An Emic, Mixed-Methods Approach to Defining and Measuring Positive Parenting Among Low-Income Black Families

References

• Abell, E., Clawson, M., Washington, W. N., Bost, K. K., & Vaughn, B. E. (1996). Parenting values, attitudes, behaviors, and goals of African American mothers from a low-income population in relation to social and societal contexts. Journal of Family Issues, 17(5), 593–613. doi:10.1177/019251396017005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addy, S., Engelhardt, W., & Skinner, C. (2013). Basic Facts about Low-income Children: Children under 18 years, 2011 (Fact Sheet). National Center for Children in Poverty, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University. Retrieved from http://www.nccp.org/publications/pdf/text_1074.pdf
   Google Scholar
• American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (1999). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: Authors.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. T., Jackson, A., Jones, L., Kennedy, D. P., Wells, K., & Chung, P. J. (2015). Minority parents’ perspectives on racial socialization and school readiness in the early childhood period. Academic Pediatrics, 15, 405–411. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2014.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandalos, D. L., & Raczynski, K. A. (2015). Capturing family-school partnership constructs over time: Creating developmental measurement models. In S. M. Sheridan & E. M. Kim (Eds.), Research on family-school partnerships: An interdisciplinary examination of state of the science and critical needs: Vol. 1. Foundational aspects of family-school partnerships (pp. 77–103). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Barbarin, O. A., McCandies, T., Coleman, C., & Hill, N. E. (2005). Family practices and school performance of African American children. African American Family Life: Ecological and Cultural Diversity, 3, 227–244.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, S. L. (2001). Stressors and strengths: A theoretical and practical examination of nuclear, single-parent, and augmented African American families. Families in Society, 82, 449–460. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4, 1–103. doi:10.1037/h0030372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W. (1999). Emics and etics: A symbiotic conception. Culture & Psychology, 5, 165–171. doi:10.1177/1354067X9952004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, M., Cash, S., & Mathiesen, S. (2003). Validation of the Strengths and Stressors Tracking Device with a child welfare population. Child Welfare, 82(3), 293–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billingsley, A. (1969). Family functioning in the low-income Black community. Social Casework, 50, 563–572.
   Google Scholar
• Brody, G. H., & Flor, D. L. (1998). Maternal resources, parenting practices, and child competence in rural, single-parent African American families. Child Development, 69, 803–816. doi:10.1111/cdev.1998.69.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 1: Theoretical models of human development (6th ed., pp. 793–828). New York, NY: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Butterfield, S. P. (2004). Challenging American conceptions of race and ethnicity: Second generation West Indian immigrants. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 24(7/8), 75–102. doi:10.1108/01443330410791028
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, J. L., & Mendez, J. (2013). Adaptive and challenged parenting among African American mothers: Parenting profiles relate to Head Start children’s aggression and hyperactivity. Early Education & Development, 24, 233–252. doi:10.1080/10409289.2013.749762
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caughy, M., Nettles, S. M., & Lima, J. (2011). Profiles of racial socialization among African American parents: Correlates, context, and outcome. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 491–502. doi:10.1007/s10826-010-9416-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caughy, M., O’Campo, P., Randolph, S., & Nickerson, K. (2002). The influence of racial socialization practices on the cognitive and behavioral competence of African American preschoolers. Child Development, 73(5), 1611–1625. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceballo, R., Chao, R., Hill, N. E., Le, H., Murry, V., & Pinderhughes, E. E. (2008). Excavating culture: Summary of results. Applied Developmental Science, 12, 220–226. doi:10.1080/10888690802388169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceballo, R., & Hurd, N. (2008). Neighborhood context, SES, and parenting: Including a focus on acculturation among Latina mothers. Applied Developmental Science, 12(4), 176–180. doi:10.1080/10888690802387997
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, R. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1111–1119. doi:10.2307/1131308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coard, S. I., Foy-Watson, S., Zimmer, C., & Wallace, A. (2007). Considering culturally relevant parenting practices in intervention development and adaptation. A randomized controlled trial of the Black Parenting Strengths and Strategies (BPSS) program. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 797–820. doi:10.1177/0011000007304592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comfort, M., Gordon, P. R., & Naples, D. (2011). KIPS: An evidence-based tool for assessing parenting strengths and needs in diverse families. Infants & Young Children, 24(1), 56–74. doi:10.1097/IYC.0b013e3182001bd3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coolahan, K., McWayne, C., Fantuzzo, J., & Grim, S. (2002). Validation of a multidimensional assessment of parenting styles for low-income African-American families with preschool children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 17, 356–373. doi:10.1016/S0885-2006(02)00169-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Crowne, K. A. (2013). An empirical analysis of three intelligences. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 45(2), 105–114. doi:10.1037/a0029110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuellar, J., Jones, D. J., & Sterrett, E. (2015). Examining parenting in the neighborhood context: A review. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(1), 195–219. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9826-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487–496.
   Google Scholar
• Dearing, E., Kreider, H., Simpkins, S., & Weiss, H. B. (2006). Family involvement in school and low-income children’s literacy: Longitudinal associations between and within families. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(4), 653–664. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.4.653
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dexter, C. A., Wong, K., Stacks, A. M., Beeghly, M., & Barnett, D. (2013). Parenting and attachment among low-income African American and Caucasian preschoolers. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(4), 629–638. doi:10.1037/a0033341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge, K. A., McLoyd, V. C., & Lansford, J. E. (2005). The cultural context of physically disciplining children. In V. C. McLoyd, N. Hill, & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), African American family life: Ecological and cultural diversity (pp. 245–263). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Downer, J., Campos, R., McWayne, C., & Gartner, T. (2010). Father involvement and children’s early learning: A critical review of published empirical work from the past 15 years. In W. Jeynes (Ed.), Family factors and the educational success of children (pp. 64–105). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dunst, C. J., Jenkins, V., & Trivette, C. M. (1984). Family Support Scale: Reliability and validity. Journal of Individual, Family, and Community Wellness, 1(4), 45–52.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, S., Powell, R., & Brenton, J. (2015). Being a good mom: Low-income, Black single mothers negotiate intensive mothering. Journal of Family Issues, 36, 351–370. doi:10.1177/0192513X13490279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: Experimental studies of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantuzzo, J., McWayne, C., Perry, M. A., & Childs, S. (2004). Multiple dimensions of family involvement and their relations to behavioral and learning competencies for urban, low-income children. School Psychology Review, 33(4), 467–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fetters, M. D., Curry, L. A., & Creswell, J. W. (2013). Achieving integration in mixed methods designs—Principles and practices. Health Services Research, 48(6 Pt 2), 2134–2156. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finders, M., & Lewis, C. (1994). Why some parents don’t come to school. Educational Leadership, 51, 50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Garcia, H. V. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67, 1891–1914. doi:10.2307/1131600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, P. W. (2006). Prediction of prosocial and emotional competence from maternal behavior in African American preschoolers. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(2), 179–198. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.12.2.179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1991). A comparison of pattern matching indices. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26(2), 323–343. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2602_7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale-Benson, J. (1989). Cultural context for child care in the Black community. In J. Lande, S. W. Scarr, & N. Gunzenhauser (Eds.), Caring for children: Challenge to America (pp. 217–231). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis (3rd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, A. O., Wilson, M. N., Pine, C. J., Chan, S. Q., & Buriel, R. (1990). Family ecologies of ethnic minority children. Child Development, 61, 347–362. doi:10.2307/1131097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood, R., Leyendecker, B., Carlson, V., Asencio, M., & Miller, A. (2002). Parenting among Latino families in the US. Handbook of Parenting, 4, 21–46.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, N. E. (2010). Culturally-based worldviews, family processes, and family-school interactions. In S. L. Christenson & A. L. Reschly (Eds.) Handbook of School-Family Partnerships (pp. 101–127). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, N. E., & Tyson, D. F. (2008). Excavating culture: Ethnicity and context as predictors of parenting behavior. Applied Developmental Science, 12, 188–197. doi:10.1080/10888690802388110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, R. B. (1998). Understanding Black family functioning: A holistic perspective. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 29, 15–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitchcock, J. H., Nastasi, B. K., Dai, D. Y., Newman, J., Jayasena, A., Bernstein-Moore, R., … Varjas, K. (2005). Illustrating a mixed-method approach for validating culturally specific constructs. Journal of School Psychology, 43, 259–278. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2005.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, D. (2003). Correlates of African American and Latino parents’ messages to children about ethnicity and race: A comparative study of racial socialization. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 15–33. doi:10.1023/A:1023066418688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, D., & Chen, L. (1997). When and what parents tell children about race: An examination of race-related socialization among African American families. Applied Developmental Science, 1(4), 200–214. doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0104_4
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, D., Smith, E. P., Stevenson, H. C., Rodriguez, J., Johnson, D., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 747–770. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurd, E., Moore, C., & Rogers, R. (1995). Quiet success: Parenting strengths among African Americans. Families in Society, 76(7), 434–443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurley, C. M. (1998). Welcome status and family-school relationships: An exploratory study of parent perspectives. Unpublished thesis from the University of Minnesota. UMI Number: 9903348. Ann Arbor, MI: CUMI Company.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, A. P. (1993). Black, single, working mothers in poverty: Preferences for employment, well-being, and perceptions of preschool-age children. Social Work, 38(1), 26–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, A. L. (2004). Contemporary models for positive parenting. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 96(4), 4–9.
   Google Scholar
• Jarrett, R. L., Jefferson, S. R., & Kelly, J. N. (2010). Finding community in family: Neighborhood effects and African American kin networks. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 41, 299–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. J., Jaeger, E., Randolph, S. M., Cauce, A. M., & Ward, J. (2003). Studying the effects of early child care experiences on the development of children of color in the United States: Toward a more inclusive research agenda. Child Development, 74, 1227–1244. doi:10.1111/cdev.2003.74.issue-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keels, M. (2009). Ethnic group differences in Early Head Start parents’ parenting beliefs and practices and links to children’s early cognitive development. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 24, 381–397. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelch-Oliver, K., & Smith, C. O. (2015). Using an evidence-based parenting intervention with African American parents. The Family Journal, 23(1), 26–32. doi:10.1177/1066480714555697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lareau, A. (2011). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lareau, A., & Horvat, E. M. (1999). Moments of social inclusion and exclusion race, class, and cultural capital in family-school relationships. Sociology of Education, 72(1), 37–53. doi:10.2307/2673185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. (2013). Adolescent motherhood and capital: Interaction effects of race/ethnicity on harsh parenting. Journal of Community Psychology, 41(1), 102–116. doi:10.1002/jcop.2013.41.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leidy, M. S., Guerra, N. G., & Toro, R. I. (2010). A review of family-based programs to prevent youth violence among Latinos. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 32(1), 5–36. doi:10.1177/0739986309353317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leong, F. T. L., Leung, K., & Cheung, F. M. (2010). Integrating cross-cultural psychology research methods into ethnic minority psychology. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 590–597. doi:10.1037/a0020127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, R. M. (2006). Developmental science, developmental systems, and contemporary theories of human development. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 1–17). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Lerner, R. M., Taylor, C. S., & Von Eye, A. (Eds.). (2002). New directions for youth development No. 95: Pathways to positive development among diverse youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Lesane-Brown, C. L. (2006). A review of race socialization within Black families. Developmental Review, 26, 400–426. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesane-Brown, C. L., Brown, T. N., Tanner-Smith, E. E., & Bruce, M. A. (2010). Negotiating boundaries and bonds: Frequency of young children’s socialization to their ethnic/racial heritage. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41, 457–464. doi:10.1177/0022022109359688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, J. R., & Deane, G. (2003). Black diversity in metropolitan America. Retrieved from the Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research website: http://mumford.albany.edu/census/report.html
   Google Scholar
• Luster, T., & McAdoo, H. (1996). Family and child influences on educational attainment: A secondary analysis of the High/Scope Perry Preschool data. Developmental Psychology, 32(1), 26–39. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.1.26
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 4, 4th ed., pp. 1–101). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Mandara, J., & Murray, C. B. (2002). Development of an empirical typology of African American family functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 318–337. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.16.3.318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattis, J. S. (2005). Religion in African American life. In V. C. McLoyd, N. Hill, & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), African-American family life: Ecological and cultural diversity (pp. 189–210). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mattis, J. S., & Mattis, J. H. (2011). Religion and spirituality in the lives of African American children. In N. Hill, T. Mann, & H. Fitzgerald (Eds.), African American children and mental health (Vol. 1, pp. 125–150). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• McCreary, L. L., & Dancy, B. L. (2004). Dimensions of family functioning: Perspectives of low-income African American single-parent families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 690–701. doi:10.1111/jomf.2004.66.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee, L., Roland, E., Coffelt, N., Olson, A. L., Forehand, R., Massari, C., … Zens, M. S. (2007). Harsh discipline and child problem behaviors: The roles of positive parenting and gender. Journal of Family Violence, 22(4), 187–196. doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9070-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLoyd, V. C., Hill, N. E., & Dodge, K. A. (Eds.). (2005). African American family life: Ecological and cultural diversity. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• McWayne, C. M., Melzi, G., Schick, A. R., Kennedy, J. L., & Mundt, K. (2013). Defining family engagement among Latino Head Start parents: A mixed-methods measurement development study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28(3), 593–607. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.03.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWayne, C. M., Owsianik, M., Green, L. E., & Fantuzzo, J. W. (2008). Parenting behaviors and preschool children’s social and emotional skills: A question of the consequential validity of traditional parenting constructs for low-income African Americans. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 23(2), 173–192. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2008.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, M., & Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Murry, V., Bynum, M. S., Brody, G. H., Willert, A., & Stephens, D. (2001). African American single mothers and children in context: A review of studies on risk and resilience. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4, 133–155. doi:10.1023/A:1011381114782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 32(3), 396–402. doi:10.3758/BF03200807
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Bustamante, R. M., & Nelson, J. A. (2010). Mixed research as a tool for developing quantitative instruments. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 4(1), 56–78. doi:10.1177/1558689809355805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyserman, D., Bybee, D., Mowbray, C. T., & MacFarlane, P. (2002). Positive parenting among African American mothers with a serious mental illness. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 65–77. doi:10.1111/jomf.2002.64.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, M. F. (2007). Parenting of young children in Black families. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (pp. 203–218). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pillai, P. (2012). Cultural directions and origins of everyday decisions. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 46, 235–242. doi:10.1007/s12124-012-9196-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinderhughes, E. E., Nix, R., Foster, E. M., & Jones, D. (2001). Parenting in context: Impact of neighborhood poverty, residential stability, public services, social networks, and danger on parental behaviors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4), 941–953. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00941.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raikes, H. H., Vogel, C., & Love, J. M. (2013). Family subgroups and impacts at ages 2, 3, and 5: Variability by race/ethnicity and demographic risk. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development, 78(1), 64–92. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2012.00703.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley, M. R., Scaramella, L. V., & McGoron, L. (2014). Disentangling the associations between contextual stress, sensitive parenting, and children’s social development. Family Relations, 63, 287–299. doi:10.1111/fare.12063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roopnarine, J. L., & Hossain, Z. (2013). African American and African Caribbean fathers. In N. J. Cabrera & C. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Handbook of father involvement: Multidisciplinary perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 223–243). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Seay, A., Freysteinson, W. M., & McFarlane, J. (2014). Positive parenting. Nursing Forum, 49(3), 200–208. doi:10.1111/nuf.2014.49.issue-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seginer, R. (2006). Parents’ educational involvement: A developmental ecology perspective. Parenting: Science and Practice, 6(1), 1–48. doi:10.1207/s15327922par0601_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvera, D. H., Martinussen, M., & Dahl, T. I. (2001). The Tromso Social Intelligence Scale: A self-report measure of social intelligence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 313–319. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, L. G., & Conger, R. D. (2007). Linking mother-father differences in parenting to a typology of family parenting styles and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 212–241. doi:10.1177/0192513X06294593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, L. G., Simons, R. L., & Su, X. (2013). Consequences of corporal punishment among African Americans: The importance of context and outcome. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 1273–1285. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9853-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaughter-Defoe, D. T. (1995). Revisiting the concept of socialization: Caregiving and teaching in the 90s: A personal perspective. American Psychologist, 50(4), 276–286. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.50.4.276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snook, S. C., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1989). Component analysis versus common factor analysis: A Monte Carlo study. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 148–154. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. B., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1990). Challenges in studying minority youth. In S. Feldman & G. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 123–146). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. B., & Markstrom-Adams, C. (1990). Identity processes among racial and ethnic minority children in America. Child Development, 61(2), 290–310. doi:10.2307/1131095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sue, S. (1999). Science, ethnicity, and bias. American Psychologist, 54, 1070–1077. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.12.1070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, R. J., Chatters, L. M., & Levin, J. S. (2004). Religion in the lives of African Americans: Social, psychological, and health perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Weis, S., & Süß, H. M. (2007). Reviving the search for social intelligence—A multitrait-multimethod study of its structure and construct validity. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(1), 3–14. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisner, T. S. (2005). Discovering successful pathways in children’s development: Mixed methods in the study of childhood and family life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, J. M., Tataryn, D. J., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1996). Effects of under- and overextraction on principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation. Psychological Methods, 1(4), 354–365. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.4.354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, V. H. (1974). A Black American socialization pattern. American Ethnologist, 1, 415–431. doi:10.1525/ae.1974.1.2.02a00120
   Google Scholar