Sharing on Social Network Sites following Carrie Fisher’s Death: Responses to Her Mental Health Advocacy

References

• Ayers, J. W., Althouse, B. M., Noar, S. M., & Cohen, J. E. (2014). Do celebrity cancer diagnoses promote primary cancer prevention? Preventive Medicine, 58, 81–84. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae, H. S., Brown, W. J., & Kang, S. (2011). Social influence of a religious hero: The late Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan’s impact on cornea donation and volunteerism. Journal of Health Communication, 16, 62–78. doi:10.1080/10810730.2010.529489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barcella, L. (2016, December 28). How Carrie Fisher championed mental health. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/how-carrie-fisher-championed-mental-health-115009/
   Google Scholar
• Beck, C. S., Aubuchon, S. M., McKenna, T. P., Ruhl, S., & Simmons, N. (2014). Blurring personal health and public priorities: An analysis of celebrity health narratives in the public sphere. Health Communication, 29, 244–256. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.741668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, C. S., Chapman, S. M. A., Simmons, N., Tenzek, K. E., & Ruhl, S. M. (2015). Celebrity health narratives and the public health. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, J., & Milkman, K. L. (2012). What makes online content viral? Journal of Marketing Research, 49, 192–205. doi:10.1509/jmr.10.0353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocarnea, M. C., & Brown, W. J. (2007). Celebrity-persona parasocial interaction scale. In R. A. Reynolds, R. Woods, & J. D. Baker (Eds.), Handbook of research on electronic surveys and measurements (pp. 309–312). Hershey, PA: Idea Group Reference.
   Google Scholar
• Boudewyns, V., Himelboim, I., Hansen, D. L., & Southwell, B. G. (2015). Stigma’s effect on social interaction and social media activity. Journal of Health Communication, 20, 1337–1345. doi:10.1080/10810730.2015.1018604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, W. J. (2010). Steve Irwin’s influence on wildlife conservation. Journal of Communication, 60, 73–93. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01458.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, W. J., Basil, M. D., & Bocarnea, M. C. (2003). Social influence of an international celebrity: Responses to the death of Princess Diana. Journal of Communication, 53, 587–605. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02912.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubaker, J. R., Hayes, G. R., & Dourish, P. (2013). Beyond the grave: Facebook as a site for the expansion of death and mourning. Information Society, 29(3), 152–163. doi:10.1080/01972243.2013.777300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burleson, R., & Parker-Pope, T. (2016, December 27). Fans tweet about mental illness to honor Carrie Fisher. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/27/arts/carrie-fisher-bipolar-disorder.html?_r=0
   Google Scholar
• Carey, B. (2016, December 28). Carrie Fisher put pen and voice in service of ‘bipolar pride’. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/28/health/carrie-fisher-bipolar-disorder.html
   Google Scholar
• Carpentier, F. R. D., & Parrott, M. S. (2016). Young adults’ information seeking following celebrity suicide: Considering involvement with the celebrity and emotional distress in health communication search strategies. Health Communication, 31, 1334–1344. doi:10.1080/10410236.2015.1056329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase, J. (2016, April). Carrie Fisher of ‘Star Wars’ fame continues the battle. The Harvard Gazette. Retrieved from https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/04/carrie-fisher-of-star-wars-fame-continues-the-battle/
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, E. L., & Hoffner, C. (2016). Finding meaning in a celebrity’s death: The relationship between parasocial attachment, grief, and sharing educational health information related to Robin Williams on social network sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 643–650. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cram, P., Fendrick, A. M., Inadomi, J., Cowen, M. E., Carpenter, D., & Vijan, S. (2003). The impact of celebrity promotional campaign on the use of colon cancer screening: The Katie Couric effect. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 1601–1605. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.13.1601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobele, A., Lindgreen, A., Beverland, M., Vanhamme, J., & van Wijk, R. (2007). Why pass on viral messages? Because they connect emotionally. Business Horizons, 50, 291–304. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2007.01.004
   Google Scholar
• Drizin, J. H., Malcarne, V. L., Schiaffino, M. K., & Wells, K. J. (2018). College women’s responses to a celebrity health disclosure. Health Communication, 33, 1302–1307. doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1351276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duprez, C., Christophe, V., Rimé, B., Congard, A., & Antoine, P. (2015). Motives for the social sharing of an emotional experience. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 32, 757–787. doi:10.1177/0265407514548393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, C. (2008). Wishful drinking. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, J., & McEwan, B. (2017). Distinguishing technologies for social interaction: The perceived social affordances of communication channels scale. Communication Monographs, 84, 298–318. doi:10.1080/03637751.2017.1332418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, D. B. (2018). Young Black men’s information seeking following celebrity depression disclosure: Implications for mental health communication. Journal of Health Communication, 23, 687–694. doi:10.1080/10810730.2018.1506837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, D. B., Stevens, E. M., Noar, S. M., & Widman, L. (2018). Public reactions to and impact of celebrity health announcements: Understanding the Charlie Sheen effect. Howard Journal of Communications. Advance Online Publication, 1–16. doi:10.1080/10646175.2018.1532852
   Google Scholar
• Gebauer, J. E., Riketta, M., Broemer, P., & Maio, G. R. (2008). Pleasure and pressure based prosocial motivation: Divergent relations to subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 399–420. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gekoski, A., & Broome, S. (2014). What’s normal anyway? Celebrities own stories of mental illness. London, UK: Constable.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, M., Meese, J., Arnold, M., Nansen, B., & Carter, M. (2015). #Funeral and instagram: Death, social media, and platform vernacular. Information, Communication & Society, 18, 255–268. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2014.987152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Gwarjanski, A. R., & Parrott, S. (2018). Schizophrenia in the news: The role of news frames in shaping online reader dialogue about mental illness. Health Communication, 33, 954–961. doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1323320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harber, K. D., & Cohen, D. J. (2005). The emotional broadcaster theory of social sharing. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 24, 382–400. doi:10.1177/0261927X05281426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffner, C. A., & Cohen, E. L. (2015). Portrayal of mental illness on the TV series Monk: Presumed influence and consequences of exposure. Health Communication, 30, 1046–1054. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.917840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffner, C. A., & Cohen, E. L. (2018). Mental health-related outcomes of Robin Williams’ death: The role of parasocial relations and media coverage in stigma, outreach and help-seeking. Health Communication, 33, 1573–1582. doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1384348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffner, C. A., & Park, S. (in press). Carrie Fisher’s mental health advocacy. In L. Mizejewski & T. D. Zuk (Eds.), Our blessed rebel queen: Essays on Carrie Fisher. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horton, D., & Wohl, R. R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19, 215–229. doi:10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, A., Ye, J., & Hoffner, C. (2008). Diffusion of news of the Shuttle Columbia disaster: The role of emotional responses and motives for interpersonal communication. Communication Research Reports, 25, 91–101. doi:10.1080/08824090802021970
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H. S. (2015). Attracting views and going viral: How message features and news‐sharing channels affect health news diffusion. Journal of Communication, 65, 512–534. doi:10.1111/jcom.12160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krysinska, K., & Andriessen, K. (2015). Online memorialization and grief after suicide: An analysis of suicide memorials on the Internet. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 71, 19–47. doi:10.1177/0030222814568276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, M. B. (2016, December 28). Carrie Fisher’s honesty about bipolar disorder, addiction helped fight stigma. CBS News. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/carrie-fisher-bipolar-disorder-addiction-mental-health-stigma/
   Google Scholar
• Murthi, V. (2016, December 28). Carrie Fisher’s honesty with mental illness inspired ‘#InHonorOfCarrie’ social media movement. IndieWire. Retrieved from https://www.indiewire.com/2016/12/carrie-fisher-dead-mental-illness-honesty-social-media-movement-1201763248/
   Google Scholar
• Myrick, J. G. (2017a). Identification and emotions experienced after a celebrity cancer death shape information sharing and prosocial behavior. Journal of Health Communication, 22, 515–522. doi:10.1080/10810730.2017.1315622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrick, J. G. (2017b). Public perceptions of celebrity cancer deaths: How identification and emotions shape cancer stigma and behavioral intentions. Health Communication, 32, 1385–1395. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1224450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrick, J. G., Noar, S. M., Willoughby, J. F., & Brown, J. (2014). Public reaction to the death of Steve Jobs: Implications for cancer communication. Journal of Health Communication, 19, 1278–1295. doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.872729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R. A., Klass, D., & Dennis, M. R. (2014). Mourning, meaning, and memory: Individual, communal, and cultural narration of grief. In A. Batthyany & P. Russo-Netzer (Eds.), Meaning in positive and existential psychology (pp. 325–346). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Niederdeppe, J. (2016). Meeting the challenge of measuring communication exposure in the digital age. Communication Methods and Measures, 10, 170–172. doi:10.1080/19312458.2016.1150970
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Willoughby, J. F., Myrick, J. G., & Brown, J. (2014). Public figure announcements about cancer and opportunities for cancer communication: A review and research agenda. Health Communication, 29, 445–461. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.764781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, M. B., & Bartsch, A. (2011). Appreciation of entertainment. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 23, 29–33. doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000029
   Google Scholar
• Piferi, R. L., Jobe, R. L., & Jones, W. H. (2006). Giving to others during national tragedy: The effects of altruistic and egoistic motivations on long-term giving. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23, 171–184. doi:10.1177/0265407506060185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radford, S. K., & Bloch, P. H. (2012). Grief, commiseration, and consumption following the death of a celebrity. Journal of Consumer Culture, 12, 137–155. doi:10.1177/1469540512446879
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimé, B. (2009). Emotion elicits the social sharing of emotion: Theory and empirical review. Emotion Review, 1, 60–85. doi:10.1177/1754073908097189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson, J., & Cheong, P. H. (2010). Tweeting prayers and communicating grief over Michael Jackson online. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30, 328–340. doi:10.1177/0270467610380010
   Google Scholar
• Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B., & Hewes, D. E. (2005). The parasocial contact hypothesis. Communication Monographs, 72, 92–115. doi:10.1080/0363775052000342544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, E. (2016, December 27). Carrie Fisher was a mental health advocate inspired by her own struggles. ABC News. Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/carrie-fisher-mental-health-advocate-inspired-struggles/story?id=44418344
   Google Scholar
• Slater, M. D. (2004). Operationalizing and analyzing exposure: The foundation of media effects research. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 81, 168–183. doi:10.1177/107769900408100112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. (2007). Media depictions of health topics: Challenge and stigma formats. Journal of Health Communication, 12, 233–249. doi:10.1080/10810730701266273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stever, G. (2017). Parasocial theory: Concepts and measures. In Rössler, P., Hoffner, C. A., van Zoonen, L., Associate Eds., International encyclopedia of media effects (pp. 1457–1468). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Tal-Or, N., & Papirman, Y. (2007). The fundamental attribution error in attributing fictional figures’ characteristics to the actors. Media Psychology, 9, 331–345. doi:10.1080/15213260701286049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, Q., & Hoffner, C. (2010). Parasocial interaction with liked, neutral, and disliked characters. Mass Communication and Society, 13, 250–269. doi: 10.1080/15205430903296051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, J., & Carroll, L. (2016, December 27). Carrie Fisher was a ‘bright light’ for people struggling with bipolar disorder. The Today Show. Retrieved from https://www.today.com/health/carrie-fisher-bright-light-people-bipolar-disorder-t106461
   Google Scholar
• Weeks, B. E., Lane, D. S., Kim, D. H., Lee, S. S., & Kwak, N. (2017). Incidental exposure, selective exposure, and political information sharing: Integrating online exposure patterns and expression on social media. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22, 363–379. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, N. C., Lookadoo, K. L., & Nisbett, G. S. (2017). “I’m Demi and I have bipolar disorder”: Effect of parasocial contact on reducing stigma toward people with bipolar disorder. Communication Studies, 68, 314–333. doi:10.1080/10510974.2017.1331928
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worland, J. (2016, December 27). Carrie Fisher didn’t just break boundaries onscreen. She also fought the stigma of mental illness. Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/4618486/carrie-fisher-dead-mental-health-legacy/
   Google Scholar
• Yagoda, M. (2016, December 28). Inside Carrie Fisher’s revolutionary openness about her mental illness: ‘She changed the world.’ People. Retrieved from http://people.com/celebrity/impact-carrie-fisher-mental-illness/
   Google Scholar