REFERENCES
- Alonso, J., Buron, A., Bruffaerts, R., He, Y., Posada-Villa, J., Lepine, J. P., … World Mental Health Consortium. (2008). Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the World Mental Health Surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118, 305–314. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01241.x
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Bantum, E. O., & Owen, J. E. (2009). Evaluating the validity of computerized content analysis programs for identification of emotional expression in cancer narratives. Psychological Assessment, 21, 79–88. doi:10.1037/a0014643
- Brotsky, S. R., & Giles, D. (2007). Inside the “Pro-ana” community: A covert online participant observation. Eating Disorders, 15, 93–109. doi:10.1080/10640260701190600.
- Brumberg, J. J. (2000). Fasting girls: The history of anorexia nervosa. New York, NY: Vintage.
- Burleson, B. B., & Goldsmith, D. J. (1998). How the comforting process works: Alleviating emotional distress through conversationally induced reappraisals. In P. A. Andersen & L. K. Guerrero (Eds.), Handbook of communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications, and contexts (pp. 245–280). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Campbell, A. T., & Aulisio, M. P. (2012). The stigma of “mental” illness: End stage anorexia and treatment refusal. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45, 627–634. doi:10.1002/eat.22002.
- Chesley, E. B., Alberts, J. D., Klein, J. D., & Kreipe, R. E. (2003). Pro or con? Anorexia nervosa and the Internet. Journal of Adolescent Health, 32, 123–124. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00615-8
- Chung, C. K., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2007). The psychological function of function words. In K. Fiedler (Ed.), Social communication: Frontiers of social psychology (pp. 343–359). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
- Derlega, V. J., Metts, S., Petronio, S., & Margulis, S. T. (1993). Self-disclosure. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Dias, K. (2003). The ana sanctuary: Women’s pro-anorexia narratives in cyberspace. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 4, 31–45.
- Eichhorn, K. C. (2008). Soliciting and providing social support over the Internet: An investigation of online eating disorder support groups. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 67–78. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.01431.x.
- Emmett, S. W. (1985). Theory and treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia: Biomedical, sociocultural, and psychological perspectives. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
- Fairburn, C. G., Shafran, R., & Cooper, Z. (1999). A cognitive behavioural theory of anorexia nervosa. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 1–13. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00102-8
- Falk, G. (2001). Stigma: How we treat outsiders. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
- Fox, J. R. E., & Power, M. J. (2009). Eating disorders and multi-level models of emotion: An integrated model. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 16, 240–267. doi:10.1002/cpp.626
- Fox, N., Ward, K., & O’Rourke, A. (2005). Pro-anorexia, weight-loss drugs and the Internet: An ‘anti-recovery’ explanatory model of anorexia. Sociology of Health and Illness, 27, 944–971. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2005.00465.x
- Gavin, J., Rodham, K., & Poyer, H. (2008). The presentation of “pro-anorexia” in online group interactions. Qualitative Health Research, 18, 325–333. doi:10.1177/1049732307311640
- Giles, D. C. (2006). Constructing identities in cyberspace: The case of eating disorders. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 463–477. doi:10.1348/014466605X53596
- Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
- Gremillion, H. (2003). Feeding anorexia: Gender and power at the treatment center. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Haas, S. M., Irr, M. E., Jennings, N. A., & Wagner, L. M. (2011). Communicating thin: A grounded model of online negative enabling support groups in the pro-anorexia movement. New Media and Society, 13, 40–57. doi:10.1177/1461444810363910
- Harshbarger, J. L., Ahlers-Schmidt, C. R., Mayans, L., Mayans, D., & Hawkins, J. H. (2009). Pro-anorexia websites: What a clinician should know. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42, 367–370. doi:10.1002/eat.20608
- Hinshaw, S. P., & Cicchetti, D. E. (2000). Stigma and mental disorder: Conceptions of illness, public attitudes, personal disclosure, and social policy. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 555–598. doi:10.1017/S0954579400004028
- Huber, C. H. (1996). Facilitating disclosure of HIV-positive status to family members. Family Journal of Counseling Therapy for Couples and Families, 4, 53–55. doi:10.1177/1066480796041009
- Hutchby, I., & Wooffitt, R. (1998). Conversation analysis: Principles, practices and applications. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
- Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
- Jones, S., & Wirtz, J. G. (2006). How does the comforting process work? An empirical test of an appraisal-based model of comforting. Human Communication Research, 32, 217–243. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00274.x
- Juarascio, A., Shaw, J., Forman, E., Timko, C. A., Herbert, J., Butryn, M., … Lowe, M. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a novel treatment for eating disorders: An initial test of efficacy and mediation. Behavior Modification, 37, 459–489. doi:10.1177/0145445513478633
- Juarascio, A. S., Shoaib, A., & Timko, C. A. (2010). Pro-eating disorder communities on social networking sites: A content analysis. Eating Disorders, 18, 393–407. doi:10.1080/10640266.2010.511918
- Kennedy-Moore, E., & Watson, J. C. (1999). Expressing emotion: Myths, realities, and therapeutic strategies. New York, NY: Guilford.
- Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
- Lyons, E. J., Mehl, M. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Pro-anorexics and recovering anorexics differ in their linguistic Internet self-presentation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 253–256. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.07.017
- Lyubomirsky, S., Caldwell, N. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Effects of ruminative and distracting responses to depressed mood on retrieval of autobiographical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 166–177. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.166
- Major, B., & Gramzow, R. H. (1999). Abortion as stigma: Cognitive and emotional implications of concealment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 735–745. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.735
- McCabe, J. (2009). Resisting alienation: The social construction of Internet communities supporting eating disorders. Communication Studies, 60, 1–16. doi:10.1080/10510970802623542
- McKenna, K. Y. A., & Bargh, J. A. (2000). Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 57–75. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0401_6
- Mehl, M. R., & Gill, A. J. (2010). Automatic content analysis. In S. Gosling & J. Johnson (Eds.), Advanced methods for behavioral research on the Internet (pp. 109–127). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Meisenbach, R. (2010). Stigma management communication: A theory and agenda for applied research on how individuals manage moments of stigmatized identity. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38, 268–292. doi:10.1080/00909882.2010.490841
- Mickelson, K. D. (2001). Perceived stigma, social support, and depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1046–1056. doi:10.1177/0146167201278011
- Mond, J. M., Robertson-Smith, G., & Vetere, A. (2006). Stigma and eating disorders: Is there evidence of negative attitudes towards anorexia nervosa among women in the community? Journal of Mental Health, 15, 519–532. doi:10.1080/09638230600902559
- Mulveen, A. R., & Hepworth, J. (2006). An interpretative phenomenological analysis of participation in a pro-anorexia internet site and its relationship with disordered eating. Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 283–296. doi:10.1177/1359105306061187
- National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associate Disorders. (2014). Eating disorders statistics. Retrieved from http://anad.org/get-information/about-eating-disorders/eating-disorders-statistics/
- National Institute of Mental Health. (2012). Eating disorders among adults—Anorexia nervosa. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/1EAT_ADULT_ANX.shtml
- Nils, F., & Rimé, B. (2012). Beyond the myth of venting: Social sharing modes determine the benefits of emotional disclosure. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 672–681. doi:10.1002/ejsp.1880
- Norris, M. L., Boydell, K. M., Pinhas, L., & Katzman, D. K. (2006). Ana and the Internet: A review of pro-anorexia websites. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39, 443–447. doi:10.1002/eat.20305
- Pallister, E., & Waller, G. (2008). Anxiety in the eating disorders: Understanding the overlap. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 366–386. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.001
- Pennebaker, J. W., Booth, R. J., & Francis, M. E. (2007). Linguistic inquiry and word count: LIWC 2007 [computer software]. Austin, TX: LIWC.
- Pennebaker, J. W., & Harber, K. D. (1993). A social stage model of collective coping: The Loma Prieta earthquake and the Persian Gulf War. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 125–145. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01184.x
- Pennebaker, J. W., Mehl, M. R., & Niederhoffer, K. G. (2003). Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 547–577. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145041
- Rains, S. (2014). The implications of stigma and anonymity for self-disclosure in health blogs. Health Communication, 29, 23–31. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.714861
- Rieger, E., Van Buren, D., Bishop, M., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Welch, R., & Wilfley, D. (2010). An eating disorder-specific model of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-ED): Causal pathways and treatment implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 400–410. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.02.001
- Rimé, B. (2009). Emotion elicits the social sharing of emotion: Theory and empirical review. Emotion Review, 1, 60–85. doi:10.1177/1754073908097189
- Rimé, B., Finkenauer, C., Luminet, O., Zech, E., & Philippot, P. (1998). Social sharing of emotion: New evidence and new questions. European Review of Social Psychology, 9, 145–189. doi:10.1080/14792779843000072
- Ryan, E. G. (2012). Tumblr to ban pro-eating disorder blogs and content. Retrieved from http://jezebel.com/5887843/tumblr-to-ban-pro-eating-disorder-blogs-and-content
- Scambler, G., & Hopkins, A. (1986). Being epileptic: Coming to terms with stigma. Sociology of Health and Illness, 8, 26–43. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11346455
- Schmidt, U., & Treasure, J. (2006). Anorexia nervosa: Valued and visible. A cognitive interpersonal maintenance model and its implications for research and practice. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 343–366. doi:10.1348/014466505X53902
- Serovich, J. M. (2001). A test of two HIV disclosure theories. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13, 355–364. doi:10.1521/aeap.13.4.355.21424
- Shisslak, C. M., Crago, M., & Estes, L. S. (1995). The spectrum of eating disturbances. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 209–219. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199511)18:3<209::AID-EAT2260180303>3.0.CO;2-E
- Sloan, D. M. (2010). Self-disclosure and psychological well-being. In J. E. Maddux & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology (pp. 212–225). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Smith, R., Rossetto, K., & Peterson, B. L. (2008). A meta-analysis of disclosure of one’s HIV-positive status, stigma and social support. AIDS Care, 20, 1266–1275. doi:10.1080/09540120801926977
- Smith, R. A. (2007). Language of the lost: An explication of stigma communication. Communication Theory, 17, 462–485. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00307.x
- Stewart, M. C., Keel, P. K., & Schiavo, R. S. (2006). Stigmatization of anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39, 320–325. doi:10.1002/eat.20262
- Stommel, W., & Koole, T. (2010). The online support group as a community: A micro-analysis of the interaction with a new member. Discourse Studies, 12, 357–378. doi:10.1177/1461445609358518
- Stommel, W., & Lamerichs, J. (2014). Interaction in online support groups: Advice and beyond. In H. E. Hamilton & W. S. Chou (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of language and health communication (pp. 198–211). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Thomsen, D. K. (2006). The association between rumination and negative affect: A review. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 1216–1235. doi:10.1080/02699930500473533
- Tong, T., Heinemann-LaFave, D., Jeon, J., Kolodziej-Smith, & Warshay, N. (2014). The use of pro-ana blogs for online social support. Eating Disorders, 21, 408–422.
- Veen, M., Te Molder, H., Gremmen, B., & Van Woerkum, C. (2010). Quitting is not an option: An analysis of online diet talk between celiac disease patients. Health, 14, 23–40.
- Waller, G. (2008). A trans-transdiagnostic model of the eating disorders: A new way to open the egg? European Eating Disorders Review, 16, 165–172. doi:10.1002/erv.869
- Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research, 23, 3–43. doi:10.1177/009365096023001001
- Warin, M. (2006). Reconfiguring relatedness in anorexia. Anthropology and Medicine, 13, 41–54. doi:10.1080/13648470500516147
- White, M., & Dorman, S. M. (2001). Receiving social support online: Implications for health education. Health Education Research, 16, 693–707. doi:10.1093/her/16.6.693
- Wilson, J. L., Peebles, R., Hardy, K. K., & Litt, I. F. (2006). Surfing for thinness: A pilot study of pro-eating disorder web site usage in adolescents with eating disorders. Pediatrics, 118, e1635–e1643. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1133
- Wolf, M., Sedway, J., Bulik, C. M., & Kordy, H. (2007). Linguistic analyses of natural written language: Unobtrusive assessment of cognitive style in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 711–717. doi:10.1002/eat.20445
- Wolf, M., Theis, F., & Kordy, H. (2013). Language use in eating disorder blogs: Psychological implications of social online activity. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 32, 212–226. doi:10.1177/0261927X12474278
- Wright, K. B., Johnson, A. J., Averbeck, J., & Bernard, D. (2011). Computer-mediated social support groups: Promises and pitfalls for individuals coping with health concerns. In T. L. Thompson, R. Parrott, & J. F. Nussbaum (Eds.), Handbook of health communication (pp. 349–362). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Yeshua-Katz, D., & Martins, N. (2013). Communicating stigma: The pro-ana paradox. Health Communication, 28, 499–508. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.699889