Threat Appeals: The Fear–Persuasion Relationship is Linear and Curvilinear

References

• Beck, K. H., & Frankel, A. (1981). A conceptualization of threat communications and protective health behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 204–217. doi:10.2307/3033834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boster, F. J., & Mongeau, P. (1984). Fear-arousing persuasive messages. Communication Yearbook, 8, 330–375. doi:10.1080/23808985.1984.11678581
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Colorectal cancer screening guidelines. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/basic_info/screening/guidelines.htm
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1987). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• de Hoog, N., Stroebe, W., & de Wit, J. B. (2005). The impact of fear appeals on processing and acceptance of action recommendations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 24–33. doi:10.1177/0146167204271321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., Li, R., Meczkowski, E. J., Yang, C., & Shen, L. J. (2016). Fear responses to threat appeals: Functional form, methodological considerations, and correspondence between static and dynamic data. Communication Research (epub ahead of print). doi:10.1177/0093650216631097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlay, J., Bray, F., Pisani, P., & Parkin, D. M. (2004). GLOBOCAN 2002 cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide. IARC CancerBase No. 5, version 2.0. Lyon, France: IARC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fink, E. L., & Cai, D. A. (2013). Discrepancy models of belief change. In J. P. Dillard & L. J. Shen (Eds.), The handbook of persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (2nd ed., pp. 84–103). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics (Vol. 3, pp. 41–58). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hovland, C., Janis, I., & Kelley, H. (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424–453. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leventhal, H. (1970). Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 119–186). New York, NY: Academic Press. doi:10/1015/S0065-2601(08)60091-X
   Google Scholar
• Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meczkowski, E. J., Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2016). Threat appeals and persuasion: Seeking and finding the elusive curvilinear effect. Communication Monographs, 83, 373–395. doi:10.1080/03637751.2016.1158412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millar, J. S., & Zammuto, R. M. (1983). Life histories of mammals: An analysis of life tables. Ecology, 64, 631–635. doi:10.2307/1937181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mongeau, P. A. (1998). Another look at fear-arousing persuasive appeals. In M. Allen & R. W. Preiss (Eds.), Persuasion: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 53–68). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mongeau, P. A. (2013). Fear appeals. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds.), The handbook of persuasion (2nd ed., pp. 184–199). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781452218410
   Google Scholar
• Moors, A. (2009). Theories of emotion causation: A review. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 625–662. doi:10.1080/02699930802645739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Colon and rectal cancer. Retrieved September 2, 2014, from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/colon-and-rectal
   Google Scholar
• Ransohoff, D. F. (2009). How much does colonoscopy reduce colon cancer mortality? Annals of Internal Medicine, 150, 50–52. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-1-200901060-00308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A source book (pp. 153–176). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, F., & Hunter, J. E. (1999). Theory testing and measurement error. Intelligence, 27, 183–198. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(99)00024-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, L., & Coles, V. B. (2015). Fear and psychological reactance: Between- versus within-individuals perspectives. Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie, 223, 225–235. doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, L., & Dillard, J. P. (2014). Threat, fear, and persuasion: Review and critique of questions about functional form. Review of Communication Research, 2, 94–114. doi:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2014.02.01.004
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, S. R. (1982). Fear arousing communications: A critical examination of theory and research. In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Social psychology and behavioral medicine (pp. 303–337). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum, M. B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R. S., Saul, L., Jacobs, S., Wilson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2015). Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories a message–behavior–audience framework. Psychiatric Bulletin, 141, 1178–1204. doi:10.1037/a0039729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdecchia, A., Francisci, S., Brenner, H., Gatta, G., Micheli, A., Mangone, L., … EUROCARE-4 Working Group. (2007). Recent cancer survival in Europe: A 2000–02 period analysis of EUROCARE-4 data. Lancet Oncology, 8, 784–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59, 329–349. doi:10.1080/03637759209376276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27, 591–615. doi:10.1177/109019810002700506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar