Effect of Message Format and Content on Attitude Accessibility Regarding Sexually Transmitted Infections

References

• Abo, M., Slater, M. D., & Jain, P. (2016). Using health conditions for laughs and health policy support: The case of food allergies. Health Communication. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1172292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, M., & Preiss, R. W. (1997). Comparing the persuasiveness of narrative and statistical evidence using meta‐analysis. Communication Research Reports, 14, 125–131. doi:10.1080/08824099709388654
   Google Scholar
• Arpan, L., Rhodes, N., & Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R. (2007). Attitude accessibility: Theory, methods and future directions. In D. R. Roskos-Ewoldsen & J. L. Monahan (Eds.), Communication and social cognition: Theories and methods (pp. 351–376). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Baesler, E. J., & Burgoon, J. K. (1994). The temporal effects of story and statistical evidence on belief change. Communication Research, 21, 582–602. doi:10.1177/009365094021005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bol, N., Van Weert, J. C., De Haes, H. C., Loos, E. F., De Heer, S., Sikkel, D., & Smets, E. M. (2014). Using cognitive and affective illustrations to enhance older adults’ website satisfaction and recall of online cancer-related information. Health Communication, 29, 678–688. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.771560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borland, R., Wilson, N., Fong, G. T., Hammond, D., Cummings, K. M., Yong, H. H., … McNeill, A. (2009). Impact of graphic and text warnings on cigarette packs: Findings from four countries over five years. Tobacco Control, 18, 358–364. doi:10.1136/tc.2008.028043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braverman, J. (2008). Testimonials versus informational persuasive messages: The moderating effect of delivery mode and personal involvement. Communication Research, 35, 666–694. doi:10.1177/0093650208321785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosius, H. B., & Bathelt, A. (1994). The utility of exemplars in persuasive communications. Communication Research, 21, 48–78. doi:10.1177/009365094021001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busselle, R. W., & Shrum, M. (2003). Media exposure and exemplar accessibility. Media Psychology, 5, 255–282. doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0503_02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carcioppolo, N., Jensen, J. D., Wilson, S. R., Collins, W. B., Carrion, M., & Linnemeier, G. (2013). Examining HPV threat-to-efficacy ratios in the Extended Parallel Process Model. Health Communication, 28, 20–28. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.719478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). STD trends in the United States: 2011 National data for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Incidence, prevalence, and cost of sexually transmitted infections in the United States. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, C. (2008). Increasing mental health literacy via narrative advertising. Journal of Health Communication, 13, 37–55. doi:10.1080/10810730701807027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wit, J. B., Das, E., & Vet, R. (2008). What works best: Objective statistics or a personal testimonial? An assessment of the persuasive effects of different types of message evidence on risk perception. Health Psychology, 27, 110–115. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewoldsen, D. R., Rhodes, N., & Fazio, R. H. (2015). The MODE model and its implications for studying the media. Media Psychology, 18, 312–337. doi:10.1080/15213269.2014.937440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H. (1989). On the power and functionality of attitudes: The role of attitude accessibility. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 153–179). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H. (1993). Variability in the likelihood of automatic attitude activation: Data re-analysis and commentary on Bargh, Chaiken, Govender, and Pratto (1992). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 753–758, 764–765. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H. (1995). Attitudes as object–evaluation associations: Determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 247–282). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297–327. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229–238. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H., & Towles-Schwen, T. (1999). The MODE model of attitude-behavior processes. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 97–116). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Feeley, T. H., Marshall, H. M., & Reinhart, A. M. (2006). Reactions to narrative and statistical written messages promoting organ donation. Communication Reports, 19, 89–100. doi:10.1080/08934210600918758
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, R., Callison, C., & Zillmann, D. (2011). Quantitative literacy and affective reactivity in processing statistical information and case histories in the news. Media Psychology, 14, 96–120. doi:10.1080/15213269.2010.547830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, K., & Brinn, L. S. (2003). Messages influencing college women’s tanning bed use: Statistical versus narrative evidence format and a self-assessment to increase perceived susceptibility. Journal of Health Communication, 8, 443–461. doi:10.1080/713852118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, K., Campo, S., & Banerjee, S. C. (2010). Comparing normative, anecdotal, and statistical risk evidence to discourage tanning bed use. Communication Quarterly, 58, 111–132. doi:10.1080/01463371003773366
   Google Scholar
• Hastall, M. R., & Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2013). Severity, efficacy, and evidence type as determinants of health message exposure. Health Communication, 28, 378–388. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.690175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoeken, H., & Hustinx, L. (2009). When is statistical evidence superior to anecdotal evidence in supporting probability claims? The role of argument type. Human Communication Research, 35, 491–510. doi:10.1111/hcre.2009.35.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houser, M. L., Burns, M. E., & Driver, N. R. (2007). Communicating with college students about STIs: Assessing message effectiveness and preferred source and channel. Human Communication: A Publication of the Pacific and Asian Communication Association, 10, 311–328.
   Google Scholar
• Houts, P. S., Doak, C. C., Doak, L. G., & Loscalzo, M. J. (2006). The role of pictures in improving health communication: A review of research on attention, comprehension, recall, and adherence. Patient Education and Counseling, 61, 173–190. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2005.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IYSL. (n.d.). GYT materials. Retrieved from http://www.itsyoursexlife.com/toolkit/materials
   Google Scholar
• Jain, P. (2016). Deliberative versus non-deliberative evaluations of international-medical-graduate physicians after viewing a medical drama. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1368430215619492
   Google Scholar
• Jain, P., & Ellithorpe, M. E. (2016). Mortality salience influences attitudes and information-seeking behavior related to organ donation. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 9, 126–134. doi:10.1080/17538068.2016.1183937
   Google Scholar
• Katz, M. G., Kripalani, S., & Weiss, B. D. (2006). Use of pictorial aids in medication instructions: A review of the literature. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 63, 2391–2397. doi:10.2146/ajhp060162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kees, J., Burton, S., Andrews, J. C., & Kozup, J. (2006). Tests of graphic visuals and cigarette package warning combinations: Implications for the framework convention on tobacco control. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25, 212–223. doi:10.1509/jppm.25.2.212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley, C. A., Gaidis, W. C., & Reingen, P. H. (1989). The use of vivid stimuli to enhance comprehension of the content of product warning messages. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 23, 243–266. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.1989.tb00247.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. S., Bigman, C. A., Leader, A. E., Lerman, C., & Cappella, J. N. (2012). Narrative health communication and behavior change: The influence of exemplars in the news on intention to quit smoking. Journal of Communication, 62, 473–492. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01644.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotler, P., & Roberto, E. L. (1989). Social marketing. Strategies for changing public behavior. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kreuter, M. W., Holmes, K., Alcaraz, K., Kalesan, B., Rath, S., Richert, M., … Clark, E. M. (2010). Comparing narrative and informational videos to increase mammography in low-income African American women. Patient Education and Counseling, 81, S6–S14. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemal, M., & Van Den Bulck, J. (2010). Testing the effectiveness of a skin cancer narrative in promoting positive health behavior: A pilot study. Preventive Medicine, 51, 178–181. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.04.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazor, K. M., Baril, J., Dugan, E., Spencer, F., Burgwinkle, P., & Gurwitz, J. H. (2007). Patient education about anticoagulant medication: Is narrative evidence or statistical evidence more effective? Patient Education and Counseling, 69, 145–157. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWhirter, J. E., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2013). Visual images for patient skin self-examination and melanoma detection: A systematic review of published studies. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 69, 47–55. 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.01.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L., Roskos-Ewoldsen, D., & Dillman Carpentier, F. (2008). Subjective knowledge and fear appeal effectiveness: Implications for message design. Health Communication, 23, 191–201. doi:10.1080/10410230701808327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neiderdeppe, J., Bu, Q. L., Borah, P., Kindig, D., & Robert, S. A. (2008). Message design strategies to raise public awareness of social determinants of health and population health disparities. Milbank Quarterly, 86, 481–513. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2008.00530.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuis, S., De Geus, E. J., & Aston-Jones, G. (2011). The anatomical and functional relationship between the P3 and autonomic components of the orienting response. Psychophysiology, 48, 162–175. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01057.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, C. R., O’Donnell, L., San Doval, A., Duran, R., & Labes, K. (1998). Reductions in STD infections subsequent to an STD clinic visit: Using video‐based patient education to supplement provider interactions. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 25, 161–168. doi:10.1097/00007435-199803000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123–205). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prati, G., Pietrantoni, L., & Zani, B. (2012). The prediction of intention to consume genetically modified food: Test of an integrated psychosocial model. Food Quality and Preference, 25, 163–170. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.02.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, N., & Ewoldsen, D. R. (2009). Attitude and norm accessibility and cigarette smoking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 2355–2372. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00529.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, N., Ewoldsen, D. R., Shen, L., Monahan, J. L., & Eno, C. (2014). The accessibility of family and peer norms in young adolescent risk behavior. Communication Research, 41, 3–26. doi:10.1177/0093650211429118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricketts, M., Shanteau, J., McSpadden, B., & Fernandez-Medina, K. M. (2010). Using stories to battle unintentional injuries: Narratives in safety and health communication. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 1441–1449. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.12.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberto, A. J., Carlyle, K. E., Zimmerman, R. S., Abner, E. L., Cupp, P. K., & Hansen, G. L. (2008). The short-term effects of a computer-based pregnancy, STD, and HIV prevention program. Communication Quarterly, 56(1), 29–48. doi:10.1080/01463370701839255
   Google Scholar
• Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R. (1997). Attitude accessibility and persuasion: Review and a transactive model. In B. R. Burleson & A. W. Kunkel (Eds.), Communication yearbook (pp. 185–225). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., & Fazio, R. H. (1992). On the orienting value of attitudes: Attitude accessibility as a determinant of an object’s attraction of visual attention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 198–211. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., Yu, J. H., & Rhodes, N. (2004). Fear appeal messages affect accessibility of attitudes toward the threat and adaptive behaviors. Communication Monographs, 71, 49–69. doi:10.1080/0363452042000228559
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, P. (2014a, April 8). Photos are still king on Facebook. Retrieved from http://www.socialbakers.com/blog/2149-photos-are-still-king-on-facebook
   Google Scholar
• Ross, P. (2014b, November 21). Photos get the most engagement on Twitter. Retrieved from http://www.socialbakers.com/blog/2306-photos-get-the-most-engagement-on-twitter
   Google Scholar
• Shen, L. J., Monahan, J. L., Rhodes, N., & Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R. (2009). The impact of attitude accessibility and decision style on adolescents’ biased processing of health PSAs. Communication Research, 36, 104–128. doi:10.1177/0093650208326466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (1996). Value-affirmative and value-protective processing of alcohol education messages that include statistical evidence or anecdotes. Communication Research, 23, 210–235. doi:10.1177/009365096023002003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (2002). Entertainment—Education and elaboration likelihood: Understanding the processing of narrative persuasion. Communication Theory, 12, 173–191. doi:10.1093/ct/12.2.173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, T. (2006). The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30, 737–757. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00689.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E., & Thompson, S. C. (1982). Stalking the elusive “vividness” effect. Psychological Review, 89, 155–181. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.89.2.155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207–232. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124–1131. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uribe, R., Manzur, E., & Hidalgo, P. (2013). Exemplars’ impacts in marketing communication campaigns. Journal of Business Research, 66, 1787–1790. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winterbottom, A., Becker, H. L., Conner, M., & Mooney, A. (2008). Does narrative information bias individual’s decision making? A systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 2079–2088. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59, 329–349. doi:10.1080/03637759209376276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K. (1994). Fear control and danger control: A test of the extended parallel process model (EPPM). Communication Monographs, 61, 113–134. doi:10.1080/03637759409376328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K., Berkowitz, J. M., Cameron, K. A., & McKeon, J. K. (1998). Preventing the spread of genital warts: Using fear appeals to promote self-protective behaviors. Health Education & Behavior, 25, 571–585. doi:10.1177/109019819802500505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K., Cameron, K. A., McKeon, J. K., & Berkowitz, J. M. (1996). Predicting risk behaviors: Development and validation of a diagnostic scale. Journal of Health Communication, 1, 317–342. doi:10.1080/108107396127988
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yarber, W. L., Torabi, M. R., & Veenker, C. H. (2011). STD attitude scale. In T. D. Fisher, C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality-related measures (3rd ed., pp. 609–611). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, N., Ahern, L. A., Connolly-Ahern, C., & Shen, F. (2010). Communicating the risks of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Effects of message framing and exemplification. Health Communication, 25, 692–699. doi:10.1080/10410236.2010.521910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillmann, D. (2006). Exemplification effects in the promotion of safety and health. Journal of Communication, 56, S221–S237. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00291.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar