Chinese Parents’ Expectations and Child Preacademic Skills: The Indirect Role of Parenting and Social Competence

References

• Achenbach, T. , & Rescorla, L. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschoool forms and profiles . Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Centre for Children, Youth, & Families.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M. , & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51(6), 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs , 75(1), 43–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birch, S. H. , & Ladd, G. W. (1997). The teacher-child relationship and children’s early school adjustment: Good-byes can build trust. Journal of School Psychology , 35, 61–79. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(96)00029-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein, M. H. , & Bradley, R. H. (Eds.). (2014). Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell, C. B. , & Pianta, R. C. (1991). A measure of young children’s problem and competence behaviors: The Early School Behavior Scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment , 9(1), 32–44. doi:10.1177/073428299100900103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development , 65(4), 1111–1119. doi:10.2307/1131308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, R. K. (1996). Chinese and European American mothers’ beliefs about the role of parenting in children’s school success. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 27(4), 403–423. doi:10.1177/0022022196274002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X. , Chang, L. , Liu, H. , & He, Y. (2008). Effects of the peer group on the development of social functioning and academic achievement: A longitudinal study in Chinese children. Child Development , 79(2), 235–251. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01123.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X. , & Chen, H. (2010). Children’s socioemotional functioning and adjustment in the changing Chinese society. In R. K. Silbereisen & X. Chen (Eds.), Social change and human development: Concepts and results (pp. 209–226). London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, X. , Dong, Q. , & Zhou, H. (1997). Authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices and social and school performance in Chinese children. International Journal of Behavioral Development , 21(4), 855–873. doi:10.1080/016502597384703
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X. , & Li, B. (2000). Depressed mood in Chinese children: Development significance for social and school adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development , 24(4), 472–479. doi:10.1080/016502500750038026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X. , Rubin, K. H. , & Li, D. (1997). Relation between academic achievement and social adjustment: Evidence from Chinese children. Developmental Psychology , 33(3), 518–525. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.3.518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darling, N. (1999). Parenting style and its correlate (Report No. EDO-PS-99-3). Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED427896)
   Google Scholar
• Darling, N. , & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin , 113(3), 487–496. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denham, S. A. (2006). Social-emotional competence as support for school readiness: What is it and how do we assess it? Early Education & Development , 17(1), 57–89. doi:10.1207/s15566935eed1701_4
   Google Scholar
• Denham, S. A. , Bassett, H. , Thayer, S. K. , Mincic, M. S. , Sirotkin, Y. S. , & Zinsser, K. (2012). Observing preschoolers’ social-emotional behavior: Structure, foundations, and prediction of early school success. Journal of Genetic Psychology , 173(3), 246–278. doi:10.1080/00221325.2011.597457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denham, S. A. , & Brown, C. (2010). “Plays nice with others”: Social-emotional learning and academic success. Early Education & Development , 21(5), 652–680. doi:10.1080/10409289.2010.497450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dix, T. (1992). Parenting on behalf of the child: Empathic goals in the regulation of responsive parenting. In I. E. Sigel , A. V. McGillicuddy-DeLisi , & J. J. Goodnow (Eds.), Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children (2nd ed., pp. 319–347). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Durgel, E. S. , van de Vijver, F. J. R. , & Yagmurlu, B. (2012). Self-reported maternal expectations and child-rearing practices: Disentangling the associations with ethnicity, immigration, and educational background. International Journal of Behavioral Development , 37(1), 35–43. doi:10.1177/0165025412456145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, C. P. , Gandini, L. , & Giovaninni, D. (1996). The contrasting developmental timetables of parents and preschool teachers in two cultural communities. In S. Harkness & C. M. Super (Eds.), Parents’ cultural belief systems: Their origins, expressions, and consequences (pp. 270–288). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elias, M. J. , & Haynes, N. M. (2008). Social competence, social support, and academic achievement in minority, low-income, urban elementary school children. School Psychology Quarterly , 23(4), 474–495. doi:10.1037/1045-3830.23.4.474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias, M. J. , Zins, J. E. , Graczyk, P. A. , & Weissberg, R. P. (2003). Implementation, sustainability, and scaling up of social-emotional and academic innovations in public schools. School Psychology Review , 32(3), 303–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong, V. L. (2007). Parent-child communication problems and the perceived inadequacies of Chinese only children. Ethos , 35(1), 85–127. doi:10.1525/eth.2007.35.1.85
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh, E. L. (2006). Raising the precious single child in urban China: An intergenerational joint mission between parents and grandparents. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships , 4(3), 7–28. doi:10.1300/J194v04n03_02
   Google Scholar
• Goh, E. L. , & Kuczynski, L. (2010). “Only children” and their coalition of parents: Considering grandparents and parents as joint caregivers in urban Xiamen, China. Asian Journal of Social Psychology , 13(4), 221–231. doi:10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01314.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnow, J. , Cashmore, J. , Cotton, S. , & Knight, R. (1984). Mothers’ developmental timetables in two cultural groups. International Journal of Psychology , 19(3), 193–205. doi:10.1080/00207598408247526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkness, S. , & Super, C. M. (Eds.). (1996). Parents’ cultural belief systems: Their origins, expressions, and consequences . New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harkness, S. , Super, C. M. , & Mavridis, C. J. (2011). Parental ethnotheories about children’s socioemotional development. In X. Chen & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Socioemotional development in cultural context (pp. 73–98). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, R. D. , Kashiwagi, K. , Azuma, H. , Price, G. C. , & Dickson, W. P. (1980). Maternal expectations for mastery of developmental tasks in Japan and the United States. International Journal of Psychology , 15(4), 259–271. doi:10.1080/00207598008246996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, D. Y. F. (1986). Chinese pattern of socialization: A critical review. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp. 1–37). New York, NY: Oxford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holloway, S. D. , & Reichhart-Erickson, M. (1989). Child-care quality, family structure, and maternal expectations: Relationship to preschool children’s peer relations. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 10(3), 281–298. doi:10.1016/0193-3973(89)90031-2
   Google Scholar
• Javaras, K. N. , Goldsmith, H. H. , & Laird, N. M. (2011). Estimating the effect of a predictor measured by two informants on a continuous outcome: A comparison of methods. Epidemiology , 22(3), 390–399. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e318212b940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josselson, R. (1996). The space between us: Exploring the dimensions of human relationships . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kindergarten Readiness Checklist . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.holyrosary.edu/documents/Neely/Kindergarten%20Readiness%20Checklist.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kohn, M. L. (1969). Class and conformity: A study in values . Oxford, UK: Dorsey.
   Google Scholar
• Ladd, G. W. , Birch, S. H. , & Buhs, E. S. (1999). Children’s social and scholastic lives in kindergarten: Related spheres of influence? Child Development , 70(6), 1373–1400. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, K. , Lau, S. , & Lam, W. L. (1998). Parenting styles and academic achievement: A cross-cultural study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 44(2), 157–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J. (2007). Social and emotional “curriculum” in China. In R. S. New & M. Cochran (Eds.), Early childhood education: An international encyclopedia (Vol. 4, pp. 999–1001). Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J. , Cheng, H. , & Leung, P. L. (2011). The application of the Preschool Child Behavior Checklist and the Caregiver-Teacher Report Form to Mainland Chinese children: Syndrome structure, gender differences, country effects, and inter-informant agreement. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 39(2), 251–264. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9452-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luster, T. , Rhoades, K. , & Haas, B. (1989). The relation between parental values and parenting behavior: A test of the Kohn hypothesis. Journal of Marriage and Family , 51(1), 139–147. doi:10.2307/352375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P. , Krull, J. L. , & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effects. Prevention Science , 1(4), 173–181. doi:10.1023/A:1026595011371
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McBride-Chang, C. , & Chang, L. (1998). Adolescent-parent relations in Hong Kong: Parenting styles, autonomy, and school achievement. Journal of Genetic Psychology , 159(4), 421–436. doi:10.1080/00221329809596162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China . (2012). Early learning and development guidelines for children 3-6 years of age . Beijing, China: Capital Normal University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Murphey, D. A. (1992). Constructing the child: Relations between parents’ beliefs and child outcomes. Developmental Review , 12(2), 199–232. doi:10.1016/0273-2297(92)90009-Q
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmar, P. , Harkness, S. , & Super, C. M. (2004). Asian and Euro-American parents’ ethnotheories of play and learning: Effects on preschool children’s home routines and school behaviour. International Journal of Behavioral Development , 28(2), 97–104. doi:10.1080/01650250344000307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, E. , & Rao, N. (2003). Socialization goals, parenting practices, and peer competence in Chinese and English preschoolers. Early Child Development and Care , 173(1), 131–146. doi:10.1080/0300443022000022486
   Google Scholar
• Querido, J. G. , Warner, T. D. , & Eyberg, S. M. (2002). Parenting styles and child behavior in African American families of preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology , 31(2), 272–277. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3102_12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raver, C. C. , & Knitzer, J. (2002). Ready to enter: What research tells policymakers about strategies to promote social and emotional school readiness among three- and four-year-olds . New York, NY: National Center for Children in Poverty.
   Google Scholar
• Ren, L. (2015). Parenting young children in contemporary Chinese society: A mixed methods study (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychdiss/71/
   Google Scholar
• Ren, L. , & Edwards, C. P. (2015). Pathways of influence: Chinese parents’ expectations, parenting styles, and child social competence. Early Child Development and Care , 185(4), 614–630. doi:10.1080/03004430.2014.944908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, L. , & Edwards, C. P. (2016). Contemporary Chinese parents’ socialization priorities for preschoolers: A mixed methods study. Early Child Development and Care , 186(11), 1779–1791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, L. , Knoche, L. L., & Edwards, C. P. (2016). Relation between Chinese preschoolers’ social-emotional competence and pre-academic skills. Early Education and Development , 27(7), 875–895. doi:10.1080/10409289.2016.1151719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renk, K. , & Phares, V. (2004). Cross-informant ratings of social competence in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review , 24(2), 239–254. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, C. , Mandleco, B. , Olsen, S. F. , & Hart, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports , 77(3), 819–830. doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, K. H. , & Mills, R. S. L. (1992). Parents’ thoughts about children’s socially adaptive and maladaptive behaviors: Stability, change, and individual differences. In I. E. Sigel , A. V. McGillicuddy-DeLisi , & J. J. Goodnow (Eds.), Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children (2nd ed., pp. 41–68). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Salili, F. , & Lai, M. K. (2003). Learning and motivation of Chinese students in Hong Kong: A longitudinal study of contextual influences on students’ achievement orientation and performance. Psychology in the Schools , 40(1), 51–70. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert, K. L. (2006). Cognitive development and the education of young children. In B. Spodek & O. N. Saracho (Eds.), Handbook of research on the education of young children (2nd ed., pp. 9–21). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Shrout, P. E. , & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods , 7(4), 422–445. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumow, L. , Vandell, D. L. , & Posner, J. K. (1998). Harsh, firm, and permissive parenting in low-income families: Relations to children’s academic achievement and behavioral adjustment. Journal of Family Issues , 19(5), 483–507. doi:10.1177/019251398019005001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigel, I. E. , McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A. V. , & Goodnow, J. J. (Eds.). (1992). Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children . New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290–312). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Templine, J. (2013). Fun with mediation . Retrieved from http://jonathantemplin.com/fun-mediation-psyc-943-fall-2013/
   Google Scholar
• Tobin, J. , Hsueh, Y. , & Karasawa, M. (2009). Preschool in three cultures revisited: China, Japan, and the United States . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Way, N. , Okazaki, S. , Zhao, J. , Kim, J. J. , Chen, X. , Yoshikawa, H. , … Deng, H. (2013). Social and emotional parenting: Mothering in a changing Chinese society. Asian American Journal of Psychology , 4(1), 61–70. doi:10.1037/a0031204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willemsen, M. E. , & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (1997). Parental ethnotheories across cultures: Developmental expectations of Dutch, Turkish-Dutch, and Zambian mothers. International Journal of Behavioral Development , 21(4), 837–854. doi:10.1080/016502597384695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, P. , Robinson, C. C. , Yang, C. , Hart, C. H. , Olsen, S. F. , Porter, C. L. , … Wu, X. (2002). Similarities and differences in mothers’ parenting of preschoolers in China and the United States. International Journal of Behavioral Development , 26(6), 481–491. doi:10.1080/01650250143000436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, Y. , & Holloway, S. D. (2010). Parental expectations and children’s academic performance in sociocultural context. Educational Psychology Review , 22(3), 189–214. doi:10.1007/s10648-010-9121-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, F. , Chen, X. , & Wang, L. (2014). Relations between aggression and adjustment in Chinese children: Moderating effects of academic achievement. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology , 43(4), 656–669. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.782816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Q. , Eisenberg, N. , Wang, Y. , & Reiser, M. (2004). Chinese children’s effortful control and dispositional anger/frustration: Relations to parenting styles and children’s social functioning. Developmental Psychology , 40(3), 352–366. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Q. , Main, A. , & Wang, Y. (2010). The relations of temperamental effortful control and anger/frustration to Chinese children’s academic achievement and social adjustment: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology , 102(1), 180–196. doi:10.1037/a0015908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zins, J. E. , Bloodworth, M. R. , Weissberg, R. P. , & Walberg, H. J. (2007). The scientific base linking social and emotional learning to school success. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation , 17(2–3), 191–210. doi:10.1080/10474410701413145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar