Promoting Oral Health in Appalachia: Effects of Threat Label and Source Accent on Message Acceptance

References

• An, S. (2008). Antidepressant direct-to-consumer advertising and social perception of the prevalence of depression: Application of the availability heuristic. Health Communication, 23, 499–505. doi:10.1080/10410230802342127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appalachian Regional Commission. (2014). The Appalachian region. Retrieved from www.arc.gov
   Google Scholar
• Barclay, E. (2013, September 19). ‘Mountain Dew Mouth’ is destroying Appalachia’s teeth, critics say. National Public Radio. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/09/12/221845853/mountain-dew-mouth-is-destroying-appalachias-teeth
   Google Scholar
• Bell, R. A., McGlone, M., & Dragojevic, M. (2014). Bacteria as bullies: Effects of linguistic agency assignment in health messages. Journal of Health Communication, 19, 340–358. doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.798383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, J., & Heath, C. (2008). Who drives divergence? Identity signaling, outgroup dissimilarity, and the abandonment of cultural tastes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 593–607. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, J., & Rand, L. (2008). Shifting signals to help health: Using identity signaling to reduce risky health behaviors. Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 509–518. doi:10.1086/587632
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H. (Ed.). (2012). Health communication message design: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, G. L. (2003). Party over policy: The dominating impact of group influence on political beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 808–822. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coupland, N., & Bishop, H. (2007). Ideologized values for British accents. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11, 74–93. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00311.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeShields, O. W., Kara, A., & Kaynak, E. (1996). Source effects in purchase decisions: The importance of physical attractiveness and accent of salesperson. International Journal of Marketing Research, 13, 89–101. doi:10.1016/0167-8116(95)00036-4
   Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72, 144–168. doi:10.1080/03637750500111815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragojevic, M. (2018). Language attitudes. In H. Giles & J. Harwood (Eds.), Oxford research encyclopedia of intergroup communication (Vol. 2, pp. 179–192). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dragojevic, M., Berglund, C., & Blauvelt, T. K. (2015). Attitudes toward Tbilisi- and Mingrelian-accented Georgian among Georgian youth: On the road to linguistic homogenization? Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 34, 90–101. doi:10.1177/0261927X14555191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Chaiken, S. (1978). Causal inferences about communicators and their effect on opinion change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 424–435. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.4.424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebersole, J. L., D’Souza, R., Gordon, S., & Fox, C. H. (2012). Oral health disparities and the future face of America. Journal of Dental Research, 91, 997–1002. doi:10.1177/0022034512462034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, A. T., Peters, E., Strasser, A. A., Emery, L. F., Sheerin, K. M., & Romer, D. (2015). Graphic warning labels elicit affective thoughtful responses from smokers: Results of a randomized clinical trial. PLoS One, 10, e0142879. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 77–83. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd, D. L., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta-analysis of protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 407–429. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02323.x
   Google Scholar
• Fuertes, J. N., Gottdiener, W., Martin, H., Gilbert, T. C., & Giles, H. (2012). A meta-analysis of the effects of speakers’ accents on interpersonal evaluations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 120–133. doi:10.1002/ejsp.862
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerend, M. A., Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Erchull, M. J. (2004). Beyond medical risk: Investigating the psychological factors underlying women’s perceptions of susceptibility to breast cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Health Psychology, 23, 247–258. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.3.247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles, H. (1970). Evaluative reactions to accents. Educational Review, 22, 211–227. doi:10.1080/0013191700220301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles, H. (Ed.). (2016). Communication accommodation theory: Negotiating personal and social identities across contexts. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giles, H., Bourhis, R. Y., & Taylor, D. M. (1977). Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations. In H. Giles (Ed.), Language, ethnicity and intergroup relations (pp. 307–348). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giles, H., & Watson, B. (Eds.). (2013). The social meanings of language, dialect, and accent: International perspectives on speech styles. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Giles, H., Williams, A., Mackie, D. E., & Rosselli, F. (1995). Reactions to Anglo- and Hispanic-American-accented speakers: Affect, identity, persuasion, and the English-only controversy. Language & Communication, 15, 107–120. doi:10.1016/0271-5309(94)00019-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, K., & Diaz, J. (2009, February 13). Mobile clinic treats ‘Mountain Dew Mouth’. ABC News. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=6863173
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heaton, H., & Nygaard, L. C. (2011). Charm or harm: Effect of passage content on listener attitudes toward American English accents. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 30, 202–211. doi:10.1177/0261927X10397288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton, L., Smith, T., & Raybould, T. (2004). Factors influencing use of dental services in rural and urban communities: Considerations for practitioners in underserved areas. Journal of Dental Education, 68, 1081–1089.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hendriks, B., van Meurs, F., & van der Meij, E. (2015). Does a foreign accent sell? The effect of foreign accents in radio commercial for congruent and non-congruent products. Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 34, 119–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertwig, R., Pachur, T., & Kurzenhäuser, S. (2005). Judgments of risk frequencies: Tests of possible cognitive mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 621–642.
   Google Scholar
• Hosman, L. A. (2002). Language and persuasion. In J. P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 371–390). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelly, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion: Psychological studies of opinion change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, B., Valentino, J., Wyatt, S. W., & Gal, T. J. (2008). Incidence of oral cavity and pharynx cancer in Kentucky. The Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association, 106, 355–360.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kinzler, K. D., & DeJesus, J. M. (2013). Northern=smart and Southern=nice: The development of accent attitudes in the United States. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 1146–1158. doi:10.1080/17470218.2012.731695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C., & Fillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluational reactions to spoken languages. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60, 44–51. doi:10.1037/h0044430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippi-Green, R. (2012). English with an accent (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lowenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 267–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhman, R. (1990). Appalachian English stereotypes: Language attitudes in Kentucky. Language in Society, 19, 331–348. doi:10.1017/S0047404500014548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne, S., Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Prediction and intervention in health-related behavior: A meta-analytic review of protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 106–143. doi:10.1111/jasp.2000.30.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milroy, J., & Milroy, L. (1999). Authority in language: Investigating Standard English (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Office of Oral Health. (2003). Report of findings: 2002 Kentucky adult oral health survey (pp. 1–22). Retrieved from http://chfs.ky.gov
   Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2006). The advantages of compliance or the disadvantages of noncompliance? A meta-analytic review of the relative persuasive effectiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages. Communication Yearbook, 30, 1–43. doi:10.1207/s15567419cy3001_1
   Google Scholar
• Pachur, T., Hertwig, R., & Steinmann, F. (2012). How do people judge risks: Availability heuristic, affect heuristic, or both? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 314–330. doi:10.1037/a0028279
   Google Scholar
• Paek, H.-J., & Hove, T. (in press). Risk perceptions and risk characteristics. In R. Parrott (Ed.), The Oxford encyclopedia of health and risk message design and processing. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perloff, R. M. (1999). The third person effect: A critical review and synthesis. Media Psychology, 1, 353–378. doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0104_4
   Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123–205). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Goldman, R. (1981). Personal involvement as a determinant of argument-based persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 847–855. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.5.847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powesland, P., & Giles, H. (1975). Persuasiveness and accent-message incompatibility. Human Relations, 28, 85–93. doi:10.1177/001872677502800105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology, 91, 93–114. doi:10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook (pp. 153–176). London, UK: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. L., Healy, P., Gardiner, T. C., Zath, R. C., & Moore, C. P. (1997). Nonnative physicians as message sources: Effects of accent and ethnicity on patients’ responses to AIDS prevention counseling. Health Communication, 9, 351–368. doi:10.1207/s15327027hc0904_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, E. B. (1983). Social psychological mechanisms underlying native speaker evaluations of non-native speech. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 5, 148–159. doi:10.1017/S0272263100004824
   Google Scholar
• Savage, M. W., Scott, A. M., Aalboe, J. A., Burch, S., VanArsdall, P. S. S., & Mullins, R. (2018). Oral health beliefs and behavior among young adults in Appalachian Kentucky. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46, 113–134. doi:10.1080/00909882.2017.1382705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage, M. W., Scott, A. M., Aalboe, J. A., Stein, P. S., & Mullins, R. (2015). Perceptions of oral health in Appalachian Kentucky: Implications for message design. Health Communication, 30, 186–195. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.974127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer, D. (Contributing Anchor). (2009). A hidden America: Children of the mountains [Television series episode]. In J. Diaz, K. Gray, & C. Weinraub (Producers), 20/20. Los Angeles, CA: ABC News.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A. (1991). Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 195–202. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinaceur, M., Heath, C., & Cole, S. (2005). Emotional and deliberative reactions to a public crisis: Mad cow disease in France. Psychological Science, 16, 247–254. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00811.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2004). Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: Some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Analysis, 24, 311–322. doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00433.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Tsalikis, J., DeShields, O. W., & LaTour, M. S. (1991). The role of accent on the credibility and effectiveness of the salesperson. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 11, 31–41.
   Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124–1131. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806–820. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, E. J., & Sherrell, D. L. (1993). Source effects in communication and persuasion research: A meta-analysis of effect size. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 21, 101–112. doi:10.1007/BF02894421
   Google Scholar
• Witte, K. (1994). Fear control and danger control: A test of the extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 61, 113–134. doi:10.1080/03637759409376328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27, 591–615. doi:10.1177/109019810002700506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar