Interactive Effects Between Maternal Parenting and Negative Emotionality on Social Functioning Among Very Young Chinese Children

References

• Achenbach, T., & Rescorla, L. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
   Google Scholar
• Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709–716. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.4.709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, J. E. (1989). Concepts of measures of temperament. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 3–73). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., Dodge, K. A., & Ridge, B. (1998). Interaction of temperamental resistance to control and restrictive parenting in the development of externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 34(5), 982–995. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56–95. doi:10.1177/0272431691111004
   Google Scholar
• Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83–96. doi:10.2307/1129836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsky, J. (1997). Variation in susceptibility to environmental influence: An evolutionary argument. Psychological Inquiry, 8(3), 182–186. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0803_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsky, J. (2005). Differential susceptibility to rearing influence: An evolutionary hypothesis and some evidence. In B. J. Ellis & D. F. Bjorklund (Eds.), Origins of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and child development (pp. 139–163). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Belsky, J., Friedman, S. L., & Hsieh, K. (2001). Testing a core emotion-regulation prediction: Does early attentional persistence moderate the effect of infant negative emotionality on later development? Child Development, 72(1), 123–133. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsky, J., Hsieh, K., & Crnic, K. (1998). Mothering, fathering, and infant negativity as antecedents of boys’ externalizing problems and inhibition at age 3 years: Differential susceptibility to rearing experience? Development and Psychopathology, 10(2), 301–319. doi:10.1017/S095457949800162X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135(6), 885–908. doi:10.1037/a0017376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsky, J., Pluess, M., & Widaman, K. F. (2013). Confirmatory and competitive evaluation of alternative gene-environment interaction hypotheses. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 54(10), 1135–1143. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block, J. H. (1981). The Child-Rearing Practices Report (CRPR): A set of Q items for the description of parental socialization attitudes and values. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of Human Development.
   Google Scholar
• Caspi, A., Henry, B., McGee, R. O., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1995). Temperamental origins of child and adolescent behavior problems: From age three to age fifteen. Child Development, 66(1), 55–68. doi:10.2307/1131190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Krueger, R., & Schmutte, P. S. (1994). Are some people crime-prone? Replications of the personality-crime relation across nation, gender, race and method. Criminology, 32, 301–333. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1994.tb01151.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Census and Statistics Department. (2014). Population and household statistics analysed by district council district 2013. Hong Kong: Government Logistics Department.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & McBride-Chang, C. (2003). Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(4), 598–606. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1111–1119. doi:10.2307/1131308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X. (2000). Social and emotional development in Chinese children and adolescents: A contextual cross-cultural perspective. In F. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in psychology research (Vol. 1, pp. 229–251). Huntington, NY: Nova Science.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Chang, L., He, Y., & Liu, H. (2005). The peer group as a context: Moderating effects on relations between maternal parenting and social and school adjustment in Chinese children. Child Development, 76(2), 417–434. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00854.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Dong, Q., & Zhou, H. (1997). Authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices and social and school performance in Chinese children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21(4), 855–873. doi:10.1080/016502597384703
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., & French, D. C. (2008). Children’s social competence in cultural context. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 591–616. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin, M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 685–704. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conger, R. D., & Donnellan, M. B. (2007). An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 175–199. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deater-Deckard, K., & Dodge, K. A. (1997). Spare the rod, spoil the authors: Emerging themes in research on parenting and child development. Psychological Inquiry, 8(3), 230–235. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0803_13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1997). Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 633–652. doi:10.1017/S0954579497001375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dornbusch, S. M., Ritter, P. L., Leiderman, P. H., Roberts, D. F., & Fraleigh, M. J. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 58, 1244–1257. doi:10.2307/1130618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougherty, L. R. (2006). Children’s emotionality and social status: A meta-analytic review. Social Development, 15(3), 394–417. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00348.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Chang, L., Ma, Y., & Huang, X. (2009). Relations of parenting style to Chinese children’s effortful control, ego resilience, and maladjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 21(2), 455–477. doi:10.1017/S095457940900025X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Reiser, M., & Guthrie, I. K. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children’s externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72(4), 1112–1134. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., & Reiser, M. (2000). Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 136–157. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B., Maszk, P., Smith, M., & Karbon, M. (1995). The role of emotionality and regulation in children’s social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 66(5), 1360–1384. doi:10.2307/1131652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Murphy, B. C., Holgren, R., & Losoya, S. (1997). The relations of regulation and emotionality to resiliency and competent social functioning in elementary school children. Child Development, 68(2), 295–311. doi:10.2307/1131851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Ma, Y., Chang, L., Zhou, Q., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. (2007). Relations of effortful control, reactive undercontrol, and anger to Chinese children’s adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 19(2), 385–409. doi:10.1017/S0954579407070198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Sadovsky, A., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Losoya, S. H., Valiente, C., & Shepard, S. A. (2005). The relations of problem behavior status to children’s negative emotionality, effortful control, and impulsivity: Concurrent relations and prediction of change. Developmental Psychology, 41(1), 193–211. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Spinrad, T. L., Cumberland, A., Liew, J., Reiser, M., & Losoya, S. H. (2009). Longitudinal relations of children’s effortful control, impulsivity, and negative emotionality to their externalizing, internalizing, and co-occurring behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 45(4), 988–1008. doi:10.1037/a0016213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, H. H., & Campos, J. J. (1982). Toward a theory of infant temperament. In R. N. Emde & R. J. Harmon (Eds.), The development of attachment and affiliative systems (pp. 161–193). New York, NY: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hightower, A. D. (1994). Parent-Child Rating Scale. Rochester, NY: Primary Mental Health Project.
   Google Scholar
• Ho, D. Y. F. (1986). Chinese pattern of socialization: A critical review. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp. 1–37). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Javaras, K. N., Goldsmith, H. H., & Laird, N. M. (2011). Estimating the effect of a predictor measured by two informants on a continuous outcome: A comparison of methods. Epidemiology, 22(3), 390–399. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e318212b940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, S., Shaver, P. R., Sue, S., Min, K., & Jing, H. (2003). Culture-specific patterns in the prediction of life satisfaction: Roles of emotion, relationship quality, and self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(12), 1596–1608. doi:10.1177/0146167203255986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karreman, A., de Haas, S., van Tuijl, C., van Aken, M. G., & Deković, M. (2010). Relations among temperament, parenting and problem behavior in young children. Infant Behavior & Development, 33(1), 39–49. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, M. (2001). Culture as a context for temperament: Suggestions from the life courses of shy Swedes and Americans. In T. D. Wachs & G. A. Kohnstamm (Eds.), Temperament in context (pp. 139–152). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. Y., Wang, Y., Orozco-Lapray, D., Shen, Y., & Murtuza, M. (2013). Does “tiger parenting” exist? Parenting profiles of Chinese Americans and adolescent developmental outcomes. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 7–18. doi:10.1037/a0030612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman, A., & Good, B. (1985). Culture and depression: Studies in the anthropology and cross-cultural psychiatry of affect and disorder. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., & Carlson, J. J. (2005). Temperament, relationships, and young children’s receptive cooperation with their parents. Developmental Psychology, 41(4), 648–660. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochanska, G., Kim, S., Barry, R. A., & Philibert, R. A. (2011). Children’s genotypes interact with maternal responsive care in predicting children’s competence: Diathesis-stress or differential susceptibility? Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 605–616. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E. H., Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., & Wang, Y. (2013). Bidirectional relations between temperament and parenting styles in Chinese children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37(1), 57–67. doi:10.1177/0165025412460795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemery, K. S., Essex, M. J., & Smider, N. A. (2002). Revealing the relation between temperament and behavior problem symptoms by eliminating measurement confounding: Expert ratings and factor analyses. Child Development, 73(3), 867–882. doi:10.1111/cdev.2002.73.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lengua, L. J. (2006). Growth in temperament and parenting as predictors of adjustment during children’s transition to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 819–832. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lengua, L. J., & Kovacs, E. A. (2005). Bidirectional associations between temperament and parenting and the prediction of adjustment problems in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26(1), 21–38. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lengua, L. J., West, S. G., & Sandler, I. N. (1998). Temperament as a predictor of symptomatology in children: Addressing contamination of measures. Child Development, 69(1), 164–181. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06141.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, K., Lau, S., & Lam, W. L. (1998). Parenting styles and academic achievement: A cross-cultural study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 44, 157–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., & Lamb, M. E. (2013). Fathers in Chinese culture: From stern disciplinarians to involved parents. In D. W. Shwalb, B. J. Shwalb, & M. E. Lamb (Eds.), Fathers in cultural context (pp. 15–41). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lieber, E., Fung, H., & Leung, P. W-L. (2006). Chinese child-rearing beliefs: Key dimensions and contributions to the development of culture-appropriate assessment. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 140–147. doi:10.1111/j.1467-839X.2006.00191.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Cheng, H., & Leung, P. L. (2011). The application of the Preschool Child Behavior Checklist and the Caregiver-Teacher Report Form to Mainland Chinese children: Syndrome structure, gender differences, country effects, and inter-informant agreement. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(2), 251–264. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9452-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroe, S. M., & Simons, A. D. (1991). Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 406–425. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Sessa, F. M., Avenevoli, S., & Essex, M. J. (2002). Temperamental vulnerability and negative parenting as interacting predictors of child adjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 461–471. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00461.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhtadie, L., Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., & Wang, Y. (2013). Predicting internalizing problems in Chinese children: The unique and interactive effects of parenting and child temperament. Development and Psychopathology, 25(3), 653–667. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, D. A., Hart, C. H., Yang, C., Olsen, J. A., & Jin, S. (2006). Aversive parenting in China: Associations with child physical and relational aggression. Child Development, 77(3), 554–572. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00890.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, T. G., Deater-Deckard, K., Fulker, D., Rutter, M., & Plomin, R. (1998). Genotype-environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: Antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting. Developmental Psychology, 34(5), 970–981. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olino, T. M., Klein, D. N., Dyson, M. W., Rose, S. A., & Durbin, C. E. (2010). Temperamental emotionality in preschool-aged children and depressive disorders in parents: Associations in a large community sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(3), 468–478. doi:10.1037/a0020112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roisman, G. I., Newman, D. A., Fraley, R. C., Haltigan, J. D., Groh, A. M., & Haydon, K. C. (2012). Distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis-stress: Recommendations for evaluating interaction effects. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 389–409. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., & Fisher, P. (2001). Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The Children’s Behavior Questionnaire. Child Development, 72(5), 1394–1408. doi:10.1111/cdev.2001.72.issue-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner, & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., pp. 99–166). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Rowe, D. C., & Plomin, R. (1977). Temperament in early childhood. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41(2), 150–156. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4102_5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sameroff, A. (Ed.). (2009). The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Sanson, A., Oberklaid, F., Pedlow, R., & Prior, M. (1991). Risk indicators: Assessment of infancy predictors of pre-school behavioural maladjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32(4), 609–626. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00338.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanson, A. V., & Rothbart, M. K. (1995). Child temperament and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (pp. 299–321). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L., Mounts, N. S., Lamborn, S. D., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across varied ecological niches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1, 19–36. doi:10.1111/1532-7795.ep11522650
   Google Scholar
• Stright, A. D., Gallagher, K. C., & Kelley, K. (2008). Infant temperament moderates relations between maternal parenting in early childhood and children’s adjustment in first grade. Child Development, 79(1), 186–200. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01119.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. Oxford, UK: Brunner/Mazel.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, A., Chess, S., & Birch, H. G. (1968). Temperament and behavior disorders in children. New York, NY: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, B., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1992). Some consequences of early harsh discipline: Child aggression and a maladaptive social information processing style. Child Development, 63, 1321–1335. doi:10.2307/1131558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside-Mansell, L., Bradley, R. H., Casey, P. H., Fussell, J. J., & Conners-Burrow, N. A. (2009). Triple risk: Do difficult temperament and family conflict increase the likelihood of behavioral maladjustment in children born low birth weight and preterm? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(4), 396–405. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widaman, K. F., Helm, J. L., Castro-Schilo, L., Pluess, M., Stallings, M. C., & Belsky, J. (2012). Distinguishing ordinal and disordinal interactions. Psychological Methods, 17(4), 615–622. doi:10.1037/a0030003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., Farver, J. M., & Zhang, Z. (2009). Temperament, harsh and indulgent parenting, and Chinese children’s proactive and reactive aggression. Child Development, 80(1), 244–258. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01257.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, C., Hart, C. H., Nelson, D. A., Porter, C. L., Olsen, S. F., Robinson, C. C., & Jin, S. (2004). Fathering in a Beijing, Chinese sample: Associations with boys’ and girls’ negative emotionality and aggression. In R. D. Day & M. E. Lamb (Eds.), Conceptualizing and measuring father involvement (pp. 185–215). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Zeman, J., Shipman, K., & Suveg, C. (2002). Anger and sadness regulation: Predictions to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 393–398. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3103_11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. (2015). Difficult temperament moderates the effect of family conflict on Chinese children’s behavior problems and social competence during the transition to nursery care. Journal of Family Violence, 30(4), 501–513. doi:10.1007/s10896-015-9693-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., Wang, Y., & Reiser, M. (2004). Chinese children’s effortful control and dispositional anger/frustration: Relations to parenting styles and children’s social functioning. Developmental Psychology, 40(3), 352–366. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Q., Main, A., & Wang, Y. (2010). The relations of temperamental effortful control and anger/frustration to Chinese children’s academic achievement and social adjustment: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(1), 180–196. doi:10.1037/a0015908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Q., Wang, Y., Deng, X., Eisenberg, N., Wolchik, S. A., & Tein, J. (2008). Relations of parenting and temperament to Chinese children’s experience of negative life events, coping efficacy, and externalizing problems. Child Development, 79(3), 493–513. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01139.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar