Microemulsions: A Potential Delivery System for Bioactives in Food

REFERENCES

• Flook , K. J. , Cameron , N. R. and Wren , S. A.C. 2004 . Polymerised bicontinuous microemulsions as stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography effect of pore size on chromatographic performance . J. Chromatogr. A , 1044 : 245 – 252 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoar , T. P. and Schulman , J. H. 1943 . Transparent water-in-oil dispersions: the oleopathic hydro-micelle . Nature , 152 : 102 – 103 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Schulman , J. H. , Stoeckenius , W. and Prince , L. M. 1959 . Mechanism of formation and structure of micro emulsions by electron microscopy . J. Phys. Chem. , 63 : 1677 – 1680 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul , B. K. and Moulik , S. P. 1997 . Microemulsions: An overview . J. Disper. Sci. Technol. , 18 : 301 – 367 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friberg , S. E. 1983 . Microemulsions . Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. , 68 : 41 – 47 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Siano , D. B. 1983 . The swollen micelle-microemulsion transition . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 3 : 1 – 7 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Malcolmson , C. , Satra , C. , Kantaria , S. , Sidhu , A. and Lawrence , M. J. 1998 . Effect of oil on the level of solubilization of testosterone propionate into nonionic oil-in-water microemulsions . J. Pharm. Sci. , 87 : 109 – 9116 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince , L. M. 1977 . “ The mixed film theory ” . In Microemulsions: Theory and Practise , Edited by: Prince , L. M. 91 – 132 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Friberg , S. E. 1977 . “ Microemulsions and micellar solutions ” . In Microemulsions: Theory and Practise , Edited by: Prince , L. M. 133 – 148 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ruckenstein , E. and Chi , J. C. 1975 . Stability of microemulsions . J. Chem. Soc. Farad. T. , 271 : 1690 – 1707 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Winsor , P. A. 1948 . Hydrotropy, solubilization and related emulsification processes . J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. , 44 : 376 – 398 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Forgiarini , A. , Esquena , J. , Gonzalez , C. and Solans , C. 2001 . Formation of nano-emulsions by low-energy emulsification methods at constant temperature . Langmuir , 17 : 2076 – 2083 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadros , T. , Izquierdo , P. , Esquena , J. and Solans , C. 2004 . Formation and stability of nano-emulsions . Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. , 108–109 : 303 – 318 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Aasser , M. S. , Lack , C. D. , Vanderhoff , J. W. and Fowkes , F. M. 1988 . The miniemulsification process-different form of spontaneous emulsification . Colloid Surface , 29 : 103 – 118 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pons , R. , Carrera , I. , Caelles , J. , Rouch , J. and Panizza , P. 2003 . Formation and properties of miniemulsions formed by microemulsions dilution . Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. , 106 : 129 – 146 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster , T. , Vonrybinski , W. and Wadle , A. 1995 . Influence of microemulsion phases on the preparation of fine-disperse emulsions . Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. , 58 : 119 – 149 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benita , S. and Levy , M. Y. 1993 . Submicron emulsions as colloidal drug carriers for intravenous administration-Comprehensive physicochemical characterization . J. Pharm. Sci. , 82 : 1069 – 1079 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosano , H. L. , Lan , T. , Weiss , A. , Whittam , J. H. and Gerbacia , W. E.F. 1981 . Unstable micro-emulsions . J. Phys. Chem. , 85 : 468 – 473 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sing , A. J.F. , Graciaa , A. , Lachaise , J. , Brochette , P. and Salager , J. L. 1999 . Interactions and coalescence of nanodroplets in translucent O/W emulsions . Colloid Surface A , 152 : 31 – 39 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Kunieda , H. and Solans , C. 2002 . Nano-emulsions: Where macro-and microemulsions meet , New York : Imperial College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , M. J. and Rees , G. D. 2000 . Microemulsion-based media as novel drug delivery systems . Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. , 45 : 89 – 121 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenjarla , S. 1999 . Microemulsions: An overview and pharmaceutical applications . Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug. , 16 : 461 – 521 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saint Ruth , H. , Attwood , D. , Ktistis , G. and Taylor , C. J. 1995 . Phase studies and particle-size analysis of oil-in-water phospholipid microemulsions . Int. J. Pharm. , 116 : 253 – 261 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboofazeli , R. , Barlow , D. J. and Lawrence , M. J. 2000 . Particle size analysis of concentrated phospholipid microemulsions: II. Photon correlation spectroscopy . AAPS Pharmsci , 2 : 19 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Israelachvili , J. 1994 . The science and applications of emulsions—an overview . Colloid Surface A , 91 : 1 – 8 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sottmann , T. and Strey , R. 1997 . Ultralow interfacial tensions in water-n-alkane-surfactant systems . J. Chem. Phys. , 106 : 8606 – 8615 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagwe , R. P. , Kanicky , J. R. , Palla , B. J. , Patanjali , P. K. and Shah , D. O. 2001 . Improved drug delivery using microemulsions: Rationale, recent progress and new horizons . Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug. , 18 : 77 – 140 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panitz , J. C. , Gradzielski , M. , Hoffmann , H. and Wokaun , A. 1994 . Self-diffusion of surfactants, hydrocarbons, and water in an L(1) phase and a cubic phase—Influence of surfactant and hydrocarbon chain Lengths . J. Phys. Chem. , 98 : 6812 – 6817 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tansho , M. , Imae , T. Tanaka , S. 1996 . P-31 NMR investigation of a ringing gel phase and adjacent phases . Colloid Surface B , 7 : 281 – 286 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinides , P. P. 1995 . Lipid microemulsions for improving drug dissolution and oral absorption: Physical and biopharmaceutical aspects . Pharm. Res. , 12 : 1561 – 1572 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warisnoicharoen , W. , Lansley , A. B. and Lawrence , M. J. 2003 . Toxicological evaluation of mixtures of nonionic surfactants, alone and in combination with oil . J. Pharm. Sci. , 92 : 859 – 868 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno , M. A. , Ballesteros , M. P. and Frutos , P. 2003 . Lecithin-based oil-in-water microemulsions for parenteral use: Pseudoternary phase diagrams, characterization and toxicity studies . J. Pharm. Sci. , 92 : 1428 – 1437 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brime , B. , Moreno , M. A. , Frutos , G. , Ballesteros , M. P. and Frutos , P. 2002 . Amphotericin B in oil-water lecithin-based microemulsions: Formulation and toxicity evaluation . J. Pharm. Sci. , 91 : 1178 – 1185 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attwood . 1994 . “ Microemulsions ” . In Colloidal Drug Delivery Systems , Edited by: Kreuter , J. 31 – 71 . New York : Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Eccleston , J. 1994 . “ Microemulsions ” . In Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology , Edited by: Swarbick , J. and Boylan , J. C. 375 – 421 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Gaonkar , A. G. and Bagwe , R. P. 2003 . Microemulsions in Foods: Challenges and Applications . Surfactant Science Series , 109 : 407 – 430 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Flanagan , J. , Kortegaard , K. , Pinder , D. N. , Rades , T. and Singh , H. 2006 . Solubilisation of soybean oil in microemulsions using food-grade surfactants . Food Hydrocollid , 20 : 253 – 260 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackeben , S. , Muller , M. and Muller-Goymann , C. C. 2001 . The influence of water on phase transitions of a drug-loaded reverse micellar solution into lamellar liquid crystals . Colloid Surface A , 183–185 : 699 – 713 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Amar , I. , Aserin , A. and Garti , N. 2004 . Microstructure transitions derived from solubilization of lutein and lutein esters in food microemulsions . Colloid Surface B , 33 : 143 – 150 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradzielski , M. and Hoffmann , H. 1999 . “ Rheological properties of microemulsions ” . In Handbook of Microemulsion Science and Technology , Edited by: Kumar , P. and Mittal , K. L. 357 – 386 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Yu , Z. J. and Neuman , R. D. 1995 . Reversed micellar solution-to-bicontinuous microemulsion transition in sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate n-heptane water-system . Langmuir , 11 : 1081 – 1086 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Angelo , M. , Fioretto , D. , Onori , G. , Palmieri , L. and Santucci , A. 1996 . Dynamics of water-containing sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelles: A high-frequency dielectric study . Phys. Rev. E , 54 : 993 – 996 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta , S. K. , Kavaljit and Bala , K. 1999 . Phase behavior, structural effects, and volumetric and transport properties in nonaqueous microemulsions . Phys. Rev. E , 59 : 4317 – 4325 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirkel , P. A. , van der Ploeg , J. P.M. and Koper , G. J.M. 1998 . Branching and percolation in lecithin wormlike micelles studied by dielectric spectroscopy . Phys. Rev. E , 57 : 6875 – 6883 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman , Y. , Kozlovich , N. , Nir , I. and Garti , N. 1997 . Dielectric spectroscopy of microemulsions . Colloid Surface A , 128 : 47 – 61 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Bellare , J. R. , Haridas , M. M. and Li , X. J. 1999 . “ Characterisation of microemulsions using fast freeze-fracture and cryo-electron microscopy ” . In Handbook of Microemulsion Science and Technology , Edited by: Kumar , P. and Mittal , K. L. 411 – 436 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Langevin , D. and Rouch , J. 1999 . “ Light scattering studies of microemulsion systems ” . In Handbook of Microemulsion Science and Technology , Edited by: Kumar , P. and Mittal , K. L. 387 – 410 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Garti , N. , Clement , V. , Leser , M. , Aserin , A. and Fanun , M. 1999 . Sucrose ester microemulsions . J. Mol. Liq. , 80 : 253 – 296 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garti , N. , Aserin , A. and Fanun , M. 2000 . Non-ionic sucrose esters microemulsions for food applications. Part 1. Water solubilization . Colloid Surface A , 164 : 27 – 38 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garti , N. , Clement , V. , Fanun , M. and Leser , M. E. 2000 . Some characteristics of sugar ester nonionic microemulsions in view of possible food applications . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 48 : 3945 – 3956 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabir , H. , Aramaki , K. , Ishitobi , M. and Kunieda , H. 2003 . Cloud point and formation of microemulsions in sucrose dodecanoate systems . Colloid Surface A , 216 : 65 – 74 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Garti , N. , Yaghmur , A. , Leser , M. E. , Clement , V. and Watzke , H. J. 2001 . Improved oil solubilization in oil/water food grade microemulsions in the presence of polyols and ethanol . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 49 : 2552 – 2562 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spernath , A. , Yaghmur , A. , Aserin , A. , Hoffman , R. E. and Garti , N. 2002 . Food-grade microemulsions based on nonionic emulsifiers: Media to enhance lycopene solubilization . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 50 : 6917 – 6922 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garti , N. , Yaghmur , A. , Aserin , A. , Spernath , A. , Elfakess , R. and Ezrahi , S. 2004 . Solubilization of active molecules in microemulsions for improved environmental protection . Colloid Surface A , 230 : 183 – 190 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Amar , I. , Aserin , A. and Garti , N. 2003 . Solubilization patterns of lutein and lutein esters in food grade nonionic microemulsions . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 51 : 4775 – 4781 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelletier , X. , Belbraouet , S. Mirabel , D. 1995 . A diet moderately enriched in phytosterols lowers plasma-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolemic humans . Ann. Nutr. Metab. , 39 : 291 – 295 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spernath , A. , Yaghmur , A. Aserin , A. 2003 . Self-diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance, microstructure transitions, and solubilization capacity of phytosterols and cholesterol in Winsor IV food-grade microemulsions . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 51 : 2359 – 2364 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaghmur , A. , Aserin , A. , Antalek , B. and Garti , N. 2003 . Microstructure considerations of new five-component Winsor IV food-grade microemulsions studied by pulsed gradient spin-echo NMR, conductivity, and viscosity . Langmuir , 19 : 1063 – 1068 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garti , N. , Aserin , A. , Tiunova , I. and Fanun , M. 2000 . A DSC study of water behavior in water-in-oil microemulsions stabilized by sucrose esters and butanol . Colloid Surface A , 170 : 1 – 18 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaghmur , A. , Aserin , A. , Tiunova , I. and Garti , N. 2002 . Sub-zero temperature behaviour of non-ionic microemulsions in the presence of propylene glycol by DSC . J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. , 69 : 163 – 177 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Campo , L. , Yaghmur , A. , Garti , N. , Leser , M. E. , Folmer , B. and Glatter , O. 2004 . Five-component food-grade microemulsions: structural characterization by SANS . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 274 : 251 – 267 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezrahi , S. , Wachtel , E. , Aserin , A. and Garti , N. 1997 . Structural polymorphism in a four-component nonionic microemulsion . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 191 : 277 – 290 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glatter , O. , Orthaber , D. Stradner , A. 2001 . Sugar-ester nonionic microemulsion: Structural characterization . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 241 : 215 – 225 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedotov , V. D. , Zuev , Y. Archipov , V. P. 1997 . A Fourier transform pulsed-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance self-diffusion study of microemulsions and the droplet size determination . Colloid Surface A , 128 : 39 – 46 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Regev , O. , Ezrahi , S. Aserin , A. 1996 . A study of the microstructure of a four-component nonionic microemulsion by cryo-TEM, NMR, SAXS, and SANS . Langmuir , 12 : 668 – 674 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joubran , R. F. , Cornell , D. G. and Parris , N. 1993 . Microemulsions of triglyceride and nonionic surfactant—Effect of temperature and aqueous-phase composition . Colloid Surface A , 80 : 153 – 160 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Parris , N. , Joubran , R. F. and Lu , D. P. 1994 . Triglyceride microemulsions—Effect of nonionic surfactants and the nature of the oil . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 42 : 1295 – 1299 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joubran , R. F. , Parris , N. , Lu , D. and Trevino , S. 1994 . Synergetic effect of sucrose and ethanol on formation of triglyceride microemulsions . J. Disper. Sci. Technol. , 15 : 687 – 704 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu , Y. C. and Yang , W. L. 1992 . Preparation of vitamin E microemulsion possessing high resistance to oxidation . Colloid Surface , 63 : 311 – 322 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf , P. A. and Havekotte , M. J. Microemulsions of oil in water and alcohol . US Patent No. 4,835,002 . 1989 .
   Google Scholar
• Florin , V. Transparent high oil loaded microemulsions . US Patent Application 20020187238 . 2002 .
   Google Scholar
• Chmiel , O. , Traitler , H. and Voepel , K. Food microemulsion formulations . US Patent No. 5,674,549 . 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Chung , S. L. , Tan , C.-T. , Tuhill , I. M. and Scharpf , L. G. Transparent oil-in-water microemulsion flavor or fragrance concentrate, process for preparing same, mouthwash or perfume composition containing said transparent microemulsion concentrate, and process for preparing same . US Patent No. 5,283,056 . 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Bauer , K. , Neuber , C. , Schmid , A. and Volker , K. M. Oil in water microemulsion . US Patent No. 6,426,078 . 2002 .
   Google Scholar
• Moberger , L. , Larsson , K. , Buchheim , W. and Timmen , H. 1987 . A study of fat oxidation in a microemulsion system . J. Disper. Sci. Technol. , 8 : 207 – 215 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson , M. and Sivik , B. 1994 . Oxidative stability of fish-oil included in a microemulsion . J. Disper. Sci. Technol. , 15 : 611 – 619 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi , O. S. , Han , D. and Shin , H. K. 1991 . Synergistic antioxidative effects of tocopherol and ascorbic-acid in fish oil lecithin water-system . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 68 : 881 – 883 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcolmson , C. and Lawrence , M. J. 1993 . A comparison of the incorporation of model steroids into nonionic micellar and microemulsion systems . J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , 45 : 141 – 143 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warisnoicharoen , W. , Lansley , A. B. and Lawrence , M. J. 2000 . Nonionic oil-in-water microemulsions: The effect of oil type on phase behaviour . Int. J. Pharm. , 198 : 7 – 27 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warisnoicharoen , W. , Lansley , A. B. and Lawrence , M. J. 2000 . Light-scattering investigations on dilute nonionic oil-in-water microemulsions . AAPS Pharmsci , 2 : 1 – 11 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Malcolmson , C. , Barlow , D. J. and Lawrence , M. J. 2002 . Light-scattering studies of testosterone enanthate containing soybean oil/C18:1E10/water oil-in-water microemulsions . J. Pharm. Sci. , 91 : 2317 – 2331 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboofazeli , R. and Lawrence , M. J. 1993 . Investigations into the formation and characterization of phospholipid microemulsions.1. Pseudo-ternary phase-diagrams of systems containing water-lecithin-alcohol-iIsopropyl myristate . Int. J. Pharm. , 93 : 161 – 175 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboofazeli , R. and Lawrence , M. J. 1994 . Investigations into the formation and characterization of phospholipid microemulsions.2. Pseudo-ternary phase-diagrams of systems containing water-lecithin-isopropyl myristate and alcohol: Influence of purity . Int. J. Pharm. , 106 : 51 – 61 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboofazeli , R. , Lawrence , C. B. , Wicks , S. R. and Lawrence , M. J. 1994 . Investigations into the formation and characterization of phospholipid microemulsions. 3. Pseudo-ternary phase-diagrams of systems containing water-lecithin-isopropyl myristate and either an alkanoic acid, amine, alkanediol, polyethylene-glycol alkyl ether or alcohol as cosurfactant . Int. J. Pharm. , 111 : 63 – 72 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboofazeli , R. , Patel , N. , Thomas , M. and Lawrence , M. J. 1995 . Investigations into the formation and characterization of phospholipid microemulsions.4. Pseudo-ternary phase-diagrams of systems containing water-lecithin-alcohol and oil—the influence of oil . Int. J. Pharm. , 125 : 107 – 116 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboofazeli , R. , Barlow , D. J. and Lawrence , M. J. 2000 . Particle size analysis of concentrated phospholipid microemulsions: I. Total intensity light scattering . AAPS Pharmsci , 2 : 13 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von Corswant , C. 1998 . Lecithin-based microemulsions for pharmaceutical use—Phase behaviour and solution structure , Ph.D. Thesis University of Lund .
   Google Scholar
• von Corswant , C. , Engstrom , S. and Soderman , O. 1997 . Microemulsions based oil soybean phosphatidylcholine and triglycerides. Phase behavior and microstructure . Langmuir , 13 : 5061 – 5070 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Corswant , C. and Soderman , O. 1998 . Effect of adding isopropyl myristate to microemulsions based on soybean phosphatidylcholine and triglycerides . Langmuir , 14 : 3506 – 3511 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Corswant , C. , Olsson , C. and Soderman , O. 1998 . Microemulsions based on soybean phosphatidylcholine and isopropylmyristate-effect of addition of hydrophilic surfactants . Langmuir , 14 : 6864 – 6870 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Corswant , C. and Thoren , P. E.G. 1999 . Solubilization of sparingly soluble active compounds in lecithin-based microemulsions: Influence on phase behavior and microstructure . Langmuir , 15 : 3710 – 3717 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Corswant , C. , Thoren , P. and Engstrom , S. 1998 . Triglyceride-based microemulsion for intravenous administration of sparingly soluble substances . J. Pharm. Sci. , 87 : 200 – 208 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinoda , K. , Araki , M. , Sadaghiani , A. , Khan , A. and Lindman , B. 1991 . Lecithin-based microemulsions—Phase-behavior and microstructure . J. Phys. Chem. , 95 : 989 – 993 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinoda , K. , Shibata , Y. and Lindman , B. 1993 . Interfacial-tensions for lecithin microemulsions including the effect of surfactant and polymer addition . Langmuir , 9 : 1254 – 1257 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trotta , M. , Ugazio , E. and Gasco , M. R. 1995 . Pseudo-ternary phase-diagrams of lecithin-based microemulsions—Influence of monoalkylphosphates . J. Pharm. Pharmacol. , 47 : 451 – 454 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leser , M. E. , van Evert , W. C. and Agterof , W. G.M. 1996 . Phase behaviour of lecithin-water-alcohol-triacylglycerol mixtures . Colloid Surface A , 116 : 293 – 308 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avramiotis , S. , Bekiari , V. , Lianos , P. and Xenakis , A. 1997 . Structural and dynamic properties of lecithin-alcohol based w/o microemulsions: A luminescence quenching study . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 194 : 326 – 331 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahlweit , M. , Busse , G. and Faulhaber , B. 1997 . Preparing nontoxic microemulsions . Langmuir , 13 : 5249 – 5251 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yajima , I. , Sakai , H. Miyazawa , K. 1997 . Preparation and properties of multiphase microemulsions with some phosphatidylcholines having different alkyl chains . Colloid Surface B , 9 : 177 – 186 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debuigne , F. , Cuisenaire , J. Jeunieau , L. 2001 . Synthesis of nimesulide nanoparticles in the microemulsion Epikuron/isopropyl myristate/water/n-butanol (or isopropanol) . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 243 : 90 – 101 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdan , S. , Gregoriadis , G. and Florence , A. T. 1996 . Non-ionic surfactant based organogels incorporating niosomes . Stp Pharma Sciences , 6 : 44 – 48 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Murdan , S. , Gregoriadis , G. and Florence , A. T. 1999 . Inverse toroidal vesicles: Precursors of tubules in sorbitan monostearate organogels . Int. J. Pharm. , 183 : 47 – 49 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdan , S. , Gregoriadis , G. and Florence , A. T. 1999 . Novel sorbitan monostearate organogels . J. Pharm. Sci. , 88 : 608 – 614 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdan , S. , Gregoriadis , G. and Florence , A. T. 1999 . Sorbitan monostearate polysorbate 20 organogels containing niosomes: A delivery vehicle for antigens? . Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. , 8 : 177 – 185 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdan , S. , van den Bergh , B. , Gregoriadis , G. and Florence , A. T. 1999 . Water-in-sorbitan monostearate organogels (water-in-oil gels) . J. Pharm. Sci. , 88 : 615 – 619 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shchipunov , Y. A. 2001 . Lecithin organogel—A micellar system with unique properties . Colloid Surface A , 183 : 541 – 554 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Capek , I. 2004 . Preparation of metal nanoparticles in water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions . Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., , 110 : 49 – 74 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Quintela , M. A. , Tojo , C. Blanco , M. C. 2004 . Microemulsion dynamics and reactions in microemulsions . Curr. Opin. Colloid In. , 9 : 264 – 278 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garti , N. 2003 . Microemulsions as microreactors for food applications . Curr. Opin. Colloid In. , 8 : 197 – 211 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanun , M. , Leser , M. , Aserin , A. and Garti , N. 2001 . Sucrose ester microemulsions as microreactors for model Maillard reaction . Colloid Surface A, , 194 : 175 – 187 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaghmur , A. , Aserin , A. and Garti , N. 2002 . Furfural-cysteine model reaction in food grade nonionic oil/water microemulsions for selective flavor formation . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 50 : 2878 – 2883 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmberg , K. and Osterberg , E. 1988 . Enzymatic preparation of monoglycerides in microemulsions . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 65 : 1544 – 1548 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmberg , K. , Lassen , B. and Stark , M. B. 1989 . Enzymatic glycerolysis of a triglyceride in aqueous and nonaqueous microemulsions . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 66 : 1796 – 1800 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterberg , E. , Blomstrom , A. C. and Holmberg , K. 1989 . Lipase catalyzed trans-esterification of unsaturated lipids in a microemulsion . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 66 : 1330 – 1333 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark , M. B. and Holmberg , K. 1989 . Covalent immobilization of lipase in organic-solvents . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 34 : 942 – 950 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , D. G. and Gulari , E. 1991 . 1-Monoglyceride production from lipase-catalyzed esterification of glycerol and fatty-acid in reverse micelles . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 38 : 507 – 517 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho , C. M.L. and Cabral , J. M.S. 2000 . Reverse micelles as reaction media for lipases . Biochimie , 82 : 1063 – 1085 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgado , M. A.P. , Cabral , J. M.S. and Prazeres , D. M.F. 1996 . Phospholipase A(2)-catalyzed hydrolysis of lecithin in a continuous reversed-micellar membrane bioreactor . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 73 : 337 – 346 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerhardt , N. I. and Dungan , S. R. 2002 . Time-dependent solubilization of IgG in AOT-brine-isooctane microemulsions: Role of cluster formation . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 78 : 60 – 72 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra , N. , Mukherjee , L. , Bhattacharya , P. K. and Moulik , S. P. 1996 . Biological microemulsions. 5. Mutual mixing of oils, amphiphiles and water in ternary and quaternary combinations . Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. , 33 : 206 – 212 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra , N. , Mukhopadhyay , L. , Bhattacharya , P. K. and Moulik , S. P. 1994 . Biological Microemulsions. 4. Phase-Behavior and Dynamics of Microemulsions Prepared with Vegetable-Oils Mixed with Aerosol-Ot, Cinnamic Alcohol and Water . Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. , 31 : 115 – 120 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goklen , K. E. and Hatton , T. A. 1987 . Liquid-liquid-extraction of low-molecular-weight proteins by selective solubilization in reversed micelles . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 22 : 831 – 841 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortez , E. V. , Felipe , M. D.D. Roberto , I. C. 2001 . Extraction by reversed micelles of the intracellular enzyme xylose reductase . Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. , 91–3 : 753 – 759 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarudilokkul , S. , Paulsen , E. and Stuckey , D. C. 2000 . Lysozyme extraction from egg white using reverse micelles in a Graesser contactor: Mass transfer characterization . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 69 : 618 – 626 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pires , M. J. , AiresBarros , M. R. and Cabral , J. M.S. 1996 . Liquid-liquid extraction of proteins with reversed micelles . Biotechnology Progress , 12 : 290 – 301 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohloff , C. M. , Shimek , J. W. and Dungan , S. R. 2003 . Effect of added alpha-lactalbumin protein on the phase behavior of AOT-brine-isooctane systems . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 261 : 514 – 523 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritschel , W. A. 1993 . Microemulsions for inproved peptide absorption from the gastrointestinal tract . Methods Finds Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. , 13 : 205 – 220 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinides , P. P. , Scalart , J. P. Lancaster , C. 1994 . Formulation and intestinal-absorption enhancement evaluation of water-in-oil microemulsions incorporating medium-chain glycerides . Pharm. Res. , 11 : 1385 – 1390 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinides , P. P. , Lancaster , C. M. Marcello , J. 1995 . Enhanced intestinal-absorption of an RGD peptide from water-in-oil microemulsions of different composition and particle-size . J. Controlled Release , 34 : 109 – 116 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinides , P. P. , Welzel , G. Ellens , H. 1996 . Water-in-oil microemulsions containing medium-chain fatty acids salts: Formulation and intestinal absorption enhancement evaluation . Pharm. Res. , 13 : 210 – 215 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons , K. C. , Charman , W. N. , Miller , R. and Porter , C. J.H. 2000 . Factors limiting the oral bioavailability of N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl dipeptide (GMDP) and enhancement of absorption in rats by delivery in a water-in-oil microemulsion . Int. J. Pharm. , 199 : 17 – 28 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van , d en , Braak , M. , Szymula , M. and Ford , M. A. Stable, optically clear compositions . US Patent No. 6,251,441 . 2001 .
   Google Scholar
• Kreilgaard , M. 2002 . Influence of microemulsions on cutaneous drug delivery . Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. , 54 : S77 – S98 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenta , C. and Schultz , K. 2004 . Influence of carrageenan on the rheology and skin permeation of microemulsion formulations . J. Controlled Release , 95 : 257 – 265 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sood , A. and Panchagnula , R. 2001 . Peroral route: An opportunity for protein and peptide drug delivery . Chem. Rev. , 101 : 3275 – 3303 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamm , W. , Jonczyk , A. Jung , T. 2000 . Evaluation of absorption enhancement for a potent cyclopeptidic alpha(nu)beta(3)-antagonist in a human intestinal cell line (Caco-2) . Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. , 10 : 205 – 214 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarciaux , J. M. , Acar , L. and Sado , P. A. 1995 . Using microemulsion formulations for oral-drug delivery of therapeutic peptides . Int. J. Pharm. , 120 : 127 – 136 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandamme , T. F. 2002 . Microemulsions as ocular drug delivery systems: Recent developments and future challenges . Prog. Retin. Eye Res. , 21 : 15 – 34 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira , A. G. , Scarpa , M. V. Correa , M. A. 2004 . Microemulsions: Structure and application as drug delivery systems . Quim. Nova , 27 : 131 – 138 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar