1,525
Views
102
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Synthetic biology of minimal systems

&
Pages 223-242 | Received 14 Apr 2009, Accepted 28 May 2009, Published online: 28 Jul 2009

References

  • Adler H, Fisher W, Cohen A and Hardigree A. 1967. Miniature Escherichia coli cell deficient in DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 57:321–326.
  • Akashi K, Miyata H, Itoh H and Kinosita K. 1996. Preparation of giant liposomes in physiological conditions and their characterization under an optical microscope. Biophys J 71:3242–3250.
  • Aldaye FA, Palmer AL and Sleiman HF. 2008. Assembling materials with DNA as the guide. Science 321:1795–1799.
  • Allen RD, Allen NS and Travis JL. 1981. Video-enhanced contrast, differential interference contrast (Avec-Dic) microscopy – a new method capable of analyzing microtubule-related motility in the reticulopodial network of Allogromia laticollaris. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 1:291–302.
  • Allen RD, Metuzals J, Tasaki I, Brady ST and Gilbert SP. 1982. Fast axonal-transport in squid giant-axon. Science 218:1127–1129.
  • Angelova MI, Soleau S, Meleard P, Faucon JF and Bothorel P. 1992. Preparation of giant vesicles by external AC electric fields. Kinetics and applications. Progr Colloid Polym Sci 89:127–131.
  • Antonny B. 2006. Membrane deformation by protein coats. Curr Op Cell Biol 18:386–394.
  • Arkin A. 2008. Setting the standard in synthetic biology. Nat Biotechnol 26: 771–774.
  • Ashkin A, Schutze K, Dziedzic JM, Euteneuer U and Schliwa M. 1990. Force Generation of Organelle Transport Measured Invivo by An Infrared-Laser Trap. Nature 348:346–348.
  • Bachand GD, Rivera SB, Carroll-Portillo A, Hess H and Bachand M. 2006. Active capture and transport of virus particles using a biomolecular motor-driven, nanoscale antibody sandwich assay. Small 2:381–385.
  • Bacia K, Schuette CG, Kahya N, Jahn R and Schwille P. 2004. SNAREs prefer liquid-disordered over “raft” (liquid-ordered) domains when reconstituted into giant unilamellar vesicles. J Biol Chem 279:37951–37955.
  • Bacia K, Schwille P and Kurzchalia T. 2005. Sterol structure determines the separation of phases and the curvature of the liquid-ordered phase in model membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:3272–3277.
  • Badoual M, Julicher F and Prost J. 2002. Bidirectional cooperative motion of molecular motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:6696–6701.
  • Bagatolli LA and Gratton E. 2000. Two photon fluorescence microscopy of coexisting lipid domains in giant unilamellar vesicles of binary phospholipid mixtures. Biophys J 78:290–305.
  • Barelli H and Antonny B. 2009. Detached membrane binding. Nature 458:159–160.
  • Baret J-C, Kleinschmidt F, El Harrak A and Griffiths AD. 2009. Kinetic aspects of emulsion stabilization by surfactants: a microfluidic analysis. Langmuir DOI: 10.1021/la9000472.
  • Baumgart T, Hess ST and Webb WW. 2003. Imaging coexisting fluid domains in biomembrane models coupling curvature and line tension. Nature 425:821–824.
  • Bausch AR and Kroy K. 2006. A bottom-up approach to cell mechanics. Nat Phys 2:231–238.
  • Beeg J, Klumpp S, Dimova R, Gracia RS, Unger E and Lipowsky R. 2008. Transport of beads by several kinesin motors. Biophys J 94:532–541.
  • Benner SA and Sismour AM. 2005. Synthetic biology. Nat Review Genet 6:533–543.
  • Bieling P, Laan L, Schek H, Munteanu EL, Sandblad L, Dogterom M, Brunner D and Surrey T. 2007. Reconstitution of a microtubule plus-end tracking system in vitro. Nature 450:1100–1105.
  • Bieling P, Telley IA, Piehler J and Surrey T. 2008. Processive kinesins require loose mechanical coupling for efficient collective motility. Embo Rep 9:1121–1127.
  • Brian AA and McConnell HM.1984. Allogeneic stimulation of cytotoxic T cells by supported planar membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:6159–6163.
  • Brouhard GJ, Stear JH, Noetzel TL, Al Bassam, J., Kinoshita K, Harrison SC, Howard J and Hyman AA. 2008. XMAP215 is a processive microtubule polymerase. Cell 132:79–88.
  • Browne WR and Feringa BL. 2006. Making molecular machines work. Nat Nanotechnol 1:25–35.
  • Cameron LA, Footer MJ, van Oudenaarden, A and Theriot JA. 1999. Motility of ActA protein-coated microspheres driven by actin polymerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:4908–4913.
  • Canton B, Labno A and Endy D. 2008. Refinement and standardization of synthetic biological parts and devices. Nat Biotechnol 26:787–793.
  • Chan YHM and Boxer SG. 2007. Model membrane systems and their applications. Curr Op Chem Biol 11:581–587.
  • Chen IA and Szostak JW. 2004. Membrane growth can generate a transmembrane pH gradient in fatty acid vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:7965–7970.
  • Chen IA, Roberts RW and Szostak JW. 2004. The emergence of competition between model protocells. Science 305:1474–1476.
  • Chiantia S, Ries J, Kahya N and Schwille P. 2006. Combined AFM and two-focus SFCS study of Raft-exhibiting model membranes. Chem Phys Chem 7:2409–2418.
  • Chiantia S, Ries J, Chwastek G, Carrer D, Li Z, Bittman R and Schwille P. 2008. Role of ceramide in membrane protein organization investigated by combined AFM and FCS. Biochim Biophys Acta 1778:1356–1364.
  • Chiu DT and Lorenz RM. 2009. Chemistry and biology in femtoliter and picoliter volume droplets. Accounts of Chemical Research 42(5):649–658.
  • Choi HJ and Montemagno CD. 2005. Artificial organelle: ATP synthesis from cellular mimetic polymersomes. Nano Lett 5:2538–2542.
  • Clausell-Tormos J, Lieber D, Baret J, El-Harrak A, Miller O, Frenz L, Blouwolff J, Humphry K, Köster S, Duan H. 2008. Droplet-based microfluidic platforms for the encapsulation and screening of mammalian cells and multicellular organisms. Chem Biol 15:875–875.
  • Coue M, Lombillo VA and Mcintosh JR. 1991. Microtubule depolymerization promotes particle and chromosome movement in vitro. J Cell Biol 112:1165–1175.
  • Courtois F, Olguin LF, Whyte G, Bratton D, Huck WTS, Abell C and Hollfelder F. 2008. An integrated device for monitoring time-dependent in vitro expression from single genes in picolitre droplets. ChemBioChem 9:439–446.
  • Crane JM and Tamm LK. 2007. Fluorescence microscopy to study domains in supported lipid bilayers. Methods Mol Biol 400:481–488.
  • Crevenna AH, Madathil S, Cohen DN, Wagenbach M, Fahmy K and Howard J. 2008. Secondary structure and compliance of a predicted flexible domain in kinesin-1 necessary for cooperation of motors. Biophys J 95:5216–5227.
  • Dabora SL and Sheetz MP. 1988. The microtubule-dependent formation of a tubulovesicular network with characteristics of the Er from cultured-cell extracts. Cell 54:27–35.
  • Day CA and Kenworthy AK. 2009. Tracking microdomain dynamics in cell membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembranes 1788:245–253.
  • Deamer D. 2005. A giant step towards artificial life? Trends Biotechnol 23:336–338.
  • De Boer PAJ, Crossley RE and Rothfield LI. 1989. A division inhibitor and a topological specificity factor coded for by the minicell locus determine proper placement of the division septum in Escherichia coli. Cell 56:641–649.
  • De Boer PAJ, Crossley RE, Hand AR and Rothfield LI. 1991. The mind protein is a membrane ATPase required for the correct placement of the Escherichia coli division site. EMBO J 10:4371–4380.
  • Delatour V, Helfer E, Didry D, Le KHD, Gaucher JF, Carlier MF and Romet-Lemonne G. 2008. Arp2/3 controls the motile behavior of N-WASP-functionalized GUVs and modulates N-WASP surface distribution by mediating transient links with actin filaments. Biophys J 94:4890–4905.
  • Diehl MR, Zhang KC, Lee HJ and Tirrell DA. 2006. Engineering cooperativity in biomotor-protein assemblies. Science 311:1468–1471.
  • Dietrich C, Bagatolli LA, Volovyk ZN, Thompson NL, Levi M, Jacobson K and Gratton E. 2001. Lipid rafts reconstituted in model membranes. Biophys J 80:1417–1428.
  • Dinu CZ, Opitz J, Pompe W, Howard J, Mertig M and Diez S. 2006. Parallel manipulation of bifunctional DNA molecules on structured surfaces using kinesin-driven microtubules. Small 2:1090–1098.
  • Dittrich PS and Schwille P. 2003. An integrated microfluidic system for reaction, high-sensitivity detection, and sorting of fluorescent cells and particles. Anal Chem 75:5767–5774.
  • Dogterom M and Yurke B. 1997. Measurement of the force-velocity relation for growing microtubules. Science 278:856–860.
  • Duden R. 2003. ER-to-Golgi transport: COPI and COPII function. Mol Membrane Biol 20:197–207.
  • Dunn AR and Spudich JA. 2007. Dynamics of the unbound head during myosin V processive translocation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14:246–248.
  • Eggeling C, Ringemann C, Sandhoff K, Schönle A, Hell SW et al. 2009. Direct observation of the nanoscale dynamics of membrane lipids in a living cell. Nature 457:1159–1162.
  • Elowitz MB and Leibler S. 2000. A synthetic oscillatory network of transcriptional regulators. Nature 403(6767):335–338.
  • Endy D. 2005. Foundations for engineering biology. Nature 438:449–453.
  • Engel A and Müller DJ. 2002. Observing proteins at work with the atomic force microscope. Nat Struct Biol 7:715–718.
  • Faivre-Moskalenko C and Dogterom M. 2002. Dynamics of microtubule asters in microfabricated chambers: The role of catastrophes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:16788–16793.
  • Farsad K and De Camilli P. 2003. Mechanisms of membrane deformation. Curr Op Cell Biol 15:372–381.
  • Feigenson GW. 2006. Phase behavior of lipid mixtures. Nat Chem Biol 2:560–563.
  • Ferber D. 2004. Synthetic biology: Microbes made to order. Science 303:158–161.
  • Finer JT, Simmons RM and Spudich JA. 1994. Single myosin molecule mechanics – piconewton forces and nanometer steps. Nature 368:113–119.
  • Fink G, Hajdo L, Skowronek C, Reuther C, Kasprzak AA and Diez S. 2009. The mitotic kinesin-14 drives directional microtubule-microtubule sliding. Nat Cell Biol, Vol. 11(6):717–723.
  • Footer MJ, Kerssemakers JWJ, Theriot JA and Dogterom M. 2007. Direct measurement of force generation by actin filament polymerization using an optical trap. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:2181–2186.
  • Forster AC and Church GM. 2006. Towards synthesis of a minimal cell. Mol Syst Biol. 2, 45–1 – 45–10.
  • Funatsu T, Harada Y, Tokunaga M, Saito K and Yanagida T. 1995. Imaging of single fluorescent molecules and individual ATP turnovers by single myosin molecules in aqueous solution. Nature 374:555–559.
  • Fygenson DK, Marko JF and Libchaber A. 1997. Mechanics of microtubule-based membrane extension. Phys Rev Lett 79:4497–4500.
  • Garcia-Saez AJ, Chiantia S, Salgado J and Schwille P. 2007. Pore formation by a Bax-derived peptide: effect on the line tension of the membrane probed by AFM. Biophys J 93:103–112.
  • Gast FU, Dittrich PS, Schwille P, Diez S, Howitz S et al. 2006. The microscopy cell (MicCell), a versatile modular flowthrough system for cell biology, biomaterial research, and nanotechnology. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 2:21–36.
  • Girard P, Pecreaux J, Lenoir G, Falson P, Rigaud JL and Bassereau P. 2004. A new method for the reconstitution of membrane proteins into giant unilamellar vesicles. Biophys J 87:2098–2098.
  • Goel A and Vogel V. 2008. Harnessing biological motors to engineer systems for nanoscale transport and assembly. Nat Nanotechnol 3:465–475.
  • Goncalves RP, Agnus G, Sens P, Houssin C, Bartenlian B and Scheuring S. 2006. Two-chamber AFM: probing membrane proteins separating two aqueous compartments. Nat Meth 3:1007–1012.
  • Griffiths G 2007. Cell evolution and the problem of membrane topology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8:1018–1024.
  • Gross SP, Tuma MC, Deacon SW, Serpinskaya AS, Reilein AR and Gelfand VI. 2002. Interactions and regulation of molecular motors in Xenopus melanophores. J Cell Biol 156:855–865.
  • Groves JT, Parthasarathy R and Forstner MB. 2008. Fluorescence imaging of membrane dynamics. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 10:311–338.
  • Ha T, Enderle T, Ogletree DF, Chemla DS, Selvin PR and Weiss S. 1996. Probing the interaction between two single molecules: Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between a single donor and a single acceptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:6264–6268.
  • Hale CA, Meinhardt H and de Boer PAJ. 2001. Dynamic localization cycle of the cell division regulator MinE in Escherichia coli. EMBO J 20:1563–1572.
  • Hammond AT, Heberle FA, Baumgart T, Holowka D, Baird B and Feigenson GW. 2005. Crosslinking a lipid raft component triggers liquid ordered-liquid disordered phase separation in model plasma membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:6320–6325.
  • Hanczyc MM and Szostak JW. 2004. Replicating vesicles as models of primitive cell growth and division. Curr Op Chem Biol 8:660–664.
  • Hartwell LH, Hopfield JJ, Leibler S and Murray AW. 1999. From molecular to modular cell biology. Nature 402:C47–C52.
  • Hasty J, McMillen D and Collins JJ. 2002. Engineered gene circuits. Nature 420:224–230.
  • Hawking SW. 2001. The Universe in a Nutshell. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
  • Heald R, Tournebize R, Blank T, Sandaltzopoulos R, Becker P, Hyman A and Karsenti E. 1996. Self-organization of microtubules into bipolar spindles around artificial chromosomes in Xenopus egg extracts. Nature 382:420–425.
  • Helenius J, Brouhard G, Kalaidzidis Y, Diez S and Howard J. 2006. The depolymerizing kinesin MCAK uses lattice diffusion to rapidly target microtubule ends. Nature 441:115–119.
  • Helfrich W. 1973. Elastic properties of lipid bilayers – theory and possible experiments. Z Naturforsch C 28:693–703.
  • Hess H. 2006. Self-assembly driven by molecular motors. Soft Matter 2:669–677.
  • Hess H and Vogel V. 2001. Molecular shuttles based on motor proteins: Active transport in synthetic environments. Rev Mol Biotechnol 82:67–85.
  • Hess H, Clemmens J, Qin D, Howard J and Vogel V. 2001. Light-controlled molecular shuttles made from motor proteins carrying cargo on engineered surfaces. Nano Lett 1:235–239.
  • Hess H, Howard J and Vogel V. 2002. A piconewton forcemeter assembled from microtubules and kinesins. Nano Lett 2:1113–1115.
  • Heuvingh J, Franco M, Chavrier P and Sykes C. 2007. ARF1-mediated actin polymerization produces movement of artificial vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:16928–16933.
  • Higgins J. 1967. Theory of oscillating reactions. Ind Eng Chem 59:18–&.
  • Hiratsuka Y, Tada T, Oiwa K, Kanayama T and Uyeda TQP. 2001. Controlling the direction of kinesin-driven microtubule movements along microlithographic tracks. Biophys J 81:1555–1561.
  • Holy TE, Dogterom M, Yurke B and Leibler S. 1997. Assembly and positioning of microtubule asters in microfabricated chambers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:6228–6231.
  • Howard J. 2001. Mechanics of Motor Proteins and the cytoskeleton. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
  • Howard J, Hudspeth AJ and Vale RD. 1989. Movement of microtubules by single kinesin molecules. Nature 342:154–158.
  • Howard M, Rutenberg AD and de Vet S. 2001. Dynamic compartmentalization of bacteria: Accurate division in E-coli. Phys Rev Lett 87:278102.
  • Hu Z and J. Lutkenhaus (1999) Topological regulation of cell division in Escherichia coli involves rapid pole to pole oscillation of the division inhibitor MinC under the control of MinD and MinE. Mol Microbiol. 34:82–90.
  • Hu ZL, Gogol EP and Lutkenhaus J. 2002. Dynamic assembly of MinD on phospholipid vesicles regulated by ATP and MinE. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:6761–6766.
  • Huebner A, Sharma S, Srisa-Art M, Hollfelder F, Edel JB and Demello AJ. 2008. Microdroplets: A sea of applications? Lab Chip 8:1244–1254.
  • Inoue S. 1981. Video image-processing greatly enhances contrast, quality, and speed in polarization-based microscopy. J Cell Biol 89:346–356.
  • Ionov L, Stamm M and Diez S. 2005. Size sorting of protein assemblies using polymeric gradient surfaces. Nano Lett 5:1910–1914.
  • Ionov L, Stamm M and Diez S. 2006. Reversible switching of microtubule motility using thermoresponsive polymer surfaces. Nano Lett 6:1982–1987.
  • Janshoff A and Steinem C. 2001. Scanning force microscopy of artificial membranes. ChemBioChem 2:799–808.
  • Janshoff A, Steinem C, Sieber M, el Baya A, Schmidt MA and Galla HJ. 1997. Quartz crystal microbalance investigation of the interaction of bacterial toxins with ganglioside containing solid supported membranes. Eur Biophys J Biophys Lett 26:261–270.
  • Kahya N, Pecheur EI, de Boeij WP, Wiersma DA and Hoekstra D. 2001. Reconstitution of membrane proteins into giant unilamellar vesicles via peptide-induced fusion. Biophys J 81:1464–1474.
  • Kahya N, Scherfeld D, Bacia K, Poolman B and Schwille P. 2003. Probing lipid mobility of raft-exhibiting model membranes by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 278:28109–28115.
  • Kapitein LC, Peterman EJG, Kwok BH, Kim JH, Kapoor TM and Schmidt CF. 2005. The bipolar mitotic kinesin Eg5 moves on both microtubules that it crosslinks. Nature 435:114–118.
  • Kapitein LC, Kwok BH, Weinger JS, Schmidt CF, Kapoor TM and Peterman EJP. 2008. Microtubule cross-linking triggers the directional motility of kinesin-5. Journal of Cell Biology. 182(3): 421-428.
  • Keller CA and Kasemo B. 1998. Surface specific kinetics of lipid vesicle adsorption measured with a quartz crystal microbalance. Biophys J 75:1397–1402.
  • Kiessling V., Crane J.M., Tamm L.K. (2006). Transbilayer Effects of Raft-Like Lipid Domains in Asymmetric Planar Bilayer Measured by Single Molecule Tracking Biophysical Journal. 91: 3313–3326.
  • Kinoshita K, Arnal I, Desai A, Drechsel DN and Hyman AA. 2001. Reconstitution of physiological microtubule dynamics using purified components. Science 294:1340–1343.
  • Kirchhausen T. 2000. Clathrin. Annu Rev Biochem 69:699–727.
  • Knoll W et al. 2000. Functional tethered lipid bilayers. Rev Mol Biotechnol 74:137–158.
  • Korlach J, Schwille P, Webb WW and Feigenson GW. 1999. Characterization of lipid bilayer phases by confocal microscopy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:9966–9966.
  • Koster G, VanDuijn M, Hofs B and Dogterom M. 2003. Membrane tube formation from giant vesicles by dynamic association of motor proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:15583–15588.
  • Kron SJ and Spudich JA. 1986. Fluorescent actin-filaments move on myosin fixed to a glass-surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:6272–6276.
  • Kruse K and Jülicher F. 2005. Oscillations in Cell Biology. Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:20–26.
  • Kruse K, Howard M and Margolin W. 2007. An experimentalist’s guide to computational modelling of the Min system. Mol Microbiol 63:1279–1284.
  • Lackner LL, Raskin DM and de Boer PAJ. 2003. ATP-dependent interactions between Escherichia coli Min proteins and the phospholipid membrane in vitro. J Bacteriol 185:735–749.
  • Lasek RJ and Brady ST. 1985. Attachment of transported vesicles to microtubules in axoplasm is facilitated by Amp-Pnp. Nature 316:645–647.
  • Leduc C, Campas O, Zeldovich KB, Roux A, Jolimaitre P, Bourel-Bonnet L, Goud B, Joanny JF, Bassereau P and Prost J. 2004. Cooperative extraction of membrane nanotubes by molecular motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:17096–17101.
  • Leduc C, Ruhnow F, Howard J and Diez S. 2007. Detection of fractional steps in cargo movement by the collective operation of kinesin-1 motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:10847–10852.
  • Limberis L and Stewart RJ. 2000. Toward kinesin-powered microdevices. Nanotechnol 11:47–51.
  • Limozin L and Sackmann E. 2002. Polymorphism of cross-linked actin networks in giant vesicles. Phys Rev Lett 89: 168103-1–168103-4
  • Lin CT, Kao MT, Kurabayashi K and Meyhofer E. 2008. Self-contained biomolecular motor-driven protein sorting and concentrating in an ultrasensitive microfluidic chip. Nano Lett 8:1041–1046.
  • Lingwood D, Ries J, Schwille P and Simons K. 2008. Plasma membranes are poised for activation of raft phase coalescence at physiological temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:10005–10010.
  • Link DR, Grasland-Mongrain E, Duri A, Sarrazin F, Cheng ZD, Cristobal G, Marquez M and Weitz DA. 2006. Electric control of droplets in microfluidic devices. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:2556–2560.
  • Lipowsky R. 1991. The conformation of membranes. Nature 349:475–481.
  • Lipowsky R and Sackmann E. 1995. Structure and Dynamics of Membranes. North Holland: Elsevier.
  • Liu AP and Fletcher DA. 2006. Actin polymerization serves as a membrane domain switch in model lipid bilayers. Biophys. J. 91:4064–70.
  • Loisel TP, Boujemaa R, Pantaloni D and Carlier MF. 1999. Reconstitution of actin-based motility of Listeria and Shigella using pure proteins. Nature 401:613–616.
  • Loose M, Fischer-Friedrich E, Ries J, Kruse K and Schwille P. 2008. Spatial regulators for bacterial cell division self-organize into surface waves in vitro. Science 320:789–792.
  • Löwe J and Amos LA. 2009. Evolution of cytomotive filaments: The cytoskeleton from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:323–329.
  • Luisi PL. 2007. Chemical aspects of synthetic biology. Chem Biodivers 4:603–621.
  • Manneville JB, Casella JF, Ambroggio E, Gounon P, Bertherat J, Bassereau P, Cartaud J, Antonny B and Goud B. 2008. COPI coat assembly occurs on liquid-disordered domains and the associated membrane deformations are limited by membrane tension. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:16946–16951.
  • Mansson A, Balaz M, Albet-Torres N and Rosengren KJ. 2008. In vitro assays of molecular motors – impact of motor-surface interactions. Frontiers Biosci 13:5732–5754.
  • Mansy SS, Schrum JP, Krishnamurthy M, Tobe S, Treco DA and Szostak JW. 2008. Template-directed synthesis of a genetic polymer in a model protocell. Nature 454:122–U10.
  • Marcy Y, Prost J, Carlier MF and Sykes C. 2004. Forces generated during actin-based propulsion: A direct measurement by micromanipulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:5992–5997.
  • McMahon HT and Gallop JL. 2005. Membrane curvature and mechanisms of dynamic cell membrane remodelling. Nature 438:590–596.
  • Merkle D, Kahya N and Schwille P. 2008. Reconstitution and anchoring of cytoskeleton inside giant unilamellar vesicles. ChemBioChem 9:2673–2681.
  • Mitchison T and Kirschner M. 1984. Dynamic instability of microtubule growth. Nature 312:237–242.
  • Montes LR, Alonso A, Goñi FM, Bagatolli LA. 2007. Giant Unilamellar Vesicles Electroformed from Native Membranes and Organic Lipid Mixtures under Physiological Conditions. Biophys J. 93(10): 3548–3554.
  • Mori T, Vale RD and Tomishige M. 2007. How kinesin waits between steps. Nature 450:750–U15.
  • Morigaki K, Baumgart T, Offenhausser A and Knoll W. 2001. Patterning solid-supported lipid bilayer membranes by lithographic polymerization of a diacetylene lipid. Angew Chem Int Ed 40:172–174.
  • Murtas G, Kuruma Y, Bianchini P, Diaspro A and Luisi PL. 2007. Protein synthesis in liposomes with a minimal set of enzymes. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 363:12–17.
  • Nagashima H and Asakura S 1980. Dark-field light microscopic study of the flexibility of f-actin complexes. J Mol Biol 136:169–182.
  • Nakajima M, Imai K, Ito H, Nishiwaki T, Murayama Y, Iwasaki H, Oyarna T and Kondo T. 2005. Reconstitution of circadian oscillation of cyanobacterial KaiC phosphorylation in vitro. Science 308:414–415.
  • Nedelec FJ, Surrey T, Maggs AC and Leibler S. 1997. Self-organization of microtubules and motors. Nature 389:305–308.
  • Noireaux V and Libchaber A. 2004. A vesicle bioreactor as a step toward an artificial cell assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:17669–17674.
  • Noireaux V, Bar-Ziv R and Libchaber A. 2003. Principles of cell-free genetic circuit assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:12672–12677.
  • Novák B and Tyson JJ. 2008. Design principles of biochemical oscillators. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:981–991.
  • Paschal BM, Shpetner HS and Vallee RB. 1991. Purification of brain cytoplasmic dynein and characterization of its in vitro properties. Meth Enzymol 196:181–191.
  • Pautot S, Frisken BJ and Weitz DA. 2003. Engineering asymmetric vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:10718–10721.
  • Pautot S, Lee H, Isacoff EY and Groves JT. 2005. Neuronal synapse interaction reconstituted between live cells and supported lipid bilayers. Nat Chem Biol 1:283–289.
  • Perez JB, Martinez KL, Segura JM and Vogel H. 2006. Supported cell-membrane sheets for functional fluorescence imaging of membrane proteins. Adv Funct Mat 16:306–312.
  • Pierce DW, HomBooher N and Vale RD. 1997. Imaging individual green fluorescent proteins. Nature 388:338–338.
  • Pott T, Bouvrais H and Meleard P. 2008. Giant unilamellar vesicle formation under physiologically relevant conditions. Chem Phys Lipids 154:115–119.
  • Pye K and Chance B. 1966. Sustained sinusoidal oscillations of reduced pyridine nucleotide in a cell-free extract of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 55:888.
  • Quake SR and Scherer A. 2000. From micro- to nanofabrication with soft materials. Science 290:1536–1540.
  • Raab M and Hancock WO. 2008. Transport and detection of unlabeled nucleotide targets by microtubules functionalized with molecular beacons. Biotechnol Bioeng 99:764–773.
  • Rajendran L and Simons K. 2005. Lipid rafts and membrane dynamics. J Cell Sci 118:1099–1102.
  • Raskin DM and de Boer PA. 1999. Rapid pole-to-pole oscillation of a protein required for directing division to the middle of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:4971–4976.
  • Reck-Peterson SL, Yildiz A, Carter AP, Gennerich A, Zhang N and Vale RD. 2006. Single molecule analysis of dynein processivity and stepping behavior. Cell 126: 335–348.
  • Reuther C, Hajdo L, Tucker R, Kasprzak AA and Diez S. 2006. Biotemplated nanopatterning of planar surfaces with molecular motors. Nano Lett 6:2177–2183.
  • Ro DK, Paradise EM, Ouellet M, Fisher KJ, Keasling JD et al. 2006. Production of the antimalarial drug precursor artemisinic acid in engineered yeast. Nature 440: 940–943.
  • Römer W, Berland L, Sens P, Bassereau P, Johannes L, et al. 2007. Shiga toxin induces tubular membrane invaginations for its uptake into cells. Nature 450(7170):670.
  • Rothemund PWK. 2006. Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns. Nature 440:297–302.
  • Roux A, Cappello G, Cartaud J, Prost J, Goud B and Bassereau P. 2002. A minimal system allowing tubulation with molecular motors pulling on giant liposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:5394–5399.
  • Roux A, Uyhazi K, Frost A and De Camilli P. 2006. GTP-dependent twisting of dynamin implicates constriction and tension in membrane fission. Nature 441(7092):528–531.
  • Saarikangas J, Zhao HX, Pykalainen A, Laurinmaki P, Mattila PK, Kinnunen PKJ, Butcher SJ and Lappalainen P. 2009. Molecular mechanisms of membrane deformation by I-BAR domain proteins. Curr Biol 19:95–107.
  • Sackmann E. 1996. Supported membranes: Scientific and practical applications. Science 271:43–48.
  • Salamon Z, Wang Y, Tollin G and Macleod HA. 1994. Assembly and molecular-organization of self-assembled lipid bilayers on solid substrates monitored by surface-plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembranes 1195:267–275.
  • Saslowsky DE, Lawrence J, Ren XY, Brown DA, Henderson RM and Edwardson JM. 2002. Placental alkaline phosphatase is efficiently targeted to rafts in supported lipid bilayers. J Biol Chem 277:26966–26970.
  • Scherfeld D, Kahya N and Schwille P. 2003. Lipid dynamics and domain formation in model membranes composed of ternary mixtures of unsaturated and saturated phosphatidylcholines and cholesterol. Biophys J 85:3758–3768.
  • Schnapp BJ, Vale RD, Sheetz MP and Reese TS. 1985. Single microtubules from squid axoplasm support bidirectional movement of organelles. Cell 40:455–462.
  • Schön P, Garcia-Saez AJ, Malovrh P, Bacia K, Anderluh G and Schwille P 2008. Equinatoxin II permeabilizing activity depends on the presence of sphingomyelin and lipid phase coexistence. Biophys J 95:691–698.
  • Seeman NC and Belcher AM. 2002. Emulating biology: Building nanostructures from the bottom up. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:6451–6455.
  • Seifert U. 1997. Configurations of fluid membranes and vesicles. Adv Phys 46:13–137.
  • Sens P, Johannes L and Bassereau P. 2008. Biophysical approaches to protein-induced membrane deformations in trafficking. Curr Op Cell Biol 20:476–482.
  • Shaklee PM, Idema T, Koster G, Storm C, Schmidt T and Dogterom M. 2008. Bidirectional membrane tube dynamics driven by nonprocessive motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:7993–7997.
  • Shimizu Y, Inoue A, Tomari Y, Suzuki T, Yokogawa T, Nishikawa K and Ueda T. 2001. Cell-free translation reconstituted with purified components. Nature Biotechnol 19:751–755.
  • Simon A, Girard-Egrot A, Sauter F, Pudda C, Picollet D, Hahan N, Blum L, Chatelain F and Fuchs A. 2007. Formation and stability of a suspended biomimetic lipid bilayer on silicon submicrometer-sized pores J Coll Interf Sci 308: 337–343.
  • Simons K and Ikonen E. 1997. Functional rafts in cell membranes. Nature 387:569–572.
  • Simons K and van Meer G. 1988. Lipid sorting in epithelial cells. Biochemistry 27:6197–6202.
  • Sprinzak D and Elowitz MB. 2005. Reconstruction of genetic circuits. Nature 438:443–448.
  • Stachowiak JC, Richmond DL, Li TH, Liu AP, Parekh SH and Fletcher DA. 2008. Unilamellar vesicle formation and encapsulation by microfluidic jetting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:4697–4702.
  • Stricker J, Cookson S, Bennett MR, Mather WH, Tsimring LH and Hasty J. 2008. A fast, robust and tunable synthetic gene oscillator Nature 456:516–519.
  • Suefuji K, Valluzz R and RayChaudhuri D. 2002. Dynamic assembly of MinD into filament bundles modulated by ATP, phospholipids, and MinE. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:16776–16781.
  • Svoboda K and Block SM. 1994. Force and velocity measured for single kinesin molecules. Cell 77:773–784.
  • Svoboda K, Schmidt CF, Schnapp BJ and Block SM. 1993. Direct observation of kinesin stepping by optical trapping interferometry. Nature 365:721–727.
  • Szostak JW, Bartel DP and Luisi PL. 2001. Synthesizing life. Nature 409:387–390.
  • Tamm LK and McConnell HM. 1985. Supported phospholipid bilayers. Biophys J 47:105–113.
  • Tanaka M and Sackmann E. 2005. Polymer-supported membranes as models of the cell surface. Nature 437:656–663.
  • Tao L, Mogilner A, Civelekogiu-Scholey G, Wollman R, Evans J, Stahlberg H and Scholey JM. 2006. A homotetrameric kinesin-5, KLP61F, bundles microtubles and antagonizes Ncd in motility assays. Curr Biol 16:2293–2302.
  • Tawfik DS and Griffiths AD. 1998. Man-made cell-like compartments for molecular evolution. Nat Biotechnol 16:652–656.
  • Terasaki M, Chen LB and Fujiwara K. 1986. Microtubules and the endoplasmic-reticulum are highly interdependent structures. J Cell Biol 103:1557–1568.
  • Theriot JA, Mitchison TJ, Tilney LG and Portnoy DA. 1992. The rate of actin-based motility of intracellular Listeria-monocytogenes equals the rate of actin polymerization. Nature 357:257–260.
  • Thompson RE, Larson DR and Webb WW. 2002. Precise nanometer localization analysis for individual fluorescent probes. Biophys J 82:2775–2783.
  • Tigges M, Marquez-Lago TT, Stelling J and Fussenegger M. 2009. A tunable synthetic mammalian oscillator. Nature 457:309–312.
  • Trajkovic K, Hsu C, Chiantia S, Rajendran L, Wenzel D, Wieland F, Schwille P, Brügger B and Simons M. 2008. Ceramide triggers budding of exosome vesicles into multivesicular Endosomes. Science 319(5867):1244–1247.
  • Tran PT, Marsh L, Doye V, Inoue S and Chang F. 2001. A mechanism for nuclear positioning in fission yeast based on microtubule pushing. J Cell Biol 153:397–411.
  • Turing AM. 1952. The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond B Biol Sci 237:37–72.
  • Urrutia R, McNiven MA, Albanesi JP, Murphy DB and Kachar B. 1991. purified kinesin promotes vesicle motility and induces active sliding between microtubules in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:6701–6705.
  • Vale RD and Hotani H. 1988. Formation of membrane networks in vitro by kinesin-driven microtubule movement. J Cell Biol 107:2233–2241.
  • Vale RD, Reese TS and Sheetz MP. 1985a. Identification of a novel force-generating protein, kinesin, involved in microtubule-based motility. Cell 42:39–50.
  • Vale RD, Schnapp BJ, Reese TS and Sheetz MP. 1985b. Organelle, bead, and microtubule translocations promoted by soluble factors from the squid giant-axon. Cell 40:559–569.
  • Vale RD, Malik F and Brown D. 1992. Directional instability of microtubule transport in the presence of kinesin and dynein, 2 opposite polarity motor proteins. J Cell Biol 119:1589–1596.
  • Vale RD, Funatsu T, Pierce DW, Romberg L, Harada Y and Yanagida T. 1996. Direct observation of single kinesin molecules moving along microtubules. Nature 380:451–453.
  • van den Heuvel MGL and Dekker C. 2007. Motor proteins at work for nanotechnology. Science 317:333–336.
  • van den Heuvel MGL, Butcher CT, Smeets RMM, Diez S and Dekker C. 2005. High rectifying efficiencies of microtubule motility on kinesin-coated gold nanostructures. Nano Lett 5:1117–1122.
  • van den Heuvel MGL, De Graaff MP and Dekker C. 2006. Molecular sorting by electrical steering of microtubules in kinesin-coated channels. Science 312:910–914.
  • Varga V, Helenius J, Tanaka K, Hyman AA, Tanaka TU and Howard J. 2006. Yeast kinesin-8 depolymerizes microtubules in a length-dependent manner, Nat Cell Biol 8:957–962.
  • Varma R and Mayor S. 1998. GPI-anchored proteins are organized in submicron domains at the cell surface. Nature 394:798–801.
  • Veatch SL and Keller SL. 2003a. A closer look at the canonical ‘raft mixture’ in model membrane studies. Biophys J 84:725–726.
  • Veatch SL and Keller SL. 2003b. Separation of liquid phases in giant vesicles of ternary mixtures of phospholipids and cholesterol. Biophys J 85:3074–3083.
  • Wawrezinieck L, Rigneault H, Marguet D and Lenne PF. 2005. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy diffusion laws to probe the submicron cell membrane organization. Biophys J 89:4029–4042.
  • Weisenberg RC. 1972 Science, 177(4054):1104 – 1105.
  • Winfree E, Liu FR, Wenzler LA and Seeman NC. 1998. Design and self-assembly of two-dimensional DNA crystals. Nature 394:539–544.
  • Wollert T, Wunder C, Lippincott-Schwartz J and Hurley JH. 2009. Membrane scission by the ESCRT-III complex. Nature 458:172–1U2.
  • Yanagida T, Nakase M, Nishiyama K and Oosawa F. 1984. Direct observation of motion of single f-actin filaments in the presence of myosin. Nature 307:58–60.
  • Yang J and Appleyard J. 2000. The main phase transition of mica-supported phosphatidylcholine membranes. J Phys Chem B 104:8097–8100.
  • Yildiz A, Forkey JN, McKinney SA, Ha T, Goldman YE and Selvin PR. 2003. Myosin V walks hand-over-hand: Single fluorophore imaging with 1.5-nm localization. Science 300:2061–2065.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.