the choroid plexus. J. Physiol. 1972; 226: 54
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cserr H. F. Physiology of the choroid plexus. Physiol. Rev. 1971; 51: 273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freidheim E., Corvi C., Graziano J., et al. Choroid plexus as a protective sink for heavy metals. Lancet 1983; I(182)981
   Google Scholar
• Takeuchi E., Eto K., Tokunaga H. Mercury level and histochemical distribution in the human brain with Minamata disease following a long term clinical course of 26 years. Neurotoxicology 1989; 10: 651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manton W. I., Kirkpatrick J. B., Cook J. D. Does the choroid plexus really protect the brain from lead?. Lancet 1984; ii: 351
   Google Scholar
• Danscher G. Light and electron microscopic localisation of silver in biological tissue. Histochemistry 1981; 71: 177
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rungby J., Danscher G. Localisation of exogenous silver in brain and spinal cord of silver-exposed rats. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 1983; 60: 92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danscher G., Stoltenberg M., Juhl S. How to detect gold silver and mercury in human brain and other tissues by autometallographic silver amplification. Neuropathol Appl. Neurobiol. 1994; 20: 454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltenberg M., Danscher G. Histochemical differentiation of autometallographically traceable metals (Au, Ag, Hg, Bi, Zn): Protocols for chemical removal of separate autometallographic metal clusters on Epon sections. Histochem. J. 2000; 32: 545
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott W. L. Silver uptake in the brains of chronically gamma-irradiated rats: A study of neutron activation analysis. Radiat. Res. 1967; 31: 522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempsey E. W., Wistlocki G. B. An electron microscopic study of the blood brain barrier in the rat employing silver nitrate as a vital stain. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1955; 1: 245
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Breemen V.L., Clemente C. D. Silver deposition in the central nervous system and the haemoencephalic barrier studies with the electron microscope. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1955; 1: 161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott K. G., Hamilton J. G. The metabolism of silver in the rat with radio-silver used as an indicator. Univ. Calif. Publ. Pharmacol 1950; 2: 241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Furchner J. E., Richmond C. R., Drake G. A. Comparative metabolism of radionuclides in mammals. IV. Retention of silver-111n in the mouse, rat, monkey and dog. Health Phys. 1968; 15: 505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wistlocki G. B., Leduc E. H. Vital staining of the haemoencephalic barrier by silver nitrate and trypan blue, and cytological comparisons of the neurohypophysis, pineal body, area postrema, intercolumnar tubercle and supra-optic crest. J. Comp. Neurol. 1952; 96: 371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott T., Norman P. M. Silver deposition in arteriolar basal laminae in the cerebral cortex of argyric rats. Acta Neuropathol. 1980; 52: 243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker F. Basement membrane turnover in man. J. Pathol. 1972; 107: 123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharchenko P. D., Berdyshew G. D., Stepaneko P. Z., Velikoivanenko A. A. Change in nucleic acid level in rat brain and liver during long term introduction of silver ions in drinking water. Fiziol. Zh. (Kiev) 1973; 19: 362
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barkov G. D., El Piner L.I. The need for limiting the silver content of drinking water. Gigiena Sanit. 1968; 33: 16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rungby J., Danscher G. Neuronal accumulation of silver in brains of progeny from argyric rats. Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 1983; 61: 258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rungby J. Experimental argyrosis: ultrastructural localisation of silver in rat eye. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 1986; 45: 22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rungby J., Slomianka L., Danscher G., et al. A quantitative evaluation of the neurotoxic effect of silver on the volumes of the components of the developing rat hippocampus. Toxicology 1987; 43: 261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rungby J. An experimental study of silver in the nervous system and aspects of its general cellular toxicity. Dan. Med. Bull. 1990; 37: 442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorlacius-Ussing O., Rungby J. Ultrastructural localisation of exogenous silver in the anterior pituitary gland of the rat. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 1984; 41: 58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rungby J. Exogenous silver in dorsal root ganglia, peripheral nerve, enteric ganglia and adrenal medulla. Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 1986; 69: 45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhardt G., Geldmacher V., Mallinkrodt M., et al. Akute tödliche Vergiftug mit Silbernitrat als Folge eines Abreibungs versuches. Arch. Kriminol. 1971; 148: 69
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rungby J., Danscher G. Hypoactivity in silver exposed mice. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copen.) 1984; 55: 398
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelkonen K. H.O., Heinonen-Tanski H., Hänninen O. O.P. Accumulation of silver from drinking water into cerebellum and musculus soleus in mice. Toxicology 2003; 186: 151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachter B. G., Leonetti J. P., Lee J. M., et al. Silver nitrate injury in the rat sciatic nerve: A model of facial nerve injury. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2002; 127: 48
   Google Scholar
• Hachem R. Y., Wright K. C., Zermeno A., et al. Evaluation of the silver iontophoretic catheter in an animal model. Biomaterials 2003; 24: 3619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X., Wang N. Z., Zhang O. Z., et al. Tissue determination of silver following topical use of silver sulphadiazine in extensive burns. Burns 1985; 11: 197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiVincenzo G. D., Giordiana C. J., Schreiver L. S. Biologic monitoring of workers exposed to silver. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1985; 56: 207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boosalis M. G., McCall J.T., Ahrenholz D. H., et al. Serum and urinary silver levels in thermally injured patients. Surgery 1987; 101: 40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sano S., Fujimori R., Takashima M., Itokawa Y. Absorption, excretion and tissue distribution of silver sulphadiazine. Burns 1981; 8: 278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 3rd, GD Clayton, FE Clayton. John Wiley, New York 1981; 1881, Vol. 2A
   Google Scholar
• Polachek A. A., Cope C. B., Williard R. F., Enns T. Metabolism of radioactive silver in a patient with carcinoid. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1960; 56: 499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley W. R., Terhaar C. J. The skin as an excretory organ in argyria. Trans. St. John's Dermatol. Soc. 1973; 59: 39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzuki H., Baba S., Uchigashi S., Murase M. Localised argyria with chrysiasis caused by implanted acupuncture needles. Distribution and chemical forms of silver and gold in cutaneous tissue by electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1993; 29: 833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato S., Sueki H., Nishijima A. Two unusual cases of argyria: the application of an improved tissue processing method for X-ray microanalysis of selenium and sulphur. Br. J. Dermatol. 1999; 140: 158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gettler A. O., Rhoads C. P., Weiss A. A contribution to the pathology of generalised argyria with a discussion on the fate of silver in the human body. Am. J. Pathol. 1927; 3: 631
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moss A., Sugar A., Hargett N. A., et al. The ocular manifestations and functional effects of occupational argyrosis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1979; 97: 906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenman K. D., Moss A., Kon S. Argyria: Clinical implications of exposure to silver nitrate and silver oxide. J. Occup. Med. 1979; 21: 430
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlotzer-Schrehardt U., Holbach L. M., Hofmann-Rummelt C., Naumann G. O. Multifocal corneal argyrosis after explosion injury. Cornea 2001; 20: 553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sollemann T. A Manual of Pharmacology 6th. Saunders, Philadelphia 1942
   Google Scholar
• Lansdown A. B.G. Controversies over colloidal silver. J. Wound Care 2003; 12: 120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Consumer Advisory Bulletin. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2004, Colloidal silver products. Web site: nccam.nih.gov.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall J. P., Schneider R. P. Systemic argyria secondary to topical silver nitrate. Arch. Dermatol. 1977; 113: 1077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmins A. C., Morgan A. R. Argyria or cyanosis?. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomi N. S., Kränke B., Aberfer W. A silver man. Lancet 2004; 363: 532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goebel H. H., Muller J. Ultrastructural observations on silver deposition in the choroid plexus of a patient with argyria. Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 1973; 26: 247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landas S., Fischer J., Wilkin L. D., et al. Demonstration of regional blood brain barrier permeability in the human brain. Neurosci. Lett. 1985; 57: 251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steininger H., Langer E., Stommer P. Generalised argyrosis. Dtsch. Med. Woschenschr. 1990; 115: 657
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westhofen M., Schafer H. Generalised argyria in man: Neurological, ultrastructural and X-ray microanalytical findings. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 1986; 243: 260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansdown A. B.G., Mirastschijiski U., Stubbs N., Scanlon E., Ågren M.S. Zinc in wound healing: theoretical, experimental and clinical aspects. Wound Rep. Regen. 2006; 15: 2–16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray Health and Leisure. Toughened silver nitrate caustics in medicine. 1997, warts, verrucae, cautery, granuloma. http://www.bray.co.uk/notes01.htm
   Google Scholar
• Bader K. F. Organ deposition of silver following silver nitrate therapy. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1967; 37: 550
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe D. G., Levison D. A., Crocker P. R., Shepherd J. H. Silver deposition in the cervix following application of silver nitrate as a cauterizing agent. J. Clin. Pathol. 1988; 41: 871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollery C. Silver sulphadiazine. Therapeutic Drugs 1991, Elsevier, Amsterdam
   Google Scholar
• Cook D. S. Crystal and molecular structure of silver sulphadiazine (N1-pyrimidin-2-ylsulphanilamide). J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1975; II: 1021
   Google Scholar
• White R. J., Cooper R. Silver sulphadiazine: A review of the evidence. Wounds UK 2005; 2: 51
   Google Scholar
• Baxter C. R. Topical use of 1% silver sulphadiazine. Contemporary Burn Management, HC Polk, HH Stone. Little Brown, Boston 1971; 217
   Google Scholar
• Iwasaki S., Yoshimura A., Ideura T., et al. Elimination study of silver in a haemodyalised burn patient treated with silver sulphadiazine cream. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1997; 30: 287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansdown A. B.G., Myers S. R., Clarke J., O'Sullivan P. A re-appraisal of the role of cerium in burn wound management. J. Wound Care 2003; 12: 113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lansdown A. B.G. A review of the use of silver in wound care: Facts and fallacies. Br. J. Nurs. Tissue Viability Suppl. 2004; 13: S6
   Google Scholar
• Lansdown A. B.G. Silver in wound care and management. 2003, Wound Care Society; Educational Suppl
   Google Scholar
• Lansdown A. B.G. Silver in healthcare: Antimicrobial effects and safety in use. Curr. Probl. Dermatol. 2006; 33: 17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maki D. G., Tambyah P. A. Engineering out the risk of infection with urinary catheters. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2001; 7: 342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott T. S.J. Role of antimicrobial central venous catheters for prevention of associated infections. J. Antimicrobial Chemother. 1999; 43: 441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saint S., Savel R. H., Mathay M. A. Enhancing safety of critically ill patients by reducing urinary and central venous catheter-related infections. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 165: 1475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibon P., Le Coutour X., Leroyer R., Fabry J. Randomised multi-centre trial of the effect of a catheter coted with hydrogel and silver salts on the incidence of hospital acquired infections. J. Hosp. Infect. 1999; 45: 117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sammuel U., Guggenbichler J. P. Prevention of catheter-related infections: The potential of a new nano-silver impregnated catheter. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2004; 23(Suppl 1)S75
   Google Scholar
• Guggenbichler J.P., Böswald M., Lugauer S., Krall T. A new technology of micro-dispersed silver in polyurethane induces antimicrobial activity in central venous catheters. Infection 1999; 27(suppl 1)S16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce-Wöhrmann R. J., Münstedt H. Determination of the silver ion release from polyurethanes enriched with silver. Infection 1999; 27(Suppl 1)S46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brosnahan J., Jull A., Tracy C. Types of urethral catheters for management of short-term problems in hospitalised adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; 1, CD004013
   Google Scholar
• Cymet T. Do silver alloy catheters increase the risk of systemic argyria?. Arch. Int. Med. 2001; 161: 1014
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liakhovitaskii N. S. Argyria of the urethra. Urol. Nefrol. (Moscow) 1968; 33: 59
   Google Scholar
• Saint S., Veenstra D. L., Sullivan S. D., et al. The potential clinical and economic benefits of silver alloy urinary catheters in preventing urinary tract infection. Arch. Int. Med. 2000; 160: 2670
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tobin E. J., Bambauer R. Silver coating of dialysis catheters to reduce bacterial colonisation and infection. Ther. Apheresis Dial. 2003; 7: 504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki D. G., Stolz S. M., Wheeler S., Mermel L. A. Prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection by use of an antiseptic-impregnated catheter. A randomised controlled trial. Ann Int Med. 1997; 127: 257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (UK). AN 1999(06) Thromboembolytic complications involving Silzone mechanical heart valve. 2005, http://www.medical-devices.gov.uk/mda/mdawebsitev2.nsf/0/148CDBACE98226AB
   Google Scholar
• Langanki D., Ogle M., Cameron J. D., et al. Evaluation of a novel bioprosthetic heart valve incorporating anti-calcification and antimicrobial technology in a sheep model. J. Heart Valve Dis. 1998; 7: 633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanita Y., Kato T., Hanada K., Tagami H. Blue macules and localised argyria caused by implanted acupuncture needles. Electron microscopy and roentgenographic microanalysis of deposited metal. Arch. Dermatol. 1985; 121: 1550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt M. J., Cymet T. C. Argyria: Report of a case associated with abnormal encephalographic and brain scan findings. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 1987; 87: 509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• East B. W., Boddy K., Williams E. D., et al. Silver retention, total body silver and tissue silver concentrations in argyria associated with exposure to an anti-smoking remedy containing silver acetate. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 1980; 5: 305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielchowsky M. J. Psychol. Neurol. (Leipzig) 1904; 3: 169
   Google Scholar
• Bielchowsy M. J. Psychol. Neurol. (Leipzig) 1909; 12: 135
   Google Scholar
• Gilmore J. P., Fozzard H. A. Liver function following thermal injury. Am. J. Physiol. 1960; 199: 491
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Konigova R., Dolinayova I. Biochemical changes in burn liver. Acta Chir. Plast. 1980; 22: 171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bremner I., Beattie J. H. Metallothioneins and trace minerals. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 1990; 10: 63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpkins C. O. Metallothoiloneins and human disease. Cell Mol. Biol. 2000; 46: 465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansdown A. B.G., Sampson B., Rowe A. M. Metallothionein: Implications in wound healing. Wound Rep. Regen. 1999; 8: A306
   Google Scholar
• Lansdown A. B.G. Metallothioneins: potential therapeutic aids for wound healing in the skin. Wound Rep. Regen. 2002; 10: 130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molinero A., Carrasco J., Hernandez J., Hildago J. Effect of nitric oxide synthesis inhibition on mouse liver and brain metallothionein expression. Neurochem. Int. 1998; 33: 559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aschner M. The functional significance of brain metallothionein. Fed. Assoc. Soc, Exp, Biol. 1996; 10: 1129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceballos D., Lago N., Verdú E., et al. Role of metallothioneins in peripheral nerve function and regeneration. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2003; 60: 1209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake P. L., Hazelwood K. J. Exposure related health effects of silver and silver compounds: A review. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2005; 49: 575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Congress of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Documentation of threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 2001, Supplement to the 6th ed
   Google Scholar