How to Support Toddlers’ Autonomy: Socialization Practices Reported by Parents

References

• Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1969). Maternal care scales. Unpublished manuscript. Retrievable as Maternal Sensitivity Scales from http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/measures/content/ainsworth_scales.html
   Google Scholar
• Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Assor, A., Roth, G., & Deci, E. L. (2004). The emotional costs of parents’ conditional regard: A self-determination theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72, 47–88. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00256.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2005). The role of parenting styles in children’s problem behavior. Child Development, 76, 1144–1159. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00840.x-il
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of Management, 38, 9–44. doi:10.1177/0149206311410606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296–3319. doi:10.2307/1131780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, B. K., & Olsen, J. (1997). Socialization in context: Connection, regulation, and autonomy in the family, school, and neighborhood and with peers. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 287–315. doi:10.1177/0743554897122008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1967). Child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56–95. doi:10.1177/0272431691111004
   Google Scholar
• Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., & Whipple, N. (2010). From external regulation to self-regulation: Early parenting precursors of young children’s executive functioning. Child Development, 81, 326–339. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01397.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernier, A., Matte-Gagné, C., Bélanger, M.-E., & Whipple, N. (2014). Taking stock of two decades of attachment transmission gap: Broadening the assessment of maternal behavior. Child Development, 85, 1852–1865. doi:10.1111/cdev.12236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blandon, A. Y., & Volling, B. L. (2008). Parental gentle guidance and children’s compliance within the family: A replication study. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 355–366. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, N. J., Williams, G. E., Friman, P. C., & Christophersen, E. R. (1995). Disciplining young children: The role of verbal instructions and reasoning. Pediatrics, 96, 336–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretherton, I. (2013). Revisiting Mary Ainsworth’s conceptualization and assessments of maternal sensitivity-insensitivity. Attachment & Human Development, 15, 460–484. doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.835128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpentier, J., & Mageau, G. A. (2013). When change-oriented feedback enhances motivation, well-being and performance: A look at autonomy-supportive feedback in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 423–435. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caughy, M. O., Miller, T. L., Genevro, J. L., Huang, K., & Nautiyal, C. (2003). The effects of Healthy Steps on discipline strategies of parents of young children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 517–534. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2003.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirkov, V. I., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Parent and teacher autonomy support in Russian and U.S. adolescents: Common effects on well-being and academic motivation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 618–635. doi:10.1177/0022022101032005006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirkov, V. I., Ryan, R. M., & Willness, C. (2005). Cultural context and psychological needs in Canada and Brazil: Testing a Self-Determination approach to the internalization of cultural practices, identity, and well-being. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 423–443. doi:10.1177/0022022105275960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, P. M., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2009). Emotion regulation, risk, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1327–1330. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02180.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté-Lecaldare, M., Joussemet, M., & Dufour, S. (2016). How to support toddlers’ autonomy: A qualitative study with child care educators. Early Education and Development, 27, 822–840. doi:10.1080/10409289.2016.1148482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley, C. R., & Sanson, A. V. (2006). Is parent disciplinary behavior enduring or situational? A multilevel modeling investigation of individual and contextual influences on power assertive and inductive reasoning behaviors. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 370–388. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidov, M., Grusec, J. E., & Wolfe, J. L. (2012). Mother’s knowledge of their children’s evaluations of discipline: The role of type of discipline and misdeed, and parenting practices. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 58, 314–340. doi:10.1353/mpq.2012.0018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deCharms, R. (1968). Personal causation: The internal affective determinants of behaviour. New York, NY: Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., Eghrari, H., Patrick, B. C., & Leone, D. R. (1994). Facilitating internalization: The self‐determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality, 62, 119–142. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00797.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49, 14–23. doi:10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., & Guay, F. (2013). Self-determination theory and actualization of human potential. In D. McInerney, H. Marsh, R. Craven, & F. Guay (Eds.), Theory driving research: New wave perspectives on self-processes and human development (pp. 109–133). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Press.
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., Schwartz, A. J., Sheinman, L., & Ryan, R. M. (1981). An instrument to assess adults’ orientations toward control versus autonomy with children: Reflections on intrinsic motivation and perceived competence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 642–650. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.73.5.642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dix, T., & Branca, S. (2003). Parenting as a goal-regulation process. In L. Kuczynski (Ed.), Handbook of dynamics in parent-child relations (pp. 167–188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dix, T., Stewart, A. D., Gershoff, E. T., & Day, W. H. (2007). Autonomy and children’s reactions to being controlled: Evidence that both compliance and defiance may be positive markers in early development. Child Development, 78(4), 1204–1221. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01061.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiden, R. D., Edwards, E. P., & Leonard, K. E. (2007). A conceptual model for the development of externalizing behavior problems among kindergarten children of alcoholic families: Role of parenting and children’s self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1187–1201. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Cumberland, A., Shepard, S. A., … Thompson, M. (2004). The relations of EC and impulsivity to children’s resiliency and adjustment. Child Development, 75, 25–46. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00652.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber, A., & Mazlish, E. (2012). How to talk so kids will listen and listen so kids will talk. New York, NY: Scribner. A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, R., & Klein, P. S. (2003). Toddlers’ self-regulated compliance to mothers, caregivers, and fathers: Implications for theories of socialization. Developmental Psychology, 39(4), 680–692. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.4.680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2009). Exploratory factor analysis. In Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed., pp. 627–685). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Forman, D. R. (2007). Autonomy, compliance, and internalization. In C. A. Brownell & C. B. Kopp (Eds.), Transitions in early socioemotional development: The toddler years (pp. 285–319). New York, NY: Guildford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frodi, A., Bridges, L., & Grolnick, W. (1985). Correlates of mastery-related behavior: A short-term longitudinal study of infants in their second year. Child Development, 56, 1291–1298. doi:10.2307/1130244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gralinski, H. J., & Kopp, C. B. (1993). Everyday rules for behavior: Mothers’ requests to young children. Developmental Psychology, 29, 573–584. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, M., & Steinberg, L. (1999). Unpacking authoritative parenting: Reassessing a multidimensional construct. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 574–587. doi:10.2307/353561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, S. F., & Grolnick, W. S. (2014). Parenting in Caribbean families: A look at parental control, structure, and autonomy support. Journal of Black Psychology, 40, 166–190. doi:10.1177/0095798412475085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grolnick, W. S. (2003). The psychology of parental control: How well-meant parenting backfires. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Grolnick, W. S. (2012). The relations among parental power assertion, control, and structure. Human Development, 55, 57–64. doi:10.1159/000338533
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grolnick, W. S., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1997). Internalization within the family: The self-determination theory perspective. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and children’s internalization of values (pp. 135–161). Hoboken, NJ US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Grolnick, W. S., Frodi, A., & Bridges, L. (1985). Maternal control style and the mastery motivation of one-year-olds. Infant Mental Health Journal, 5, 72–82. doi:10.1002/1097-0355(198422)5:2%3C72::AID-IMHJ2280050203%3E3.0.CO;2-O
   Google Scholar
• Grolnick, W. S., Gurland, S. T., DeCourcey, W., & Jacob, K. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of mother’s autonomy support: An experimental investigation. Developmental Psychology, 38, 143–155. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.1.143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grolnick, W. S., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2009). Issues and challenges in studying parental control: Toward a new conceptualization. Child Development Perspectives, 3, 165–170. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00099.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grolnick, W. S., Price, C. E., Beiswenger, K. L., & Sauck, C. C. (2007). Evaluative pressure in mothers: Effects of situation, maternal, and child characteristics on autonomy supportive versus controlling behavior. Developmental Psychology, 43(4), 991–1002. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grolnick, W. S., Raftery‐Helmer, J. N., Flamm, E. S., Marbell, K. N., & Cardemil, E. V. (2014). Parental provision of academic structure and the transition to middle school. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, 668–684. doi:10.1111/jora.12161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grolnick, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Parent styles associated with children’s self-regulation and competence in school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 143–154. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.81.2.143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grolnick, W. S., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (1991). Inner resources for school achievement: Motivational mediators of children’s perceptions of their parents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(4), 508–517. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.83.4.508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grusec, J. E., & Goodnow, J. J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child’s internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental Psychology, 30, 4–19. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurland, S. T., & Grolnick, W. S. (2005). Perceived threat, controlling parenting, and children’s achievement orientations. Motivation and Emotion, 29, 103–121. doi:10.1007/s11031-005-7956-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harlow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13, 673–685. doi:10.1037/h0047884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hutcheson, G., & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Jang, H., Reeve, J., & Deci, E. L. (2010). Engaging students in learning activities: It is not autonomy support or structure but autonomy support and structure. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102, 588–600. doi:10.1037/a0019682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, H., Reeve, J., Ryan, R. M., & Kim, A. (2009). Can self-determination theory explain what underlies the productive, satisfying learning experiences of collectivistically oriented Korean students? Journal of Educational Psychology, 101, 644–661. doi:10.1037/a0014241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Lekes, N., & Houlfort, N. (2004). Introducing uninteresting tasks to children: A comparison of the effects of rewards and autonomy support. Journal of Personality, 72, 139–166. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00259.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Lekes, N., & Landry, R. (2005). A longitudinal study of the relationship of maternal autonomy support to children’s adjustment and achievement in school. Journal of Personality, 73, 1215–1235. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00347.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joussemet, M., Landry, R., & Koestner, R. (2008). A self-determination theory perspective on parenting. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49, 194–200. doi:10.1037/a0012754
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joussemet, M., Mageau, G. A., & Koestner, R. (2014). Promoting optimal parenting and children’s mental health: A preliminary evaluation of the How-to parenting program. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 949–964. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9751-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenan, K. (2000). Emotion dysregulation as a risk factor for child psychopathology. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 418–434. doi:10.1093/clipsy.7.4.418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., Nordling, J. K., Yoon, J. E., Boldt, L. J., & Kochanska, G. (2013). Effortful control in “hot” and “cool” tasks differentially predicts children’s behaviour problems and academic performance. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 43–56. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9661-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochanska, G., & Aksan, N. (1995). Mother-child mutually positive affect, the quality of child compliance to requests and prohibitions, and maternal control as correlates of early internalization. Child Development, 66, 236–254. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00868.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochanska, G., Coy, K. C., & Murray, K. T. (2001). The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life. Child Development, 72(4), 1091–1111. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochanska, G., DeVet, K., Goldman, M., Murray, K., & Putnam, S. P. (1994). Maternal reports of conscience development and temperament in young children. Child Development, 65, 852–868. doi:10.2307/1131423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochanska, G., Tjebkes, J. L., & Forman, D. R. (1998). Children’s emerging regulation of conduct: Restraint, compliance, and internalization from infancy to the second year. Child Development, 69(5), 1378–1389. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06218.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koestner, R., Ryan, R. M., Bernieri, F., & Holt, K. (1984). Setting limits on children’s behavior: The differential effects of controlling vs. informational styles on intrinsic motivation and creativity. Journal of Personality, 52, 233–248. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00879.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczynski, L. (1984). Socialization goals and mother-child interaction: Strategies for long-term and short-term compliance. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1061–1073. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.20.6.1061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczynski, L., & Kochanska, G. (1990). Development of children’s noncompliance strategies from toddlerhood to age 5. Developmental Psychology, 26, 398–408. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.3.398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczynski, L., Kochanska, G., Radke-Yarrow, M., & Girnius-Brown, O. (1987). A developmental interpretation of young children’s noncompliance. Developmental Psychology, 23, 799–806. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.6.799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurin, J. C., & Joussemet, M. (2017). Parental autonomy-supportive practices and toddlers’ rule internalization: A prospective observational study. Motivation and Emotion, 41, 562–575. doi:10.1007/s11031-017-9627-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lekes, N., Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Taylor, G., Hope, N. H., & Gingras, I. (2011). Transmitting intrinsic value priorities from mothers to adolescents: The moderating role of a supportive family environment. Child Development Research, 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/167146
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lynch, M. F., La Guardia, J. G., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). On being yourself in different cultures: Ideal and actual self-concept, autonomy support, and well-being in China, Russia, and the United States. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 290–304. doi:10.1080/17439760902933765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lytton, H. (1980). Parent-child interaction: The socialization process observed in twin and singleton families. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maccoby, E. E. (1984). Socialization and developmental change. Child Development, 55, 317–328. doi:10.2307/1129945
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mageau, G. A., Ranger, F., Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Moreau, E., & Forest, J. (2015). Validation of the Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale (P-PASS). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 47(3), 251–262. doi:10.1037/a0039325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mageau, G. A., Vallerand, R. J., Charest, J., Salvy, S., Lacaille, N., Bouffard, T., & Koestner, R. (2009). On the development of harmonious and obsessive passion: The role of autonomy support, activity valuation, and identity processes. Journal of Personality, 77, 601–645. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00559.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marbell, K. N., & Grolnick, W. S. (2013). Correlates of parental control and autonomy support in an interdependent culture: A look at Ghana. Motivation and Emotion, 37, 79–92. doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9289-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masten, A. S., & Shaffer, A. (2006). How families matter in child development: Reflections from research on risk and resilience Families Count: Effects on Child and Adolescent Development (pp. 5–25). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; US.
   Google Scholar
• Mauras, C. P., Grolnick, W. S., & Friendly, R. W. (2013). Time for “The Talk”… Now what? Autonomy support and structure in mother-daughter conversations about sex. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 33(4), 458–481. doi:10.1177/0272431612449385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 361–388. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2006). Child-care effect sizes for the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. American Psychologist, 61, 99–116. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.2.99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papaioannou, A. (1998). Goal perspectives, reasons for being disciplined, and self-reported discipline in physical education lessons. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 17, 421–441. doi:10.1123/jtpe.17.4.421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, G., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1984). The correlation of family management practices and delinquency. Child Development, 55(4), 1299–1307. doi:10.2307/1129999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve, J., Bolt, E., & Cai, Y. (1999). Autonomy-supportive teachers: How they teach and motivate students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 537–548. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.3.537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve, J., & Jang, H. (2006). What teachers say and do to support students’ autonomy during a learning activity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 209–218. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.1.209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports, 77(3, Pt 1), 819–830. doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M. (1982). Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 450–461. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.3.450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). Overview of self-determination theory: An organismic dialectical perspective. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3–33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Grolnick, W. S. (1995). Autonomy, relatedness, and the self: Their relation to development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol 1: Theory and method (2nd ed., pp. 618–655). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., Grolnick, W. S., & La Guardia, J. G. (2006). The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol 1: Theory and method (2nd ed., pp. 795–849). Hoboken, NJ US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Sansone, C., Weir, C., Harpster, L., & Morgan, C. (1992). Once a boring task always a boring task?: Interest as a self-regulatory mechanism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 379–390. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer, E. S. (1959). A circumplex model for maternal behavior. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59(2), 226–235. doi:10.1037/h0041114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer, E. S. (1965). A configurational analysis of children’s reports of parent behavior. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 29, 552–557. doi:10.1037/h0022702
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30(1), 74–99. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Beyers, W., & Ryan, R. M. (2007). Conceptualizing parental autonomy support: Adolescent perceptions of promotion of independence versus promotion of volitional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 43, 633–646. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Petegem, S. V. (2015). Let us not throw out the baby with the bathwater: Applying the principle of universalism without uniformity to autonomy‐supportive and controlling parenting. Child Development Perspectives, 9(1), 44–49. doi:10.1111/cdep.12103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L. (1990). Autonomy, conflict, and harmony in the family relationship. In S. Feldman & G. R. Elliott (Eds.), At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent (pp. 255–277). Cambridge, MA: US Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, J. P. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (4th ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand, R. J. (1989). Toward a methodology for the transcultural validation of psychological questionnaires: Implications for research in the French language. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 30, 662–680. doi:10.1037/h0079856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23, 263–280. doi:10.1037/a0032359
   Google Scholar
• Vansteenkiste, M., Simons, J., Lens, W., Sheldon, K. M., & Deci, E. L. (2004). Motivating learning, performance, and persistence: The synergistic role of intrinsic goals and autonomy-support. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 246–260. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whipple, N., Bernier, A., & Mageau, G. A. (2011). Broadening the study of infant security attachment: Maternal autonomy support in the context of infant exploration. Social Development, 20, 17–32. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00574.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, 297–333. doi:10.1037/h0040934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zigler, E. F., & Child, I. L. (1973). Socialization and personality development. Oxford, England: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar