Exploring the Role of Incidental and Integral Compassion and Anger in Health Communication about Pollution

References

• Agrawal, N., & Duhachek, A. (2010). Emotional compatibility and the effectiveness of antidrinking messages: A defensive processing perspective on shame and guilt. Journal of Marketing Research, 47, 263–273. doi:10.1509/jmkr.47.2.263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akinbami, L. J., Lynch, C. D., Parker, J. D., & Woodruff, T. J. (2010). The association between childhood asthma prevalence and monitored air pollutants in metropolitan areas, United States, 2001–2004. Environmental Research, 110, 294–301. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2010.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 65–122. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60412-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D., Lishner, D. A., & Stocks, E. L. (2015). The empathy–Altruism hypothesis. In D. A. Schroeder & W. G. Graziano (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior (pp. 259–280). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D., Early, S., & Salvarani, G. (1997). Perspective taking: Imagining how another feels versus imaging how you would feel. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 751–758. doi:10.1177/0146167297237008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, M. L., Morgenstern, R. D., & Harrington, W. (2011). Quantifying the human health benefits of air pollution policies: Review of recent studies and new directions in accountability research. Environmental Science & Policy, 14, 357–368. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2011.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonorris, S. (2010). Environmental justice for all: A fifty state survey of legislation, policies and cases ( S. Bonorris Ed., 4th ed). San Francisco, CA: Public Law Research Institute, UC Hastings College of the Law.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, H. E., Peck, L. R., & Tschudi, M. K. (2010). Justice for all? A cross‐time analysis of toxics release inventory facility location. Review of Policy Research, 27, 1–25. doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2009.00424.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, J. K., & Wegener, D. T. (2013). Message position, information processing, and persuasion: The discrepancy motives model. In P. Devine & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 47, pp. 189–232). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clore, G. L., & Jeffery, K. M. (1972). Emotional role playing, attitude change, and attraction toward a disabled person. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 105–111. doi:10.1037/h0032867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condon, P., & DeSteno, D. (2011). Compassion for one reduces punishment for another. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 698–701. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.11.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correia, A. W., Pope, C. A., III, Dockery, D. W., Wang, Y., Ezzati, M., & Dominici, F. (2013). The effect of air pollution control on life expectancy in the United States: An analysis of 545 US counties for the period 2000 to 2007. Epidemiology, 24, 23–31. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182770237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSteno, D., Petty, R. E., Rucker, D. D., Wegener, D. T., & Braverman, J. (2004). Discrete emotions and persuasion: The role of emotion-induced expectancies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 43–56. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., & Wilson, B. J. (1993). Communication and affect: Thoughts, feelings, and issues for the future. Communication Research, 20, 637–646. doi:10.1177/009365093020005001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey, L., & Hawkins, B. (2008). Race, income, and environmental inequality in the United States. Sociological Perspectives, 51, 759–781. doi:10.1525/sop.2008.51.4.759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap, R. E., McCright, A. M., & Yarosh, J. H. (2016). The political divide on climate change: Partisan polarization widens in the US. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 58(5), 4–23. doi:10.1080/00139157.2016.1208995
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinberg, M., & Willer, R. (2013). The moral roots of environmental attitudes. Psychological Science, 24, 56–62. doi:10.1177/0956797612449177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer, R., Klein, W., Lerner, J. S., Reyna, V., & Keltner, D. (2016). Emotions and health decision-making: Extending the appraisal tendency framework to improve health and healthcare. In C. Roberto & I. Kawachi (Eds.), Behavioral economics and public health. (pp. 101–131). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, A. H., & Roseman, I. J. (2007). Beat them or ban them: The characteristics and social functions of anger and contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 103–115. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forgas, J. P. (2002). Toward understanding the role of affect in social thinking and behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 90–102. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1301_03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forgas, J. P., & Koch, A. S. (2013). Mood effects on cognition. In M. D. Robinson, E. R. Watkins, & E. Harmon-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 231–251). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 351–374. doi:10.1037/a0018807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graber, D. A., & Dunaway, J. (2018). Mass media and American politics (10th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Haidt, J. (2003). The moral emotions. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 852–870). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, L. C., & Stampone, M. D. (2013). Blowin’ in the wind: Short-term weather and belief in anthropogenic climate change. Weather, Climate, and Society, 5, 112–119. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-12-00048.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, S., Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2007). Feelings and consumer decision making: The appraisal-tendency framework. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17, 158–168. doi:10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70023-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50, 1–22. doi:10.1080/00273171.2014.962683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henneman, L. R. F., Liu, C., Mulholland, J. A., & Russell, A. G. (2017). Evaluating the effectiveness of air quality regulations: A review of accountability studies and frameworks. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 67, 144–172. doi:10.1080/10962247.2016.1242518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion: Psychological studies of opinion change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, G., & London, J. (2012). Mapping cumulative environmental effects, social vulnerability, and health in the San Joaquin Valley, California. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 830–832. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kühne, R., Weber, P., & Sommer, K. (2015). Beyond cognitive framing processes: Anger mediates the effects of responsibility framing on the preference for punitive measures. Journal of Communication, 65, 259–279. doi:10.1111/jcom.12151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (2001). Model of appraisal in the emotion system: Integrating theory, research, and applications. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 37–67). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C., Feinberg, G., & Rosenthal, S. (2015). Climate change in the American mind: March, 2015. New Haven: Yale Project on Climate Change Communication.
   Google Scholar
• Lemay, E. P., Overall, N. C., & Clark, M. S. (2012). Experiences and interpersonal consequences of hurt feelings and anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 982–1006. doi:10.1037/a0030064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, J. S., Gonzalez, R. M., Small, D. A., & Fischhoff, B. (2003). Effects of fear and anger on perceived risks of terrorism: A national field experiment. Psychological Science, 14, 144–150. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.01433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2000). Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 473–493. doi:10.1080/026999300402763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein, G., & Lerner, J. S. (2003). The role of affect in decision making. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith  (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 619–642). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lotz, S., Okimoto, T. G., Schlösser, T., & Fetchenhauer, D. (2011). Punitive versus compensatory reactions to injustice: Emotional antecedents to third-party interventions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 477–480. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, H., McComas, K. A., & Besley, J. C. (2017). Messages promoting genetic modification of crops in the context of climate change: Evidence for psychological reactance. Appetite, 108, 104–116. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, H., & Schuldt, J. P. (2015). Exploring the role of incidental emotions in support for climate change policy. Climatic Change, 131, 719–726. doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1443-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, H., & Schuldt, J. P. (2016). Compassion for climate change victims and support for mitigation policy. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, 192–200. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.01.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCright, A. M. (2011). Political orientation moderates Americans’ beliefs and concern about climate change. Climatic Change, 104, 243–253. doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9946-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L. (1999). A cognitive-functional model for the effects of discrete negative emotions on information processing, attitude change, and recall. Communication Theory, 9, 292–320. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00172.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L. (2003). Exploring the framing effects of emotion: Do discrete emotions differentially influence information accessibility, information seeking, and policy preference? Communication Research, 30, 224–247. doi:10.1177/0093650202250881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niedenthal, P. M., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Ric, F. (2006). Psychology of emotion: Interpersonal, experiential, and cognitive approaches. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet, E. C., Cooper, K. E., & Garrett, R. K. (2015). The partisan brain: How dissonant science messages lead conservatives and liberals to (dis)trust science. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 658, 36–66. doi:10.1177/0002716214555474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, D. J. (2002). Persuasion: Theory and research (Vol. 2). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Oveis, C., Horberg, E. J., & Keltner, D. (2010). Compassion, pride, and social intuitions of self-other similarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 618–630. doi:10.1037/a0017628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padula, A. M., Tager, I. B., Carmichael, S. L., Hammond, S. K., Lurmann, F., & Shaw, G. M. (2013). The association of ambient air pollution and traffic exposures with selected congenital anomalies in the San Joaquin Valley of California. American Journal of Epidemiology, 177, 1074–1085. doi:10.1093/aje/kws367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., & Brinol, P. (2015). Emotion and persuasion: Cognitive and meta-cognitive processes impact attitudes. Cognition & Emotion, 29, 1–26. doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.967183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1998). Matching versus mismatching attitude functions: Implications for scrutiny of persuasive messages. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 227–240. doi:10.1177/0146167298243001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2017). Political typology reveals deep fissures on the right and left. Retrieved from http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2017/10/31115611/10-24-2017-Typology-release.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pillutla, M. M., & Murnighan, J. K. (1996). Unfairness, anger, and spite: Emotional rejections of ultimatum offers. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 68, 208–224. doi:10.1006/obhd.1996.0100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, B., Yeykelis, L., & Cummings, J. J. (2016). The use of media in media psychology. Media Psychology, 19, 49–71. doi:10.1080/15213269.2015.1030083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S., & Haidt, J. (1999). The CAD triad hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 574–586. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, N. (2012). Feelings as information theory. In P. Van Lange, A. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories in social psychology (pp. 289–308). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Silvia, P. J. (2006). Reactance and the dynamics of disagreement: Multiple paths from threatened freedom to resistance to persuasion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 673–685. doi:10.1002/ejsp.309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, D. M., Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2015). Message variability and heterogeneity: A core challenge for communication research. Annals of the International Communication Association, 39, 3–31. doi:10.1080/23808985.2015.11679170
   Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813–838. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum, M. B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R. S., Saul, L., Jacobs, S., Wilson, K., & Albarracin, D. (2015). Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 1178–1204. doi:10.1037/a0039729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorson, E., Wicks, R., & Leshner, G. (2012). Experimental methodology in journalism and mass communication research. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 89, 112–124. doi:10.1177/1077699011430066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Vyver, J., & Abrams, D. (2015). Testing the prosocial effectiveness of the prototypical moral emotions: Elevation increases benevolent behaviors and outrage increases justice behaviors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 58, 23–33. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Doorn, J., Zeelenberg, M., & Breugelmans, S. M. (2014). Anger and prosocial behavior. Emotion Review, 6, 261–268. doi:10.1177/1754073914523794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vastfjall, D., Slovic, P., Burns, W. J., Erlandsson, A., Koppel, L., Asutay, E., & Tinghog, G. (2016). The arithmetic of emotion: Integration of incidental and integral affect in judgments and decisions. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 325. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaglione, G. D., & Barnett, M. A. (2003). Assessing a new dimension of empathy: Empathic anger as a predictor of helping and punishing desires. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 301–325. doi:10.1023/A:1026231622102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng, H. Y., Fox, A. S., Hessenthaler, H. C., Stodola, D. E., & Davidson, R. J. (2015). The role of compassion in altruistic helping and punishment behavior. PloS one, 10(12), e0143794. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar