Pyrethroid based pesticides – chemical and biological aspects

References

• Aktar MW, Sengupta D, Chowdhury A. 2009. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2(1):1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alavanja MC, Hofmann JN, Lynch CF, Hines CJ, Barry KH, Barker J, Buckman DW, Thomas K, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA, et al. 2014. Non-hodgkin lymphoma risk and insecticide, fungicide and fumigant use in the agricultural health study. PLoS One. 9(10):e109332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrieux M, Platel JC, Dupuis A, Villaz M, Moody WJ. 2004. Early expression of sodium channel transcripts and sodium current by cajal-retzius cells in the preplate of the embryonic mouse neocortex. J Neurosci. 24(7):1719–1725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hamdani NMH, Yajurvedi HN. 2017. Effect of cypermethrin on the ovarian activity and its impact on fertility and pubertal onset of offspring. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 6(4):374–382.
   Google Scholar
• Ambwani S, Ambwani TK, Chauhan r. 2018. Immunotoxic effects of cypermethrin in mitogen stimulated chicken lymphocytes due to oxidative stress and apoptosis. J Entomol Zool Stud. 6(2):37–42.
   Google Scholar
• Anand SS, Bruckner JV, Haines WT, Muralidhara S, Fisher JW, Padilla S. 2006. Characterization of deltamethrin metabolism by rat plasma and liver microsomes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 212(2):156–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand SS, Kim K-B, Padilla S, Muralidhara S, Kim HJ, Fisher JW, Bruckner JV. 2006. Ontogeny of hepatic and plasma metabolism of deltamethrin in vitro: role in age-dependent acute neurotoxicity. Drug Metab Dispos. 34(3):389–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade AJM, Araújo S, Santana GM, Ohi M, Dalsenter PR. 2002. Reproductive effects of deltamethrin on male offspring of rats exposed during pregnancy and lactation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 36(3):310–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anitha M, Anitha R, Vijayaraghavan R, Senthil Kumar S, Ezhilarasan D. 2019. Oxidative stress and neuromodulatory effects of deltamethrin and its combination with insect repellents in rats. Environ Toxicol. 34(6):753–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari RW, Shukla RK, Yadav RS, Seth K, Pant AB, Singh D, Agrawal AK, Islam F, Khanna VK. 2012. Cholinergic dysfunctions and enhanced oxidative stress in the neurobehavioral toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin in developing rats. Neurotox Res. 22(4):292–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arena AC, Fernandez CDB, Porto EM, Bissacot DZ, Pereira OCM, Kempinas WG. 2008. Fenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide, adversely affects sperm production and storage in male rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 71(23):1550–1558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aroonvilairat S, Tangjarukij C, Sornprachum T, Chaisuriya P, Siwadune T, Ratanabanangkoon K. 2018. Effects of topical exposure to a mixture of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and captan on the hematological and immunological systems in male Wistar rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 59:53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arslan H, Altun S, Özdemir S. 2017. Acute toxication of deltamethrin results in activation of iNOS, 8-OHdG and up-regulation of caspase 3, iNOS gene expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L. Aquat Toxicol. 187:90–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ATSDR. 2003. Toxicological profile for pyrethrins and pyrethroids. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
   Google Scholar
• Badding MA, Barraj L, Williams AL, Scrafford C, Reiss R. 2019. CLARITY-BPA Core Study: analysis for non-monotonic dose-responses and biological relevance. Food Chem Toxicol. 131:110554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, de Lourdes Bastos M, Tsatsakis AM, Duarte JA, Carvalho F. 2014. Pesticides exposure as etiological factors of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases-a mechanistic approach. Toxicol Lett. 230(2):85–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banaszkiewicz T. 2010. Evolution of pesticide use. In: Skibniewska KA, editor. Contemporary Problems of Managements and Environmental Protection. Olszpyn, Poland: Department of Land Reclamation and Environmental Management, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. p. 7–18.
   Google Scholar
• Bao W, Liu B, Simonsen DW, Lehmler HJ. 2020. Association between exposure to pyrethroid insecticides and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the general US adult population. JAMA Intern Med. 180(3):367–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beausoleil C, Ormsby JN, Gies A, Hass U, Heindel JJ, Holmer ML, Nielsen PJ, Munn S, Schoenfelder G. 2013. Low dose effects and non-monotonic dose responses for endocrine active chemicals: science to practice workshop: workshop summary. Chemosphere. 93(6):847–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Slima A, Ben Abdallah F, Keskes-Ammar L, Mallek Z, El Feki A, Gdoura R. 2012. Embryonic exposure to dimethoate and/or deltamethrin impairs sexual development and programs reproductive success in adult male offspring mice. Andrologia. 44 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):661–666.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ben Slima A, Chtourou Y, Barkallah M, Fetoui H, Boudawara T, Gdoura R. 2017. Endocrine disrupting potential and reproductive dysfunction in male mice exposed to deltamethrin. Hum Exp Toxicol. 36(3):218–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj JK, Kumari P, Saraf P, Yadav AS. 2018. Antiapoptotic effects of vitamins C and E against cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress and spermatogonial germ cell apoptosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 32(8):e22174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomquist JR, Barlow RL, Gillette JS, Li W, Kirby ML. 2002. Selective effects of insecticides on nigrostriatal dopaminergic nerve pathways. NeuroToxicology. 23(4-5):537–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boiko T, Rasband MN, Levinson SR, Caldwell JH, Mandel G, Trimmer JS, Matthews G. 2001. Compact myelin dictates the differential targeting of two sodium channel isoforms in the same axon. Neuron. 30(1):91–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bomford MK, Isman MB. 1996. Desensitization of fifth instar Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to azadirachtin and neem. Entomol Exp Appl. 81(3):307–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordoni L, Nasuti C, Fedeli D, Galeazzi R, Laudadio E, Massaccesi L, López-Rodas G, Gabbianelli R. 2019. Early impairment of epigenetic pattern in neurodegeneration: additional mechanisms behind pyrethroid toxicity. Exp Gerontol. 124:110629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordoni L, Nasuti C, Mirto M, Caradonna F, Gabbianelli R. 2015. Intergenerational effect of early life exposure to permethrin: changes in global DNA methylation and in nurr1 gene expression. Toxics. 3(4):451–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradberry SM, Cage SA, Proudfoot AT, Vale JA. 2005. Poisoning due to pyrethroids. Toxicol Rev. 24(2):93–106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brander SM, Gabler MK, Fowler NL, Connon RE, Schlenk D. 2016. Pyrethroid pesticides as endocrine disruptors: molecular mechanisms in vertebrates with a focus on fishes. Environ Sci Technol. 50(17):8977–8992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breckenridge CB, Holden L, Sturgess N, Weiner M, Sheets L, Sargent D, Soderlund DM, Choi JS, Symington S, Clark JM, et al. 2009. Evidence for a separate mechanism of toxicity for the Type I and the Type II pyrethroid insecticides. Neurotoxicology. 30(Suppl 1):S17–S31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burridge LE, Haya K. 1997. Lethality of pyrethrins to larvae and postlarvae of the American lobster (Homarus americanus). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 38(2):150–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabral JR, Galendo D, Laval M, Lyandrat N. 1990. Carcinogenicity studies with deltamethrin in mice and rats. Cancer Lett. 49(2):147–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantalamessa F. 1993. Acute toxicity of two pyrethroids, permethrin, and cypermethrin in neonatal and adult rats. Arch Toxicol. 67(7):510–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carcamo JG, Aguilar MN, Carreno CF, Vera T, Arias-Darraz L, Figueroa JE, Romero AP, Alvarez M, Yanez AJ. 2017. Consecutive emamectin benzoate and deltamethrin treatments affect the expressions and activities of detoxification enzymes in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 191:129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson JE, Villaveces JW. 1977. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to pyrethrum: report of a case. JAMA. 237(16):1718–1719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caroline C. 2003. Sumithrin (d-phenothrin). J Pesticide Reform. 23(2):10–14.
   Google Scholar
• Carson R. 1962. Silent Spring. Greenwich: Fawcett Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Casida JE, Quistad GB. 1998. Golden age of insecticide research: past, present, or future? Annu Rev Entomol. 43:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casida JE, Ruzo LO. 1980. Metabolic chemistry of pyrethroid insecticides. Pestic Sci. 11(2):257–269.
   Google Scholar
• Chen S, Gu S, Wang Y, Yao Y, Wang G, Jin Y, Wu Y. 2016. Exposure to pyrethroid pesticides and the risk of childhood brain tumors in East China. Environ Pollut. 218:1128–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrustek A, Hołyńska-Iwan I, Dziembowska I, Bogusiewicz J, Wróblewski M, Cwynar A, Olszewska-Słonina D. 2018. Current research on the safety of pyrethroids used as insecticides. Medicina (Kaunas). 54(4):61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke DD. 1991. Fluoroacetate and fluorocitrate: mechanism of action. Neurochem Res. 16(9):1055–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coats JR. 1990. Mechanisms of toxic action and structure-activity relationships for organochlorine and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Environ Health Perspect. 87:255–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collotta M, Bertazzi PA, Bollati V. 2013. Epigenetics and pesticides. Toxicology. 307:35–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copping LG, Menn JJ. 2000. Biopesticides: a review of their action, applications and efficacy. Pest Manag Sci. 56(8):651–676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcellas C, Feo ML, Torres JP, Malm O, Ocampo-Duque W, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. 2012. Pyrethroids in human breast milk: occurrence and nursing daily intake estimation. Environ Int. 47:17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa LG. 2015. The neurotoxicity of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides. Handb Clin Neurol. 131:135–148.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costa C, García-Lestón J, Costa S, Coelho P, Silva S, Pingarilho M, Valdiglesias V, Mattei F, Dall'Armi V, Bonassi S, et al. 2014. Is organic farming safer to farmers' health? A comparison between organic and traditional farming. Toxicol Lett. 230(2):166–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa C, Rapisarda V, Catania S, Di Nola C, Ledda C, Fenga C. 2013. Cytokine patterns in greenhouse workers occupationally exposed to α-cypermethrin: an observational study. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 36(3):796–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford MJ, Croucher A, Hutson DH. 1981. The metabolism of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin in rats. Pestic Sci. 12(4):399–411.
   Google Scholar
• Crow JA, Borazjani A, Potter PM, Ross MK. 2007. Hydrolysis of pyrethroids by human and rat tissues: examination of intestinal, liver and serum carboxylesterases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 221(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallegrave A, Pizzolato TM, Barreto F, Bica VC, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. 2018. Residue of insecticides in foodstuff and dietary exposure assessment of Brazilian citizens. Food Chem Toxicol. 115:329–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darvesh S, Darvesh KV, McDonald RS, Mataija D, Walsh R, Mothana S, Lockridge O, Martin E. 2008. Carbamates with differential mechanism of inhibition toward acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. J Med Chem. 51(14):4200–4212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeba F, Raza I, Muhammad N, Rahman H, Ur Rehman Z, Azizullah A, Khattak B, Ullah F, Daud MK. 2017. Chlorpyrifos and lambda cyhalothrin-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes. Toxicol Ind Health. 33(4):297–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denham J. 2018. Exercise and epigenetic inheritance of disease risk. Acta Physiol. 222(1):e12881.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai KR, Moid N, Patel PB, Highland HN. 2016. Evaluation of deltamethrin induced reproductive toxicity in male Swiss Albino mice. Asian Pacific J Reproduction. 5(1):24–30.
   Google Scholar
• Ding G, Shi R, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Kamijima M, Sakai K, Wang G, Feng C, Tian Y. 2012. Pyrethroid pesticide exposure and risk of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia in Shanghai. Environ Sci Technol. 46(24):13480–13487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DPPQS. 2020. Consumption of chemical pesticides in various States / UTs. [accessed 2020 10-17-20]. http://ppqs.gov.in/statistical-database.
   Google Scholar
• ECHA. 1985. CLH Proposal for Harmonised Classification and Labelling - TEFLUTHRIN; Acute toxicity studies. European Chemicals Agency. [accessed 2020 04-11-2020]. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/26f4126d-ea2f-9722-1638-2381866befe2.
   Google Scholar
• ECHA. 2002. CLH Proposal for Harmonised Classification and Labelling - Tetramethrin. Europe Chemicals Agency. [accessed 2020 04-11-2020]. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13626/clh_report_tetramethrin_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards D. 2006. Finalization of Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decisions (IREDs) and Interim Tolerance Reassessment and Risk Management Decisions (TREDs) for the Organophosphate Pesticides, and Completion of the Tolerance Reassessment and Reregistration Eligibility Process for the Organophosphate Pesticides UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY.
   Google Scholar
• Eil C, Nisula BC. 1990. The binding properties of pyrethroids to human skin fibroblast androgen receptors and to sex hormone binding globulin. J Steroid Biochem. 35(3-4):409–414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• el-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI, Al-Salhen KS. 2003. Protective effects of isoflavone on some biochemical parameters affected by cypermethrin in male rabbits. J Environ Sci Health B. 38(3):365–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Demerdash FM. 2007. Lambda-cyhalothrin-induced changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in rabbit erythrocytes and alleviation effect of some antioxidants. Toxicol in Vitro. 21(3):392–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott M. 1976. Properties and applications of pyrethroids. Environ Health Perspect. 14:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmhiri G, Gloaguen C, Grison S, Kereselidze D, Elie C, Tack K, Benderitter M, Lestaevel P, Legendre A, Souidi M. 2018. DNA methylation and potential multigenerational epigenetic effects linked to uranium chronic low-dose exposure in gonads of males and females rats. Toxicol Lett. 282:64–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emara AM, Draz EI. 2007. Immunotoxicological study of one of the most common over-the-counter pyrethroid insecticide products in Egypt. Inhal Toxicol. 19(12):997–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMEA. 2001. Committee for veterinary medicinal products cyfluthrin summary report (1). European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. [accessed 2020 04-11-2020]. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/mrl-report/cyfluthrin-summary-report-1-committee-veterinary-medicinal-products_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Enan E, Matsumura F. 1993. Activation of phosphoinositide/protein kinase C pathway in rat brain tissue by pyrethroids. Biochem Pharmacol. 45(3):703–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPA. 2004. Chemical hazard classification and labeling: comparison of opp requirements and the GHS. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
   Google Scholar
• EPA. 2008. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Phenothrin United States Environmental Protection Agency.
   Google Scholar
• EPOCRATES. 2009. Pharmaceutical database. [accessed 2020 04-11-20]. https://online.epocrates.com/drugs/68710/permethrin-topical/Monograph.
   Google Scholar
• EXTOXNET. 1993. Flucythrinate. Extension Toxicology Network. [accessed 2020 04-11-2020]. http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/dienochlor-glyphosate/flucythrinate-ext.html.
   Google Scholar
• EXTOXNET. 1995. Pesticide Information Profiles-DELTAMETHRIN. Extension Toxicology Network. [accessed 2020 04-11-2020]. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/deltamet.htm#:∼:text=Values%20ranging%20from%2021%20to,1%2C%2083%2C%2094).
   Google Scholar
• EXTOXNET. 1996. Extension Toxicology Network; Pesticide Information Profiles- LAMBDA CYHALOTHRIN. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/lambdacy.htm. [accessed 2020 04-11-2020]. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/lambdacy.htm.
   Google Scholar
• FAN. 2005. Tau-fluvalinate: Revised HED Chapter of the Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document (RED). PC Code: 109302, Case #: 2295, DP Barcode: D321911. Fluoride action network. [accessed 2020 04-11-2020]. https://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/tau-fluvalinate.hed.chap.2005.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. 2005. Implementation, Monitoring and Observancen of the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Maliwan Mansion, 39 Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200 THAILAND. 2005/29.
   Google Scholar
• Fedeli D, Montani M, Bordoni L, Galeazzi R, Nasuti C, Correia-Sá L, Domingues VF, Jayant M, Brahmachari V, Massaccesi L, et al. 2017. In vivo and in silico studies to identify mechanisms associated with Nurr1 modulation following early life exposure to permethrin in rats. Neuroscience. 340:411–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fei J, Qu JH, Ding XL, Xue K, Lu CC, Chen JF, Song L, Xia YK, Wang SL, Wang XR. 2010. Fenvalerate inhibits the growth of primary cultured rat preantral ovarian follicles. Toxicology. 267(1-3):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felts PA, Yokoyama S, Dib-Hajj S, Black JA, Waxman SG. 1997. Sodium channel alpha-subunit mRNAs I, II, III, NaG, Na6 and hNE (PN1): different expression patterns in developing rat nervous system. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 45(1):71–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferdinand N, Ngouateu OB, Jean Raphaël K, Henry D, Watcho P, Kamtchouing P, Tchoumboue J. 2012. Chapter 19, Reproductive and developmental toxicity of insecticides. In: Perveen FK, editor. Insecticides: advances in integrated pest management. London, UK: Intech Open Limited; p. 429–456.
   Google Scholar
• Ferland S, Côté J, Ratelle M, Thuot R, Bouchard M. 2015. Detailed urinary excretion time courses of biomarkers of exposure to permethrin and estimated exposure in workers of a corn production farm in Quebec, Canada. Ann Occup Hyg. 59(9):1152–1167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferreira JD, Couto AC, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Koifman S. 2013. In utero pesticide exposure and leukemia in Brazilian children < 2 years of age. Environ Health Perspect. 121(2):269–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fetoui H, Makni M, el M G, Zeghal N. 2010. Toxic effects of lambda-cyhalothrin, a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, on the rat kidney: Involvement of oxidative stress and protective role of ascorbic acid. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology: official Journal of the Gesellschaft Fur Toxikologische Pathologie. 62(6):593–599.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Field LM, Emyr Davies TG, O'Reilly AO, Williamson MS, Wallace BA. 2017. Voltage-gated sodium channels as targets for pyrethroid insecticides. Eur Biophys J. 46(7):675–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forshaw PJ, Lister T, Ray DE. 1993. Inhibition of a neuronal voltage-dependent chloride channel by the type II pyrethroid, deltamethrin. Neuropharmacology. 32(2):105–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbianelli R, Falcioni ML, Cantalamessa F, Nasuti C. 2009. Permethrin induces lymphocyte DNA lesions at both Endo III and Fpg sites and changes in monocyte respiratory burst in rats. J Appl Toxicol. 29(4):317–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbianelli R, Falcioni ML, Nasuti C, Cantalamessa F, Imada I, Inoue M. 2009. Effect of permethrin insecticide on rat polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Chem Biol Interact. 182(2-3):245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargouri B, Yousif NM, Bouchard M, Fetoui H, Fiebich BL. 2018. Inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of bifenthrin in primary microglia and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. J Neuroinflammation. 15(1):159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gill SA, Rizvi F, Khan MZ, Khan A. 2011. Toxic effects of cypermethrin and methamidophos on bovine corpus luteal cells and progesterone production. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 63(1-2):131–135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glorennec P, Serrano T, Fravallo M, Warembourg C, Monfort C, Cordier S, Viel JF, Le Gléau F, Le Bot B, Chevrier C. 2017. Determinants of children's exposure to pyrethroid insecticides in western France. Environ Int. 104:76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godin SJ, Crow JA, Scollon EJ, Hughes MF, DeVito MJ, Ross MK. 2007. Identification of rat and human cytochrome p450 isoforms and a rat serum esterase that metabolize the pyrethroid insecticides deltamethrin and esfenvalerate. Drug Metab Dispos. 35(9):1664–1671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goshman LM. 1985. Clinical toxicology of commercial products. J Pharm Sci. 74(10):1139–1139.
   Google Scholar
• Gray AJ. 1985. Pyrethroid structure-toxicity relationships in mammals. Neurotoxicology. 6(2):127–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grewal KK, Sandhu GS, Kaur R, Brar RS, Sandhu HS. 2010. Toxic impacts of cypermethrin on behavior and histology of certain tissues of albino rats. Toxicol Int. 17(2):94–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gu A, Shi X, Yuan C, Ji G, Zhou Y, Long Y, Song L, Wang S, Wang X. 2010. Exposure to fenvalerate causes brain impairment during zebrafish development. Toxicol Lett. 197(3):188–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra MT, de Toledo FC, Kempinas WDG. 2011. In utero and lactational exposure to fenvalerate disrupts reproductive function in female rats. Reprod Toxicol. 32(3):298–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta PK. 2004. Pesticide exposure-Indian scene. Toxicology. 198(1-3):83–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen MRH, Jørs E, Lander F, Condarco G, Debes F, Bustillos NT, Schlünssen V. 2017. Neurological deficits after long-term pyrethroid exposure. Environ Health Insights. 11:1178630217700628–1178630217700628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardt J, Angerer J. 2003. Biological monitoring of workers after the application of insecticidal pyrethroids. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 76(7):492–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashem HE, Abd El-Haleem MR, Abass MA. 2015. Epithelial and stromal alterations in prostate after cypermethrin administration in adult albino rats (histological and biochemical study). Tissue Cell. 47(4):366–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J, Chen JF, Liu R, Song L, Chang HC, Wang XR. 2006. Fenvalerate-induced alterations in calcium homeostasis in rat ovary. Biomed Environ Sci. 19(1):15–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He F, Sun J, Han K, Wu Y, Yao P, Wang S, Liu L. 1988. Effects of pyrethroid insecticides on subjects engaged in packaging pyrethroids. Br J Ind Med. 45(8):548–551.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He B, Wang X, Wei L, Kong B, Jin Y, Xie X, Fu Z. 2018. β-Cypermethrin and its metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid induce cytotoxicity and block granulocytic cell differentiation in HL-60 cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)). 50(8):740–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heudorf U, Angerer J. 2001. Metabolites of pyrethroid insecticides in urine specimens: current exposure in an urban population in Germany. Environ Health Perspect. 109(3):213–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill CE, Myers JP, Vandenberg LN. 2018. Nonmonotonic dose-response curves occur in dose ranges that are relevant to regulatory decision-making. Dose Response. 16(3):1559325818798282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson E. 2010. Chapter 36, introduction to biotransformation (metabolism). In: Krieger R, editor. Handbook of pesticide toxicology. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; p. 865–875.
   Google Scholar
• HSDB. 2001. Pyrethrum: Environmental standards and regulations. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. [accessed]. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/. April 19, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson NL, Kasner EJ, Beckman J, Mehler L, Schwartz A, Higgins S, Bonnar-Prado J, Lackovic M, Mulay P, Mitchell Y, et al. 2014. Characteristics and magnitude of acute pesticide-related illnesses and injuries associated with pyrethrin and pyrethroid exposures-11 states, 2000-2008. Am J Ind Med. 57(1):15–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC. 2020. Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–127. [updated 27-10-2020; accessed]. https://monographs.iarc.fr/agents-classified-by-the-iarc/.
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim HM. 2016. Evaluation of the immunotoxic effects of sub-chronic doses of lambda-cyhalothrin in murine model. MOJI. 3(6):00108.
   Google Scholar
• ICAR. 2013. Monitoring of Pesticide Residues at National Level; Annual Progress Report. Project Coordinating Cell, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi – 110 012: Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi.
   Google Scholar
• ICAR. 2014. Monitoring of Pesticide Residues at National Level; Annual Progress Report. Project Coordinating Cell, All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi – 110 012: Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi.
   Google Scholar
• Imamura L, Hasegawa H, Kurashina K, Matsuno T, Tsuda M. 2002. Neonatal exposure of newborn mice to pyrethroid (permethrin) represses activity-dependent c-fos mRNA expression in cerebellum. Arch Toxicol. 76(7):392–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innes JR, Ulland BM, Valerio MG, Petrucelli L, Fishbein L, Hart ER, Pallotta AJ, Bates RR, Falk HL, Gart JJ, et al. 1969. Bioassay of pesticides and industrial chemicals for tumorigenicity in mice: a preliminary note. J Natl Cancer Inst. 42(6):1101–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCS. 1975. Pesticide Residues in food – Fenpropathrin. International programme on chemical safety. [accessed 2020 04-11-2020]. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v93pr10.htm.
   Google Scholar
• IPCS. 1979a. Pesticide residues in food – Fenvalerate. International programme on chemical safety. [accessed 2020 04-11-2020]. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v079pr28.htm.
   Google Scholar
• IPCS. 1979b. Pesticide residues in food – Permethrin. International programme on chemical safety. [accessed]. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v079pr34.htm.
   Google Scholar
• IPCS. 1980. Pesticide residues in food – Phenothrin. International programme on chemical safety. [accessed 2020 04-11-2020]. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v080pr30.htm.
   Google Scholar
• IPCS. 1984. Pesticide residues in food – Flumethrin. International programme on chemical safety. [accessed 2020 04-12-2020]. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v96pr07.htm.
   Google Scholar
• IPCS. 1989. Tetramethrin Health and Safety Guide. International programme on chemical safety. [accessed 2020 04-11-20]. http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg031.htm. #SectionNumber:1.4.
   Google Scholar
• IPCS. 1995. Pesticide residues in food - Deltamethrin. International programme on chemical safety. [accessed 2020 04-11-2020]. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v00pr04.htm.
   Google Scholar
• IPCS. 2002. Pesticide residues in food - Esfenvalerate. International programme on chemical safety. [accessed 2020 04-11-2020]. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/2002pr04.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Ishmael J, Litchfield MH. 1988. Chronic toxicity and carcingenic evaluation of permethrin in rats and mice. Toxicol Sci. 11(1):308–322.
   Google Scholar
• Isman MB. 2006. Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annu Rev Entomol. 51:45–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayaraj R, Megha P, Sreedev P. 2016. Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment. Interdiscip Toxicol. 9(3-4):90–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jia ZZ, Zhang JW, Zhou D, Xu DQ, Feng XZ. 2019. Deltamethrin exposure induces oxidative stress and affects meiotic maturation in mouse oocyte. Chemosphere. 223:704–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson ME, Bobrovskaya L. 2015. An update on the rotenone models of Parkinson's disease: their ability to reproduce the features of clinical disease and model gene-environment interactions. Neurotoxicology. 46:101–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johri A, Dhawan A, Lakhan Singh R, Parmar D. 2006. Effect of prenatal exposure of deltamethrin on the ontogeny of xenobiotic metabolizing cytochrome P450s in the brain and liver of offsprings. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 214(3):279–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko H. 2011. Pyrethroids: mammalian metabolism and toxicity. J Agric Food Chem. 59(7):2786–2791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko H, Ohkawa H, Miyamoto J. 1981. Comparative metabolism of fenvalerate and the [2S, alpha;S]-isomer in rats and mice. J Pesticide Sci. 6(3):317–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur R, Mavi GK, Raghav S, Khan I. 2019. Pesticides classification and its impact on environment. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 8(03):1889–1897.
   Google Scholar
• Kawamoto K, Ogata K, Asano H, Miyata K, Sukata T, Utsumi T, Cohen SM, Yamada T. 2020. Cell proliferation analysis is a reliable predictor of lack of carcinogenicity: case study using the pyrethroid imiprothrin on lung tumorigenesis in mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 113:104646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khambay BPS. 2002. Pyrethroid Insecticides. Pest Outlook. 13(2):49–54.
   Google Scholar
• Kim KB, Anand SS, Kim HJ, White CA, Bruckner JV. 2008. Toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of deltamethrin in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Sci. 101(2):197–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KY, Kim DS, Lee SK, Lee IK, Kang JH, Chang YS, Jacobs DR, Steffes M, Lee DH. 2010. Association of low-dose exposure to persistent organic pollutants with global DNA hypomethylation in healthy Koreans. Environ Health Perspect. 118(3):370–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SS, Lee RD, Lim KJ, Kwack SJ, Rhee GS, Seok JH, Lee GS, An BS, Jeung EB, Park KL. 2005. Potential estrogenic and antiandrogenic effects of permethrin in rats. J Reprod Dev. 51(2):201–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolmodin-Hedman B, Swensson A, Akerblom M. 1982. Occupational exposure to some synthetic pyrethroids (permethrin and fenvalerate). Arch Toxicol. 50(1):27–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutros S, Beane Freeman LE, Berndt SI, Andreotti G, Lubin JH, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA, Yu K, Li Q, Burdette LA, et al. 2010. Pesticide use modifies the association between genetic variants on chromosome 8q24 and prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 70(22):9224–9233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger R. 2010. Hayes' handbook of pesticide toxicology. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kunimatsu T, Yamada T, Ose K, Sunami O, Kamita Y, Okuno Y, Seki T, Nakatsuka I. 2002. Lack of (anti-) androgenic or estrogenic effects of three pyrethroids (esfenvalerate, fenvalerate, and permethrin) in the Hershberger and uterotrophic assays. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 35(2 Pt 1):227–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laskowski DA. 2002. Physical and chemical properties of pyrethroids. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 174:49–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lawrence LJ, Casida JE. 1982. Pyrethroid toxicology: mouse intracerebral structure-toxicity relationships. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 18(1):9–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarini CA, Florio JC, Lemonica IP, Bernardi MM. 2001. Effects of prenatal exposure to deltamethrin on forced swimming behavior, motor activity, and striatal dopamine levels in male and female rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 23(6):665–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SH, Soderlund DM. 2001. The V410M mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance in Heliothis virescens reduces the pyrethroid sensitivity of house fly sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 31(1):19–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemos AJ, Wanderley-Teixeira V, Teixeira AA, Silva F, Oliveira JV, de Siqueira H. 2011. Response of blastocyst-endometrium interactions in albino rats to sublethal doses of biological and synthetic insecticides. Food Chem Toxicol. 49(10):2541–2547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessenger JE. 1992. Five office workers inadvertently exposed to cypermethrin. J Toxicol Environ Health. 35(4):261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Fang Y, Ni C, Chen X, Mo J, Lv Y, Chen Y, Chen X, Lian Q, Ge R-S. 2018. Lambda-cyhalothrin delays pubertal Leydig cell development in rats. Environ Pollut. 242(Pt A):709–717.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li AJ, Kannan K. 2018. Urinary concentrations and profiles of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticide metabolites and phenoxyacid herbicides in populations in eight countries. Environ Int. 121:1148–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YF, Pan C, Hu JX, Li J, Xu LC. 2013. Effects of cypermethrin on male reproductive system in adult rats. Biomed Environ Sci. 26(3):201–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Wu S, Chen J, Wang B, Shi N. 2013. Effect of glutathione depletion on Nrf2/ARE activation by deltamethrin in PC12 Cells. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 64(1):87–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao HT, Hsieh CJ, Chiang SY, Lin MH, Chen PC, Wu KY. 2011. Simultaneous analysis of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in cord blood plasma by online solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-heated electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 879(21):1961–1966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu B, Jung KH, Horton MK, Camann DE, Liu X, Reardon AM, Perzanowski MS, Zhang H, Perera FP, Whyatt RM, et al. 2012. Prenatal exposure to pesticide ingredient piperonyl butoxide and childhood cough in an urban cohort. Environ Int. 48:156–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Schelar E. 2012. Pesticide exposure and child neurodevelopment: summary and implications. Workplace Health Saf. 60(5):235–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu P, Song X, Yuan W, Wen W, Wu X, Li J, Chen X. 2006. Effects of cypermethrin and methyl parathion mixtures on hormone levels and immune functions in Wistar rats. Arch Toxicol. 80(7):449–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Yang Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Liu W. 2011. Disrupting effects of bifenthrin on ovulatory gene expression and prostaglandin synthesis in rat ovarian granulosa cells. Toxicology. 282(1-2):47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu C, Barr DB, Pearson MA, Walker LA, Bravo R. 2009. The attribution of urban and suburban children's exposure to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides: a longitudinal assessment. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 19(1):69–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Q, Sun Y, Ares I, Anadón A, Martínez M, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Yuan Z, Wang X, Martínez MA. 2019. Deltamethrin toxicity: a review of oxidative stress and metabolism. Environ Res. 170:260–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund AE, Narahashi T. 1982. Dose-dependent interaction of the pyrethroid isomers with sodium channels of squid axon membranes. Neurotoxicology. 3(1):11–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lushchak VI, Matviishyn TM, Husak VV, Storey JM, Storey KB. 2018. Pesticide toxicity: a mechanistic approach. Excli J. 17:1101–1136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhubabu G, Yenugu S. 2012. Effect of continuous inhalation of allethrin-based mosquito coil smoke in the male reproductive tract of rats. Inhal Toxicol. 24(3):143–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhubabu G, Yenugu S. 2014. Allethrin induces oxidative stress, apoptosis and calcium release in rat testicular carcinoma cells (LC540). Toxicol in Vitro. 28(8):1386–1395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhubabu G, Yenugu S. 2017. Allethrin toxicity causes reproductive dysfunction in male rats. Environ Toxicol. 32(6):1701–1710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood I, Imadi SR, Shazadi K, Gul A, Hakeem KR. 2016. Chapter 13, Effects of Pesticides on Environment. In: Hakeem KR, editor. Plant, Soil and Microbes. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; p. 253–269.
   Google Scholar
• Mandarapu R, Prakhya BM. 2015. In vitro myelotoxic effects of cypermethrin and mancozeb on human hematopoietic progenitor cells. J Immunotoxicol. 12(1):48–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manna S, Bhattacharyya D, Mandal T, Dey S. 2005. Neuropharmacological effects of alfa-cypermethrin in rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 37(1):18.
   Google Scholar
• Marettova E, Maretta M, Legath J. 2017. Effect of pyrethroids on female genital system. Review. Anim Reprod Sci. 184:132–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maroni M, Fait A, Colosio C. 1999. Risk assessment and management of occupational exposure to pesticides. Toxicol Lett. 107(1-3):145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez MA, Ares I, Rodríguez JL, Martínez M, Roura-Martínez D, Castellano V, Lopez-Torres B, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A. 2018. Pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin induces hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats. Sci Total Environ. 631–632:1371–1382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez MA, Lopez-Torres B, Rodríguez JL, Martínez M, Maximiliano JE, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Ares I. 2020. Toxicologic evidence of developmental neurotoxicity of Type II pyrethroids cyfluthrin and alpha-cypermethrin in SH-SY5Y cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 137:111173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuo N. 2019. Discovery and development of pyrethroid insecticides. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 95(7):378–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maule AL, Scarpaci MM, Proctor SP. 2019. Urinary concentrations of permethrin metabolites in US Army personnel in comparison with the US adult population, occupationally exposed cohorts, and other general populations. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 222(3):355–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeker JD, Barr DB, Hauser R. 2008. Human semen quality and sperm DNA damage in relation to urinary metabolites of pyrethroid insecticides. Hum Reprod. 23(8):1932–1940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeker JD, Barr DB, Hauser R. 2009. Pyrethroid insecticide metabolites are associated with serum hormone levels in adult men. Reprod Toxicol. 27(2):155–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehler. 1989. NJH-SCDoF, Agriculture. Assessment of human exposure to flucythrinate.
   Google Scholar
• Meister. 1992. RTe. Farm Chemicals Handbook '92. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Menegaux F, Baruchel A, Bertrand Y, Lescoeur B, Leverger G, Nelken B, Sommelet D, Hémon D, Clavel J. 2006. Household exposure to pesticides and risk of childhood acute leukaemia. Occup Environ Med. 63(2):131–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalf RL. 1995. Insect control technology. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Mikata K, Isobe N, Kaneko H. 2012. Biotransformation and enzymatic reactions of synthetic pyrethroids in mammals. Top Curr Chem. 314:113–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto J. 1976. Degradation, metabolism and toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids. Environ Health Perspect. 14:15–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mnif W, Hassine AI, Bouaziz A, Bartegi A, Thomas O, Roig B. 2011. Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 8(6):2265–2303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed AA, Abdellatief SA, Khater SI, Ali H, Al-Gabri NA. 2019. Fenpropathrin induces testicular damage, apoptosis, and genomic DNA damage in adult rats: protective role of camel milk. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 181:548–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moline JM, Golden AL, Bar-Chama N, Smith E, Rauch ME, Chapin RE, Perreault SD, Schrader SM, Suk WA, Landrigan PJ. 2000. Exposure to hazardous substances and male reproductive health: a research framework. Environ Health Perspect. 108(9):803–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moniz AC, Cruz-Casallas PE, Oliveira CA, Lucisano A, Florio JC, Nicolau AA, Spinosa HS, Bernardi MM. 1999. Perinatal fenvalerate exposure: behavioral and endocrinology changes in male rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 21(5):611–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretto A. 1991. Indoor spraying with the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin : effects on spraymen and inhabitants of sprayed houses. Bull World Health Organ. 69(5):591–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan MK. 2012. Children's exposures to pyrethroid insecticides at home: a review of data collected in published exposure measurement studies conducted in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 9(8):2964–2985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan MK, MacMillan DK, Zehr D, Sobus JR. 2018. Pyrethroid insecticides and their environmental degradates in repeated duplicate-diet solid food samples of 50 adults. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 28(1):40–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller T, Prosche A, Müller C. 2017. Sublethal insecticide exposure affects reproduction, chemical phenotype as well as offspring development and antennae symmetry of a leaf beetle. Environ Pollut. 230:709–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mun JY, Lee WY, Han SS. 2005. Effects of cypermethrin on the dopaminergic neurons in the progressive hemiparkinsonian rats. Toxicol Mech Methods. 15(6):399–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura Y, Sugihara K, Sone T, Isobe M, Ohta S, Kitamura S. 2007. The in vitro metabolism of a pyrethroid insecticide, permethrin, and its hydrolysis products in rats. Toxicology. 235(3):176–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narahashi T. 1971. Mode of action of pyrethroids. Bull World Health Organ. 44(1-3):337–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasuti C, Fattoretti P, Carloni M, Fedeli D, Ubaldi M, Ciccocioppo R, Gabbianelli R. 2014. Neonatal exposure to permethrin pesticide causes lifelong fear and spatial learning deficits and alters hippocampal morphology of synapses. J Neurodev Disord. 6(1):7–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nasuti C, Gabbianelli R, Falcioni ML, Di Stefano A, Sozio P, Cantalamessa F. 2007. Dopaminergic system modulation, behavioral changes, and oxidative stress after neonatal administration of pyrethroids. Toxicology. 229(3):194–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarrete-Meneses MP, Salas-Labadía C, Sanabrais-Jiménez M, Santana-Hernández J, Serrano-Cuevas A, Juárez-Velázquez R, Olaya-Vargas A, Pérez-Vera P. 2017. Exposure to the insecticides permethrin and malathion induces leukemia and lymphoma-associated gene aberrations in vitro. Toxicol in Vitro. 44:17–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolopoulou-Stamati P, Maipas S, Kotampasi C, Stamatis P, Hens L. 2016. Chemical pesticides and human health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture. Front Public Health. 4:148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieradko-Iwanicka B, Borzecki A. 2008. Effect of cypermethrin on memory, movement activity and coordination in mice after transient incomplete cerebral ischemia. Pharmacol Rep. 60(5):699–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishi K, Huang H, Kamita SG, Kim IH, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. 2006. Characterization of pyrethroid hydrolysis by the human liver carboxylesterases hCE-1 and hCE-2. Arch Biochem Biophys. 445(1):115–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NPIC. 2009. Resmethrin; General Fact Sheet. National Pesticide Information Center. [accessed 2020 04-11-20]. http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/archive/ResTech.html and http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/ResGen.html.
   Google Scholar
• NPIC. 2011. d-Phenothrin General Fact Sheet; National Pesticide Information Center, Oregon State University Extension Services. [accessed]. http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/dphengen.html#:∼:text=d%2DPhenothrin%20is%20an%20insecticide,products%2C%20and%20mosquito%20control%20programs and http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/archive/dphentech.html.
   Google Scholar
• Oguh CE, Okpaka CO, Ubani CS, Okekeaji U, Joseph PS, Amadi EU. 2019. Natural pesticides (biopesticides) and uses in pest management- a critical review. Asian J Biotechnol Genetic Engineering. 2(3):1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Ohkawa H, Kaneko H, Tsuji H, Miyamoto J. 1979. Metabolism of Fenvalerate (Sumicidin) in Rats. J Pesticide Sci. 4(2):143–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman KA. 2011. Chapter 11, Pesticides and human health. In: Stoytcheva M, editor. Pesticides in the Modern World. Croatia: InTech; p. 205–230.
   Google Scholar
• Panuwet P, Prapamontol T, Chantara S, Barr DB. 2009. Urinary pesticide metabolites in school students from northern Thailand. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 212(3):288–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parente CET, Lestayo J, Guida YS, Azevedo-Silva CE, Torres JPM, Meire RO, Malm O. 2017. Pyrethroids in chicken eggs from commercial farms and home production in Rio de Janeiro: Estimated daily intake and diastereomeric selectivity. Chemosphere. 184:1261–1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauluhn J. 2018. Upper respiratory tract nociceptor stimulation and stress response following acute and repeated Cyfluthrin inhalation in normal and pregnant rats: Physiological rat-specific adaptions can easily be misunderstood as adversities. Toxicol Lett. 282:8–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peshin R, Bandral RS, Zhang W, Wilson L, Dhawan AK. 2009. Integrated pest management: a global overview of history, programs and adoption. In: Peshin R, Dhawan AK, editors. Integrated Pest Management: Innovation-Development Process: Volume 1. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; p. 1–49.
   Google Scholar
• Peto J. 2001. Cancer epidemiology in the last century and the next decade. Nature. 411(6835):390–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitzer EM, Sugimoto C, Gudelsky GA, Huff Adams CL, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. 2019. Deltamethrin exposure daily from postnatal day 3-20 in Sprague-Dawley rats causes long-term cognitive and behavioral deficits. Toxicol Sci. 169(2):511–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popp J, Pető K, Nagy J. 2013. Pesticide productivity and food security. A review. Agron Sustain Dev. 33(1):243–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prater MR, Gogal RM, Jr Blaylock BL, Longstreth J, Holladay SD. 2002. Single-dose topical exposure to the pyrethroid insecticide, permethrin in C57BL/6N mice: effects on thymus and spleen. Food Chem Toxicol. 40(12):1863–1873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proctor SP, Scarpaci MM, Maule AL, Heaton KJ, Taylor K, Haven CC, Rood J, Ospina M, Calafat AM. 2018. Role of body composition and physical activity on permethrin urinary biomarker concentrations while wearing treated military uniforms. Toxicol Lett. 299:210–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PubChem. Compound Summary - Tralomethrin. PubChem. [accessed 2020. 04-11-2020]. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Tralomethrin.
   Google Scholar
• Qi X, Zheng M, Wu C, Wang G, Feng C, Zhou Z. 2012. Urinary pyrethroid metabolites among pregnant women in an agricultural area of the Province of Jiangsu, China. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 215(5):487–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinteiro-Filho WM, Righi DA, Palermo-Neto J. 2009. Effect of cyhalothrin on Ehrlich tumor growth and macrophage activity in mice. Braz J Med Biol Res. 42(10):912–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramadan AA, Bakry NM, Marei A-SM, Eldefrawi AT, Eldefrawi ME. 1988. Actions of pyrethroids on the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 32(2):106–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao GV, Rao KS. 2002. Modulation in acetylcholinesterase of rat brain by pyrethroids in vivo and an in vitro kinetic study. J Neurochem. 65(5):2259–2266.
   Google Scholar
• Ravula AR, Yenugu S. 2019. Long term oral administration of a mixture of pyrethroids affects reproductive function in rats. Reprod Toxicol. 89:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravula AR, Yenugu S. 2020. Effect of long-term treatment with a mixture of pyrethroids on the expression of genes that govern male germ cell production in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 89:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray DE, Forshaw PJ. 2000. Pyrethroid insecticides: poisoning syndromes, synergies, and therapy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 38(2):95–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reigart RJ, Roberts JR. 2013. Chapter 5, Organophosphate Insecticides. In: Roberts JR, editor. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. Washington, DC: Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Righi DA, Palermo-Neto J. 2005. Effects of type II pyrethroid cyhalothrin on peritoneal macrophage activity in rats. Toxicology. 212(2-3):98–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Righi DA, Xavier FG, Palermo-Neto J. 2009. Effects of type II pyrethroid cyhalothrin on rat innate immunity: a flow cytometric study. Int Immunopharmacol. 9(1):148–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero A, Ramos E, Ares I, Castellano V, Martínez M, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Martínez MA. 2017. Oxidative stress and gene expression profiling of cell death pathways in alpha-cypermethrin-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Arch Toxicol. 91(5):2151–2164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossbach B, Appel KE, Mross KG, Letzel S. 2010. Uptake of permethrin from impregnated clothing. Toxicol Lett. 192(1):50–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusiecki JA, Baccarelli A, Bollati V, Tarantini L, Moore LE, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC. 2008. Global DNA hypomethylation is associated with high serum-persistent organic pollutants in Greenlandic Inuit. Environ Health Perspect. 116(11):1547–1552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusiecki JA, Patel R, Koutros S, Beane-Freeman L, Landgren O, Bonner MR, Coble J, Lubin J, Blair A, Hoppin JA, et al. 2009. Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to permethrin in the Agricultural Health Study. Environ Health Perspect. 117(4):581–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruzo LO, Unai T, Casida JE. 1978. Decamethrin metabolism in rats. J Agric Food Chem. 26(4):918–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadowska-Woda I, Popowicz D, Karowicz-Bilińska A. 2010. Bifenthrin-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes in vitro and protective effect of selected flavonols. Toxicol in Vitro. 24(2):460–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadowska-Woda I, Wójcik N, Karowicz-Bilińska A, Bieszczad-Bedrejczuk E. 2010. Effect of selected antioxidants in beta-cyfluthrin-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes in vitro. Toxicol in Vitro. 24(3):879–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saieva C, Aprea C, Tumino R, Masala G, Salvini S, Frasca G, Giurdanella MC, Zanna I, Decarli A, Sciarra G, et al. 2004. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretion of ten pesticide metabolites in healthy adults in two different areas of Italy (Florence and Ragusa). Sci Total Environ. 332(1-3):71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangha GK, Kaur K, Khera KS. 2013. Cypermethrin induced pathological and biochemical changes in reproductive organs of female rats. J Environ Biol. 34(1):99–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankpal UT, Pius H, Khan M, Shukoor MI, Maliakal P, Lee CM, Abdelrahim M, Connelly SF, Basha R. 2012. Environmental factors in causing human cancers: emphasis on tumorigenesis. Tumour Biol. 33(5):1265–1274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Satoh T, Hosokawa M. 2006. Structure, function and regulation of carboxylesterases. Chem Biol Interact. 162(3):195–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scollon EJ, Starr JM, Godin SJ, DeVito MJ, Hughes MF. 2009. In vitro metabolism of pyrethroid pesticides by rat and human hepatic microsomes and cytochrome p450 isoforms. Drug Metab Dispos. 37(1):221–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCPOP. 2001. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. [accessed]. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-15&chapter=27&clang=_en.
   Google Scholar
• Shafer TJ, Meyer DA. 2004. Effects of pyrethroids on voltage-sensitive calcium channels: a critical evaluation of strengths, weaknesses, data needs, and relationship to assessment of cumulative neurotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 196(2):303–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafer TJ, Meyer DA, Crofton KM. 2005. Developmental neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides: critical review and future research needs. Environ Health Perspect. 113(2):123–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P, Huq AU, Singh R. 2014. Cypermethrin-induced reproductive toxicity in the rat is prevented by resveratrol. J Hum Reprod Sci. 7(2):99–106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma A, Yadav B, Rohatgi S, Yadav B. 2018. Cypermethrin toxicity: a review. J Forensic Sci Criminal Investigation. 9(4):555767.
   Google Scholar
• Sheets LP. 2000. A consideration of age-dependent differences in susceptibility to organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides. Neurotoxicology. 21(1-2):57–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheets LP, Doherty JD, Law MW, Reiter LW, Crofton KM. 1994. Age-dependent differences in the susceptibility of rats to deltamethrin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 126(1):186–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shievly OD, Mathre DE. 1971. Mode of action of oxathin systemic fungicides. IV. Effect of carboxin on solute leakage from hyphae of Rhizoctonia solani. Can J Microbiol. 17(11):1465–1470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla Y, Arora A, Singh A. 2001. Tumourigenic studies on deltamethrin in Swiss albino mice. Toxicology. 163(1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla Y, Yadav A, Arora A. 2002. Carcinogenic and cocarcinogenic potential of cypermethrin on mouse skin. Cancer Lett. 182(1):33–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieber KP, Rembold H. 1983. The effects of azadirachtin on the endocrine control of moulting in Locusta migratoria. J Insect Physiol. 29(6):523–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva KC, Assis CR, Oliveira VM, Carvalho LB, Jr., Bezerra RS. 2013. Kinetic and physicochemical properties of brain acetylcholinesterase from the peacock bass (Cichla ocellaris) and in vitro effect of pesticides and metal ions. Aquat Toxicol. 126:191–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Agrahari A, Singh R, Yadav S, Srivastava V, Parmar D. 2016. Imprinting of cerebral cytochrome P450s in offsprings prenatally exposed to cypermethrin augments toxicity on rechallenge. Scientific reports. 6:37426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Mudawal A, Maurya P, Jain R, Nair S, Shukla RK, Yadav S, Singh D, Khanna VK, Chaturvedi RK, et al. 2016. Prenatal exposure of cypermethrin induces similar alterations in xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450s and rate-limiting enzymes of neurotransmitter synthesis in brain regions of rat offsprings during postnatal development. Mol Neurobiol. 53(6):3670–3689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Mudawal A, Shukla RK, Yadav S, Khanna VK, Sethumadhavan R, Parmar D. 2015. Effect of gestational exposure of cypermethrin on postnatal development of brain cytochrome P450 2D1 and 3A1 and neurotransmitter receptors. Mol Neurobiol. 52(1):741–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh AK, Tiwari MN, Dixit A, Upadhyay G, Patel DK, Singh D, Prakash O, Singh MP. 2011. Nigrostriatal proteomics of cypermethrin-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration: microglial activation-dependent and -independent regulations. Toxicol Sci. 122(2):526–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh AK, Tiwari MN, Prakash O, Singh MP. 2012. A current review of cypermethrin-induced neurotoxicity and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol. 10(1):64–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh AK, Tiwari MN, Upadhyay G, Patel DK, Singh D, Prakash O, Singh MP. 2012. Long term exposure to cypermethrin induces nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in adult rats: postnatal exposure enhances the susceptibility during adulthood. Neurobiol Aging. 33(2):404–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singleton ST, Lein PJ, Farahat FM, Farahat T, Bonner MR, Knaak JB, Olson JR. 2014. Characterization of α-cypermethrin exposure in Egyptian agricultural workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 217(4-5):538–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha C, Seth K, Islam F, Chaturvedi RK, Shukla S, Mathur N, Srivastava N, Agrawal AK. 2006. Behavioral and neurochemical effects induced by pyrethroid-based mosquito repellent exposure in rat offsprings during prenatal and early postnatal period. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 28(4):472–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skolarczyk J, Pekar J, Nieradko-Iwanicka B. 2017. Immune disorders induced by exposure to pyrethroid insecticides. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online)). 71(0):446–453.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith TJ, Lee SH, Ingles PJ, Knipple DC, Soderlund DM. 1997. The L1014F point mutation in the house fly Vssc1 sodium channel confers knockdown resistance to pyrethroids. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 27(10):807–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TJ, Soderlund DM. 1998. Action of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin on rat brain IIa sodium channels expressed in xenopus oocytes. Neurotoxicology. 19(6):823–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderlund DM. 2010. Chapter 77 - toxicology and mode of action of pyrethroid insecticides. In: Krieger R, editor. Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Third Edition). New York: Academic Press; p. 1665–1686.
   Google Scholar
• Soderlund DM. 2012. Molecular mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticide neurotoxicity: recent advances. Arch Toxicol. 86(2):165–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderlund DM, Clark JM, Sheets LP, Mullin LS, Piccirillo VJ, Sargent D, Stevens JT, Weiner ML. 2002. Mechanisms of pyrethroid neurotoxicity: implications for cumulative risk assessment. Toxicology. 171(1):3–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song L, Wang Y-B, Sun H, Yuan C, Hong X, Qu J-H, Zhou J-W, Wang X-R. 2008. Effects of fenvalerate and cypermethrin on rat sperm motility patterns in vitro as measured by computer-assisted sperm analysis. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 71(5):325–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer F, Berhane Z. 1982. Uterine and fetal characteristics in rats following a post-implantational exposure to permethrin. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 29(1):84–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer J, O'Malley M. 2006. Pyrethroid illnesses in California, 1996-2002. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 186:57–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatebayashi H, Narahashi T. 1994. Differential mechanism of action of the pyrethroid tetramethrin on tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 270(2):595–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor-Wells J, Brooke BD, Bermudez I, Jones AK. 2015. The neonicotinoid imidacloprid, and the pyrethroid deltamethrin, are antagonists of the insect Rdl GABA receptor. J Neurochem. 135(4):705–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thacker JR. 2002. Chapter 1, A brief historoy of arthropod control. In: Thacker JR, editor. An introduction to arthropod pest control. London: Cambridge University Press; p. 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Thatheyus AJ, Selvam ADG. 2013. Synthetic pyrethroids: toxicity and biodegradation. AEES. 1(3):33–36.
   Google Scholar
• Tomlin C. 1994. British crop protection C, royal society of C, information S. The Pesticide manual: a world compendium: incorporating the agrochemicals handbook. Farnham, Surrey. Cambridge: British Crop Protection Council; Royal Society of Chemistry, Information Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Trainer VL, McPhee JC, Boutelet-Bochan H, Baker C, Scheuer T, Babin D, Demoute JP, Guedin D, Catterall WA. 1997. High affinity binding of pyrethroids to the alpha subunit of brain sodium channels. Mol Pharmacol. 51(4):651–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turusov V, Rakitsky V, Tomatis L. 2002. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): ubiquity, persistence, and risks. Environ Health Perspect. 110(2):125–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuzmen N, Candan N, Kaya E, Demiryas N. 2008. Biochemical effects of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin on altered antioxidative defense mechanisms and lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Cell Biochem Funct. 26(1):119–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueyama J, Kimata A, Kamijima M, Hamajima N, Ito Y, Suzuki K, Inoue T, Yamamoto K, Takagi K, Saito I, et al. 2009. Urinary excretion of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid in middle-aged and elderly general population of Japan. Environ Res. 109(2):175–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ujihara K. 2019. The history of extensive structural modifications of pyrethroids. J Pestic Sci. 44(4):215–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USEPA. 1988. Pesticide fact sheet number 177: bifenthrin U.S. Envinonmental Protection Agency.
   Google Scholar
• USEPA. 2006. Resmethrin; Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Resmethrin Environmental Protection Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Vais H, Atkinson S, Eldursi N, Devonshire AL, Williamson MS, Usherwood PN. 2000. A single amino acid change makes a rat neuronal sodium channel highly sensitive to pyrethroid insecticides. FEBS Lett. 470(2):135–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberg LN, Colborn T, Hayes TB, Heindel JJ, Jacobs DR, Jr., Lee DH, Shioda T, Soto AM, Vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, et al. 2012. Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses. Endocr Rev. 33(3):378–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verschoyle RD, Aldridge WN. 1980. Structure-activity relationships of some pyrethroids in rats. Arch Toxicol. 45(4):325–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vester AI, Hermetz K, Burt A, Everson T, Marsit CJ, Caudle WM. 2020. Combined neurodevelopmental exposure to deltamethrin and corticosterone is associated with Nr3c1 hypermethylation in the midbrain of male mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 80:106887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters JK, Boswell LE, Green MK, Heumann MA, Karam LE, Morrissey BF, Waltz JE. 2009. Pyrethrin and pyrethroid illnesses in the Pacific northwest: a five-year review. Public Health Rep. 124(1):149–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SY, Barile M, Wang GK. 2001. A phenylalanine residue at segment D3-S6 in Nav1.4 voltage-gated Na(+) channels is critical for pyrethroid action. Mol Pharmacol. 60(3):620–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Gao X, He B, Jin Y, Fu Z. 2017. Cis-bifenthrin causes immunotoxicity in murine macrophages. Chemosphere. 168:1375–1382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, He B, Kong B, Wei L, Wang R, Zhou C, Shao Y, Lin J, Jin Y, Fu Z. 2017. β-Cypermethrin and its metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid exhibit immunotoxicity in murine macrophages. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 49(12):1083–1091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Martínez MA, Dai M, Chen D, Ares I, Romero A, Castellano V, Martínez M, Rodríguez JL, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, et al. 2016. Permethrin-induced oxidative stress and toxicity and metabolism. A review. Environ Res. 149:86–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Wang Q, Zhao X-F, Liu P, Meng X-H, Yu T, Ji Y-L, Zhang H, Zhang C, Zhang Y, et al. 2010. Cypermethrin exposure during puberty disrupts testosterone synthesis via downregulating StAR in mouse testes. Arch Toxicol. 84(1):53–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weichenthal S, Moase C, Chan P. 2010. A review of pesticide exposure and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 118(8):1117–1125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. 2004. The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. 2005a. WHO Specifications and evaluations for public health pesticides- Bioallethrin. GENEVA: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. 2005b. WHO Specifications and evaluations for public health pesticides, Bioallethrin. GENEVA: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Wu C, Feng C, Qi X, Wang G, Zheng M, Chang X, Zhou Z. 2013. Urinary metabolite levels of pyrethroid insecticides in infants living in an agricultural area of the Province of Jiangsu in China. Chemosphere. 90(11):2705–2713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia D, Parvizi N, Zhou Y, Xu K, Jiang H, Li R, Hang Y, Lu Y. 2013. Paternal fenvalerate exposure influences reproductive functions in the offspring. Reprod Sci. 20(11):1308–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao H, Zhang X-C, Zhang L, Dai X-Q, Gong W, Cheng J, Gao R, Wang X. 2006. Fenvalerate modifies T-type Ca2+ channels in mouse spermatogenic cells. Reprod Toxicol. 21(1):48–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada T, Asano H, Miyata K, Rhomberg LR, Haseman JK, Greaves P, Greim H, Berry C, Cohen SM. 2019. Toxicological evaluation of carcinogenicity of the pyrethroid imiprothrin in rats and mice. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology: RTP. 105:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada T, Kondo M, Miyata K, Ogata K, Kushida M, Sumida K, Kawamura S, Osimitz TG, Lake BG, Cohen SM. 2017. An evaluation of the human relevance of the lung tumors observed in female mice treated with permethrin based on mode of action. Toxicol Sci. 157(2):465–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang D, Wang X, Chen Y-T, Deng R, Yan B. 2009. Pyrethroid insecticides: isoform-dependent hydrolysis, induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 and evidence on the involvement of the pregnane X receptor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 237(1):49–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida T. 2013. Analytical method for urinary metabolites of the fluorine-containing pyrethroids metofluthrin, profluthrin and transfluthrin by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 913-914:77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalata A, Elhanbly S, Abdalla H, Serria MS, Aziz A, El-Dakrooy SA, El-Bakary AA, Mostafa T. 2014. In vitro study of cypermethrin on human spermatozoa and the possible protective role of vitamins C and E. Andrologia. 46(10):1141–1147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W. 2018. Global pesticide use: Profile, trend, cost/benefit and more. In: Proceedings of the international academy of ecology and environmental sciences. 8, p. 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Jiang F, Ou J. 2011. Global pesticide consumption and pollution: with China as a focus. In: Proceedings of the international academy of ecology and environmental sciences. 1, p. 125–144.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Chang J, Zhou M, Xiao M, Tan H. 2019. Cypermethrin induces cell injury in primary cortical neurons of C57BL/6 mice by inhibiting Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. J Southern Med Univ. 39(12):1469–1475.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Zhou Y, Liu C, Zhao W. 2016. Protective effect of proanthocyanidin on oxidative stress and mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 of mice cerebellar tissue induced by cypermethrin. J Hygiene Res. 45(4):548–552.
   Google Scholar
• Zoeller RT, Vandenberg LN. 2015. Assessing dose-response relationships for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs): a focus on non-monotonicity. Environ Health. 14:42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar