Electrodialytic Phenomena and Their Applications in the Dairy Industry: A Review

REFERENCES

• Ahlgren, R. M., 1972. "Electromembrane processing of cheese whey". In: Lacey, R. E., and Loeb, S., eds. Industrial Processing with Membranes. New York: Wiley-Interscience; 1972. pp. 71–82.
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez, F., Alvarez, R., Coca, J., Sandeaux, J., Sandeaux, R., and Gavach, C., 1997. Salicylic acid production by electrodialysis with bipolar membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 123 (1997), pp. 61–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amundson, C. H., Watanawanichakorn, S., and Hill, C. G., 1982. Production of enriched protein fractions of β -lactoglobulin and α -lactalbumin from cheese whey, J. Food Proc. Pres. 6 (1982), pp. 55–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patent number Japan Patent n ˆ 2293. 1958.
   Google Scholar
• Audinos, R., Roson, J. P., and Jouret, C., 1979. Application de l'électrodialyse à l'élimination de certains composants du jus de raisin et du vin, Connaissance Vigne. Vin. 13 (1979), pp. 229–239.
   Google Scholar
• Bard, A. J., and Faulkner, L. R., 1983. "Introduction et généralités sur les processus aux électrodes". In: Électrochimie: Principes, Méthodes et Applications. Paris: Masson; 1983. pp. 1–45.
   Google Scholar
• Batchelder, B. T., 1986. Electrodialysis applications in whey processing. Presented at International whey conference. Chicago, 28, October, Paper nˆ TP 343 ST.
   Google Scholar
• Bazinet, L., 2002. "Casein separation: An electrochemical approach". In: Mohan, R. M., ed. Res. Adv. in Agricultural and Food Chem. Series in Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Trivandrum, India: Global Research network; 2002. pp. 17–26.
   Google Scholar
• Bazinet, L., Gendron, C., Ippersiel, D., René-Paradis, J., Tétreault, C., Beaudry, J., Britten, M., Mahdavi, B., Amiot, J., and Lamarche, F., 2002. Effects of type of added Salt and Ionic Strength on physicochemical and Functional properties of casein isolates produced by Electroacidification, J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 (2002), pp. 6875–6881, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazinet, L., Ippersiel, D., and Mahdavi, B., 2003. Fractionation of whey protein by bipolar membrane electroacidification. 2003, Submitted to Innovative Food science and Emerging Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Bazinet, L., Montpetit, D., Ippersiel, D., Amiot, J., and Lamarche, F., 2001. Identification of skim milk electroacidification fouling: A microscopic approach, J. Interface Coll. Sci. 237 (2001), pp. 62–69, [CROSSREF].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazinet, L., Ippersiel, D., Labrecque, R., and Lamarche, F., 2000a. Effect of temperature on the separation of soybean 11S and 7S protein fractions during bipolar membrane electroacidification, Biotechnology Progress 16 (2000a), pp. 292–295, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazinet, L., Ippersiel, D., Gendron, C., Beaudry, J., Mahdavi, B., Amiot, J., and Lamarche, F., 2000b. Cationic balance in skim milk during bipolar membrane electroacidification, J. Memb. Sci. 173 (2000b), pp. 201–209, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazinet, L., Lamarche, F., and Ippersiel, D., 1999b. Ionic balance: A closer look at the K+ migrated and H+ generated during bipolar membrane electro-acidification of soybean proteins, J. Membr. Sci. 154 (1999b), pp. 61–71, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazinet, L., Lamarche, F., Labrecque, R., and Ippersiel, D., 1997a. Effect of KCl and soy protein concentrations on the performance of bipolar membrane electro-acidification, J. Agric. Food Chem. 45 (1997a), pp. 2419–2425, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazinet, L., Lamarche, F., Boulet, M., and Amiot, J., 1997b. Combined effect of pH and temperature during electroreduction of whey proteins, J. Agri. Food Chem. 45 (1997b), pp. 101–107, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazinet, L., Lamarche, F., and Ippersiel, D, 1998. Bipolar-membrane electrodialysis: An application of electrodialysis for the food industry, Trends Food Sci. Tech. 9 (1998), pp. 107–113, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazinet, L., Lamarche, F., Ippersiel, D., and Amiot, J., 1999a. Bipolar membrane electro-acidification to produce bovine milk casein isolate, J. Agric. Food Chem. 47 (1999a), pp. 5291–5296, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazinet, L., Lamarche, F., Labrecque, R., Toupin, R., Boulet, M., and Ippersiel, D., 1996. Systematic study on the preparation of a food grade soyabean protein. Report for the Canadian Electricity Association n 9326 U 987, Research and Development, Montréal. 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Bing, D. H., DiDonno, A.C., Regan, M., and Strang, C. J., 1986. "Blood plasma processing by electrodialysis". In: McGregor, W. C., ed. Membrane Separations in Biotechnology. New York and Basel: Marcel Dekker Inc.; 1986. pp. 135–160.
   Google Scholar
• Block, M., and Kitchener, J. A., 1966. Polarization phenomena in commercial ion-exchange membrames, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966), pp. 947–953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bockris, J. O'M., and Reddy, A. K.N., 1970. Modern Electrochemistry: An Introduction to an Interdisciplinary Area. Vol. Vol. 1. New York: Plenum/Rosetta Edition; 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Bockris, J. O'M., Devanathan, M. A., and Muller, K., 1963. On the structure of charged interfaces, Proc. R. Soc. A274 (1963), pp. 55–79.
   Google Scholar
• Boer, R., and Robbertsen, T., 1981. "Electrodialysis and ion exchange processes: The case of milk whey". In: Cantarelli, C., and Peri, C., eds. Progress in Food Engineering: Solid Extraction, Isolation and Purification. Proceedings of a European Symposium of the Food Working Party of the E.F.C.E.. Kûsnacht, Switzerland: Forster Publishing Ltd; 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number United States patent nˆ 5,746,920. 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number United States Patent nˆ 4,559,119. 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Boyaval, P., and Corre, C., 1987. Continuous fermentation of sweet whey permeate for propionic acid production in a CSTR with UF recycle, Biotech. Lett 9 (1987), pp. 801–806, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyaval, P., Corre, C., and Terre, S., 1987. Continuous lactic acid fermentation with concentrated product recovery by ultrafiltration and electrodialysis, Biotech. Lett. 9 (1987), pp. 207–212, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyaval, P., Seta, J., and Gavach, C., 1993. Concentrated propionic acid production by electrodialysis, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 15 (1993), pp. 683–686, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyaval, P., Terre, S., and Corre, C., 1988. Production d'acide lactique à partir de perméat de lactosérum par fermentation continue en réacteur à membrane, Le Lait. 68 (1988), pp. 65–84.
   Google Scholar
• Brett, C. M.A., and Oliveira-Brett, A. M., 1994. Electrochemistry: Principles, Methods, and Applications. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Brun, J. P., 1989. "Électrodialyse". In: Procédés de Séparation par Membrane: Transport, Techniques membranaires et Applications. Paris: Masson; 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Calvo, M. M., Leaver, J., and Banks, J. M., 1993. Influence of other whey proteins on the heat-induced aggregation of α -lactalbumin, Int. Dairy J. 3 (1993), pp. 719–727, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patent number German Patent nˆ 78.972. 1894.
   Google Scholar
• Chaput, M., 1979. Le Lactose, extraction et hydrolyse et déminéralisation du lactosérum, Rev. Lait. Française 372 (1979), pp. 23–26.
   Google Scholar
• Coeuret, F., and Storck, A., 1993. Éléments de Génie Électrochimique. Paris: Technique et Documentation Lavoisier; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number United States Patent nˆ 4 882 277.. 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Delbeke, R., 1975. La déminéralisation par électrodialyse du lactosérum doux de fromagerie, Le lait 541–542 (1975), pp. 76–94.
   Google Scholar
• Donnan, F. G., 1911. Theory of membrane equilibrium and membrane potential in the presence of non-dialysing electrolytes: A contribution to physical-chemical physiology, Z. Elektrochem. Angewandte Phys. Chem. 17 (1911), pp. 572–581.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number USSR Patent nˆ RU 2 052 942-C1. 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number World Patent nˆ 9506110-A1. 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Gardais, D., 1990. "Les Procédés Électriques de Traitement des Rejets Industriels". In: Environnement et Electricité. Avon, France: Electra, Doppee difffusion; 1990. pp. 200–310.
   Google Scholar
• Glassner, D., 1992. ED Applications in Biotechnology. Proceedings 10th. Annual Membrane Technology Planning Conference. USA: Business Communications, Norwalk; 1992. pp. 158–165.
   Google Scholar
• Grebenyuk, V. D., Koganov, M. M., Shaparenko, L. G., Shvaiko, L. V., Kuznetsov, N. I., Karnobatskaya, T. A., and Bogdanova, I. A., 1988. Heat resistant soluble protein electrodialysis fractionation of alfalfa biomass, Fiziologiya-i-Biokhimiya-Kul'turnykh-Rastenii 20 (1988), pp. 189–194.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, G., and Sonin, A. A., 1972. Experimental study of the effects of hydrodynamics and membrane fouling in electrodialysis, Desalination 10 (1972), pp. 157–180, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guérif, G., 1993. Electrodialysis applied to tartaric stabilisation of wines, Revue des Oenologues et. des. Techniques Viticoles et Œnologiques 69 (1993), pp. 39–42.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number United States Patent nˆ 4 374 714. 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. J., and Short, J. L., 1980. Demineralization by electrodialysis of permeates derived from ultrafiltration of wheys and skim milk, N. Z. Jl. Dairy Sci. Technol 15 (1980), pp. 277–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiraoka, Y., Itoh, K., and Taneya, S., 1979. Demineralization of cheese whey and skimmed milk by electrodialysis with ion exchange membranes, Milchwissenschaft 34 (1979), pp. 397–400.
   Google Scholar
• Houldsworth, D. W., 1980. Demineralization of whey by means of ion exchange and electrodialysis, J. Soc. Dairy Tech. 33 (1980), pp. 45–51.
   Google Scholar
• Iaconelli, W. B., 1973. The Use of Electrodialysis in the Food Industry. Presented at IFT Annual Meeting. 10–13, June.
   Google Scholar
• Jain, S. M., 1983. "Electric Membrane Process for Protein recovery". In: Venkatasubramanian, K., Constantinides, A., and Vieth, W. R., eds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Biochemical Engineering III.. Vol. Vol. 413. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences; 1983. pp. 290–293.
   Google Scholar
• Jain, S. M., and Reed, P. B., 1985. "Electrodialysis". In: Cooney, C. L., and Humphrey, A. E., eds. Comprehensive Biotechnology. Vol. Vol. 2, The principles of Biotechnology: Engineering Considerations. New York: Pergamon; 1985. pp. 575–590.
   Google Scholar
• Janson, H. V., and Lewis, M. J., 1994. Electrochemical coagulation of whey protein, J. Soc. Dairy Tech. 47 (1994), pp. 87–90.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number USSR Patent nˆ 1:570 694. 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, K. T., Hill, C. G., and Amundson, C. H., 1976. Electrodialysis of raw whey and whey fractionated by reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration, J. Food Sci. 41 (1976), pp. 770–777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson, G., and Boesen, C. E., 1984. "Polarization concentration in membrane processes". In: Bedford, G., ed. Synthetic Membrane Process. New York: Academic Press; 1984. pp. 101–130.
   Google Scholar
• Kedem, O., 1975. Reduction of polarization in electrodialysis by ion-conducting spacers, Desalination 16 (1975), pp. 105–118, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesting, R. E., 1985. "Membrane separation processes". In: Synthetic Polymeric Membranes: A Structural Perspective . New York: Wiley-Interscience Publication; 1985. pp. 38–44, John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Khidirov, Sh. Sh., and Merzametov, M. M., 1982. Electrocoagulation of milk proteins. Presented at XXI International Dairy Congress. Moscow, 12–16, July, Vol.1, Book 2.
   Google Scholar
• Kikuchi, K. -I, Gotoh, T., Takahashi, H., Higashino, S., and Dranoff, J. S., 1995. Separation of amino-acids by electrodialysis with ion-exchange membranes, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 28 (1995), pp. 103–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, E., Ward, R. A., and Lacey, R. E., 1987. "Membrane processes—Dialysis and electrodialysis". In: Rousseau, R. W., ed. Handbook of Separation Process Technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Wiley-Interscience Publication; 1987. pp. 954–981.
   Google Scholar
• Korngold, E., 1984. "Electrodialysis-membranes and mass transport". In: Bedford, G., ed. Synthetic Membrane Process. New York: Academic Press; 1984. pp. 191–220.
   Google Scholar
• Korngold, E., De Körösy, F., Rahav, R., and Taboch, M. F., 1970. Fouling of anionselective membranes in electrodialysis, Desalination 8 (1970), pp. 195–220, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunst, B., and Lovreéek, B., 1962. Electrochemical properties of ion-exchange membrane junctions, Croat. Chem. Acta 34 (1962), pp. 219–225.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number Sweden Patent SU 1729378-A1. 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Labrecque, R., Théorèt, A., Lamarche, F., and Boulet, M., 1990. "Application of Electrodialysis for the Extraction of Cytoplasmic Leaf Proteins from Alfalfa". In: Weinberg, N., and Genders, D., eds. Electrochemical techniques for a cleaner environment. East Amherst, USA: The Electrosynthesis Company Inc.; 1990. pp. 221–236.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number French Patent Application nˆ 2 418 627. 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Lam Quoc, A., Lamarche, F., and Makhlouf, J., 2000. Acceleration of pH variation in cloudy apple juice using electrodialysis with bipolar membranes, J. Agric. Food Chem. 48 (2000), pp. 2160–2166, [PUBMED][INFOTRIEVE][CROSSREF].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamarche, F., and Boulet, M., 1992. Électrodialyse et al imentation: le Courant Passe!, Alimentech, Agri-Food and Agriculture Canada 5 (1992), pp. 14–15.
   Google Scholar
• Lonergan, D. A., Fennema, O., and Amundson, C. H., 1982. Use of electrodialysis to improve the protein stability of frozen skim milks and milk concentrates, J. Food Sci. 47 (1982), pp. 1429–1434, 1443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mafart, P., and Béliard, E., 1992. Génie industriel alimentaire: Tome II, techniques séparatives. Paris: Techniques et documentation Lavoisier; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Mafé, S., and Ramirez, P., 1997. Electrochemical characterization of polymer ion-exchange bipolar membranes, Acta Polymer. 48 (1997), pp. 234–250, [CROSSREF].
   Google Scholar
• Patent number German Patent nˆ 50443. 1890.
   Google Scholar
• Mani, K. N., 1991. Electrodialysis water splitting technology, J. Membrane Sci. 58 (1991), pp. 117–138, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani, K. N., Chlanda, F. P., and Nagasubramanian, K., 1988. Aquatech membrane technology for recovery of acid/base values from salt stream, Desalination 68 (1988), pp. 149–167, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, K. R., 1982. "Industrial isolation of milk proteins: Whey proteins". In: Development in Dairy Chemistry. London: Applied Science Publishers; 1982. pp. 339–373.
   Google Scholar
• Mulvihill, D. M., 1989. "Caseins and caseinates: Manufacture". In: Fox, P. F., ed. Developments in Dairy Chemistry. Vol. Vol. 4. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1989. pp. 97–129.
   Google Scholar
• Nagasubramanian, K., Chandla, F. P., and Liu, K. J., 1977. Use of bipolar membranes for generation of acid and base—An engineering and economic analysis, J. Membr. Sci. 2 (1977), pp. 109–124, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, J. S., 1991. Electrochemical Systems, . Series in the Physical and Chemical Engineering Sciences. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall International; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number World Patent nˆ 9828433. 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number World Patent nˆ 0192555-A1. 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Okada, K., Tomita, M., and Tamura, Y., 1977. Electrodialysis in the treatment of dairy products: Part 2. Development of electrodialysis plant, Milchwissenschaft 32 (1977), pp. 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number Japan Patent nˆ 91. 1959.
   Google Scholar
• Onsager, L., 1934. Deviations from Ohm's law in weak electrolytes, J. Chem. Phys. 2 (1934), pp. 599–615, [CROSSREF].
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, R. J., 1983. Thermal separation of β -lactoglobulin and α -lactalbumin in bovine cheddar cheese whey, Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 38 (1983), pp. 144–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, R. J., 1987. Fractionation of whey proteins, Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 42 (1987), pp. 75–78.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, R. J., 1988. Fractionation of whey proteins, Bull. Int. Dairy Fed. 212 (1988), pp. 150–153.
   Google Scholar
• Pérez, A., Andrés, L. J., Alvarez, R., Coca, J., and Hill, C. G., 1994. Electrodialysis of whey permeates and retentates obtained by ultrafiltration, J. Food Proc. Eng. 17 (1994), pp. 177–190.
   Google Scholar
• Prentice, G., 1991. Electrochemical Engineering Principles. Series in the Physical and Chemical Engineering Sciences. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall International; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez, P., Aguilella, V. M., Manzanares, J. A., and Mafé, S., 1992. Effects of temperature and ion transport on water splitting in bipolar membranes, J. Membr. Sci 73 (1992), pp. 191–201, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, P. B., 1984. Electrodialysis for the purification of protein solutions, Chem. Eng. Prog 12 (1984), pp. 47–50.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number French Patent Application nˆ2 480 568. 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenau, J. R., Colon, G., and Wang, T. C., 1986. "Lactic acid production from whey via electrodialysis". In: Le Maguer, M., and Jelen, P. J., eds. Food Engineering and Process Applications. Unit Operations. Vol. Vol. 2.. London and New York: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd; 1986. pp. 245–251.
   Google Scholar
• Rubinstein, I., Warshawsky, A., Schechtman, L., and Kedem, O., 1984. Elimination of acid-base generation (water–splitting) in electrodialysis, Desalination 51 (1984), pp. 55–60, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patent number Japan Patent nˆ 251 036. 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number United States Patent nˆ 4 423 081. 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Segalen, P., 1985. "Description des Différentes Techniques de Fabrication des caséines et caséinates". In: Lait et Produits Laitiers, -Vaches, Brebis, Chèvres. Vol. Vol.2, Les Produits laitiers—Transformation et Technologies. Paris: Techniques et Documentation Lavoisier, APRIA; 1985. pp. 395–405.
   Google Scholar
• Shaposhnik, V. A., and Kesore, K., 1997. An early history of electrodialysis with permselective membranes, J. Membr. Sci 136 (1997), pp. 35–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, J. L., and Doughty, R. K., 1977. Demineralization of deproteinated wheys by electrodialysis, N. Z. Jl. Dairy Sci. Technol. 12 (1977), pp. 156–159.
   Google Scholar
• Siebold, M., Frieling, P. V., Joppien, R., Rindfleisch, D., Schugerl, K., and Roper, H., 1995. Comparison of the production of lactic acid by three different Lactobacilli and its recovery by extraction and electrodialysis, Process Biochemistry 30 (1995), pp. 81–95, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, R., 1979a. The origin and elimination of water splitting in ion-exchange membranes during water demineralisation by electrodialysis, Desalination 28 (1979a), pp. 41–42, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, R., 1979b. Strong electric fields effects on proton transfer between membrane-bound amines and water, Nature 280 (1979b), pp. 824–826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, R., 1984. Electric field effects on proton transfer between ionizable groups and water in ion exchange membranes, Electrochim. Acta 29 (1984), pp. 151–158, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, R., 1985. Water splitting in ion exchange membranes, Electrochim. Acta 30 (1985), pp. 275–282, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, R., and Khanarian, G., 1978. Water dissociation in bipolar membranes: Experiments and theory, J. Membr. Biol. 38 (1978), pp. 11–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slack, A. W., Amundson, C. H., and Hill, C. G., 1986. Production of enriched β -lactoglobulin and α -lactalbumin whey protein fractions, J. Food Proc. Pres. 10 (1986), pp. 19–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southward, C. R., 1993. "Utilization of Milk Components: Casein". In: Robinson, R. K., ed. Modern Dairy Technology. Vol. Vol. 1, Advances in Milk Processing. London: Chapman et Hall; 1993. pp. 375–432.
   Google Scholar
• Patent number World Patent nˆ9534216-C1. 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Strathmann, H., 1992. Industrial Utilization of Membranes and Membranes Processes, Recent. Prog. Génie Procédés 21 (1992), pp. 17–26.
   Google Scholar
• Strathmann, H., Krol, J. J., Rapp, H. -J., and Eigenberger, G., 1997. Limiting current density and water dissociation in bipolar membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 125 (1997), pp. 123–142, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathmann, H., Rapp, H. -J., Bauer, B., and Bell, C. M., 1993. Theoretical and practical aspects of preparing bipolar membranes, Desalination 90 (1993), pp. 303–323, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tronc, J. -S., Lamarche, F., and Makhlouf, J., 1997. Enzymatic browning inhibition in cloudy apple juice by electrodialysis, J. Food Sci. 62 (1997), pp. 75–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tronc, J. -S., Lamarche, F., and Makhlouf, J., 1998. Effect of pH Variation by Electrodialysis on the Inhibition of Enzymatic Browning in Cloudy Apple, J. Agric. Food Chem. 46 (1998), pp. 829–833, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patent number United States Patent nˆ 5,002,881. 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Varnam, H. A., and Sutherland, J. P., 1994. "Milk and Milk Products—Technology, Chemistry and microbiology". In: Dairy Protein Products. London: Chapman and Hall; 1994. pp. 159–182.
   Google Scholar
• Wien, M., 1927. Ann. Physik. 83 (1927), pp. 327–xx.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, T. W., 2002. Effect of asymmetry in a bipolar membrane on water dissociation—a mathematical analysis, Desalination 150 (2002), pp. 65–74, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, T. W., and Yang, W. H., 2002a. Effect of cell configurations on the performance of citric acid production by bipolar membrane electrodialysis, J. Membr. Sci. 203 (2002a), pp. 145–153, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, T. W., and Yang, W. H., 2002b. Citric acid production by electrodialysis with bipolar membranes, Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002b), pp. 519–524, [CROSSREF].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar