Feel Worried, Overloaded, or Fatalistic? The Determinants of Cancer Uncertainty Management Preferences

References

• Ahmed, S., & Mosley, W. H. (2002). Simultaneity in the use of maternal-child health care and contraceptives: Evidence from developing countries. Demography, 39, 75–93. doi:10.1353/dem.2002.0001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, P. D. (2000). Multiple imputation for missing data: A cautionary tale. Sociological Methods & Research, 28, 301–309. doi:10.1177/0049124100028003003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anker, A. E., Reinhart, A. M., & Feeley, T. H. (2011). Health information seeking: A review of measures and methods. Patient Education and Counseling, 82, 346–354. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora, N. K., Hesse, B. W., Rimer, B. K., Viswanath, K., Clayman, M. L., & Croyle, R. T. (2008). Frustrated and confused: The American public rates its cancer-related information-seeking experiences. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 23, 223–228. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0406-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babrow, A. S. (2001). Uncertainty, value, communication, and problematic integration. The Journal of Communication, 51, 553–573. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02896.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babrow, A. S., Kasch, C. R., & Ford, L. A. (1998). The many meanings of uncertainty in illness: Toward a systematic accounting. Health Communication, 10, 1–23. doi:10.1207/s15327027hc1001_1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, D. E., Mishel, M. H., Belyea, M., Stewart, J. L., & Mohler, J. (2004). Uncertainty intervention for watchful waiting in prostate cancer. Cancer Nursing, 27, 339–346. doi:10.1097/00002820-200409000-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bain, N. S. C., Campbell, N. C., Ritchie, L. D., & Cassidy, J. (2002). Striking the right balance in colorectal cancer care–A qualitative study of rural and urban patients. Family Practice, 19, 369–374. doi:10.1093/fampra/19.4.369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, L., Wagner, T. H., Singer, S., & Bundorf, M. K. (2003). Use of the internet and e-mail for health care information: Results from a national survey. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 2400–2406. doi:10.1001/jama.289.18.2400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawden, D., & Robinson, L. (2008). The dark side of information: Overload, anxiety and other paradoxes and pathologies. Journal of Information Science and Engineering, 35, 180–191. doi:10.1177/0165551508095781
   Google Scholar
• Beaver, K., Luker, K. A., Owens, R. G., Leinster, S. J., Degner, L. F., & Sloan, J. A. (1996). Treatment decision making in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Cancer Nursing, 19, 8–19. doi:10.1097/00002820-199602000-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeken, R. J., Simon, A. E., von Wagner, C., Whitaker, K. L., & Wardle, J. (2011). Cancer fatalism: Deterring early presentation and increasing social inequalities? Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 20, 2127–2131. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.88.3.588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1, 276–298. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brain, K., Henderson, B. J., & Tyndel, S. (2008). Predictors of breast cancer‐related distress following mammography screening in younger women on a family history breast screening programme. Psycho-Oncology, 17, 1180–1188. doi:10.1002/pon.1355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashers, D. E. (2001). Communication and uncertainty management. The Journal of Communication, 51, 477–497. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02892.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashers, D. E. (2007). A theory of communication and uncertainty management. In B. Whaley & W. Samter (Eds.), Explaining communication: Contemporary theories and exemplars (pp. 2001–2218). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Brashers, D. E., & Babrow, A. S. (1996). Theorizing communication and health. Communication Studies, 47, 243–251. doi:10.1080/10510979609368479
   Google Scholar
• Brashers, D. E., Goldsmith, D. J., & Hsieh, E. (2002). Information seeking and avoiding in health contexts. Human Communication Research, 28, 258–271. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00807.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashers, D. E., Neidig, J. L., & Goldsmith, D. J. (2004). Social support and the management of uncertainty for people living with HIV or AIDS. Health Communication, 16, 305–331. doi:10.1207/S15327027HC1603_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashers, D. E., Neidig, J. L., Haas, S. M., Dobbs, L. K., Cardillo, L. W., & Russell, J. A. (2000). Communication in the management of uncertainty: The case of persons living with HIV or AIDS. Communication Monographs, 67, 63–84. doi:10.1080/03637750009376495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashers, D. E., Neidig, J. L., Russell, J. A., Cardillo, L. W., Haas, S. M., Dobbs, L. K., … Nemeth, S. (2003). The medical, personal, and social causes of uncertainty in HIV illness. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 24, 497–522. doi:10.1080/01612840305292
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bratt, O., Damber, J. E., Emanuelsson, M., Kristoffersson, U., Lundgren, R., Olsson, H., & Grönberg, H. (2000). Risk perception, screening practice and interest in genetic testing among unaffected men in families with hereditary prostate cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 36, 235–241. doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(99)00272-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bresner, L., Banach, R., Rodin, G., Thabane, L., Ezzat, S., & Sawka, A. M. (2015). Cancer-related worry in Canadian thyroid cancer survivors. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 100, 977–985. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3–5. doi:10.1177/1745691610393980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess, C. C., Potts, H. W. W., Hamed, H., Bish, A. M., Hunter, M. S., Richards, M. A., & Ramirez, A. J. (2006). Why do older women delay presentation with breast cancer symptoms? Psycho-Oncology, 15, 962–968. doi:10.1002/pon.1030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1997). Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 3–25. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0101_2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carcioppolo, N., Yang, F., & Yang, Q. (2016). Reducing, maintaining, or escalating uncertainty? The development and validation of four uncertainty preference scales related to cancer information seeking and avoidance. Journal of Health Communication, 21, 979–988. doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1184357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, D. O., Andrews, J. E., Johnson, J. D., & Allard, S. L. (2005). Avoiding versus seeking: The relationship of information seeking to avoidance, blunting, coping, dissonance, and related concepts. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 93, 353–362. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16059425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae, J. (2016). Who avoids cancer information? Examining a psychological process leading to cancer information avoidance. Journal of Health Communication, 21, 837–844. doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1177144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae, J., Lee, C.-J., & Jensen, J. D. (2016). Correlates of cancer information overload: Focusing on individual ability and motivation. Health Communication, 31, 626–634. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.986026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Child, D. (1990). The essentials of factor analysis. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Cline, R. J., & Haynes, K. M. (2001). Consumer health information seeking on the internet: The state of the art. Health Education Research, 16, 671–692. doi:10.1093/her/16.6.671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., Fouladi, R. T., Babaian, R. J., Bhadkamkar, V. A., Parker, P. A., Taylor, C. C., … Basen-Engquist, K. (2003). Cancer worry is associated with abnormal prostate-specific antigen levels in men participating in a community screening program. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 12, 610–617. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869399
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Consedine, N. S., Magai, C., Krivoshekova, Y. S., Ryzewicz, L., & Neugut, A. I. (2004). Fear, anxiety, worry, and breast cancer screening behavior: A critical review. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 13, 501–510. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15066912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, G. C. L., Hampton, J., Farrell, J., & Davidson, S. (1992). Some characteristics of worrying: Evidence for worrying and anxiety as separate constructs. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 133–147. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90036-o
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, T. C., Williams, M. V., Marin, E., Parker, R. M., & Glass, J. (2002). Health literacy and cancer communication. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 52, 134–149. doi:10.3322/canjclin.52.3.134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, A., & Brosschot, J. (2003). Worry about health in smoking behaviour change. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1081–1092. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00244-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diviani, N., van den Putte, B., Giani, S., & van Weert, J. C. (2015). Low health literacy and evaluation of online health information: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17, e112. doi:10.2196/jmir.4018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastin, M. S., & Guinsler, N. M. (2006). Worried and wired: Effects of health anxiety on information-seeking and health care utilization behaviors. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 9, 494–498. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.494
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Covington, M. V. (2001). Approach and avoidance motivation. Educational Psychology Review, 13, 73–92. doi:10.4324/9780203888148.ch1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etkind, S. N., Bristowe, K., Bailey, K., Selman, L. E., & Murtagh, F. E. (2017). How does uncertainty shape patient experience in advanced illness? A secondary analysis of qualitative data. Palliative Medicine, 31, 171–180. doi:10.1177/0269216316647610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finney Rutten, L. J., Agunwamba, A. A., Wilson, P., Chawla, N., Vieux, S., Blanch-Hartigan, D., … Hesse, B. W. (2016). Cancer-related information seeking among cancer survivors: Trends over a decade (2003–2013). Journal of Cancer Education, 31, 348–357. doi:10.1007/s13187-015-0802-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrard, E., & Wrigley, A. (2009). Hope and terminal illness: False hope versus absolute hope. Clinical Ethics, 4, 38–43. doi:10.1258/ce.2008.008050
   Google Scholar
• Ginossar, T. (2016). Predictors of online cancer prevention information seeking among patients and caregivers across the digital divide: A cross-sectional, correlational study. JMIR Cancer, 2. doi:10.2196/cancer.5108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay, J. L., McCaul, K. D., & Magnan, R. E. (2006). Does worry about breast cancer predict screening behaviors? A meta-analysis of the prospective evidence. Preventive Medicine, 42, 401–408. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston, T. K., & Allison, J. J. (2002). Users of internet health information: Differences by health status. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 4, E7. doi:10.2196/jmir.4.2.e7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovick, S. R., Kahlor, L., & Liang, M.-C. (2014). Personal cancer knowledge and information seeking through prism: The planned risk information seeking model. Journal of Health Communication, 19, 511–527. doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.821556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huurne, E. T., & Gutteling, J. (2008). Information needs and risk perception as predictors of risk information seeking. Journal of Risk Research, 11, 847–862. doi:10.1080/13669870701875750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Im, E.-O., Lim, H.-J., Clark, M., & Chee, W. (2008). African American cancer patients’ pain experience. Cancer Nursing, 31, 38–46; quiz 47–48. doi:10.1097/01.NCC.0000305685.59507.9e
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, J. D., Bernat, J. K., Davis, L. A., & Yale, R. (2010). Dispositional cancer worry: Convergent, divergent, and predictive validity of existing scales. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 28, 470–489. doi:10.1080/07347332.2010.498459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, J. D., Carcioppolo, N., King, A. J., Bernat, J. K., Davis, L., Yale, R., & Smith, J. (2011). Including limitations in news coverage of cancer research: Effects of news hedging on fatalism, medical skepticism, patient trust, and backlash. Journal of Health Communication, 16, 486–503. doi:10.1080/10810730.2010.546491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, J. D., Carcioppolo, N., King, A. J., Scherr, C. L., Jones, C. L., & Niederdieppe, J. (2014). The cancer information overload (CIO) scale: Establishing predictive and discriminant validity. Patient Education and Counseling, 94, 90–96. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2013.09.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, J. D., Liu, M., Carcioppolo, N., John, K. K., Krakow, M., & Sun, Y. (2017). Health information seeking and scanning among us adults aged 50–75 years: Testing a key postulate of the information overload model. Health Informatics Journal, 23, 96–108. doi:10.1177/1460458215627290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, J. D., Pokharel, M., Scherr, C. L., King, A. J., Brown, N., & Jones, C. (2017). Communicating uncertain science to the public: How amount and source of uncertainty impact fatalism, backlash, and overload. Risk Analysis, 37, 40–51. doi:10.1111/risa.12600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, W. M. P., Ferrer, R. A., Graff, K. A., Kaufman, A. R., & Han, P. K. J. (2014). Perceived ambiguity, fatalism, and believing cancer is more prevalent than heart disease. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46, e45–e47. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, L. C., & Smith, S. G. (2016). Cancer fatalism, literacy, and cancer information seeking in the American public. Health Education & Behavior, 43, 461–470. doi:10.1177/1090198115604616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A. (2000). The limited capacity model of mediated message processing. The Journal of Communication, 50, 46–70. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02833.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A. (2006). Using the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing to design effective cancer communication messages. The Journal of Communication, 56, S57–S80. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00283.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leydon, G. M., Boulton, M., Moynihan, C., Jones, A., Mossman, J., Boudioni, M., & McPherson, K. (2000). Cancer patients’ information needs and information seeking behaviour: In depth interview study. BMJ, 320, 909–913. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7239.909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, M.-N., Chen, M.-F., Chen, S.-C., & Chen, P.-L. (2008). Uncertainty and anxiety during the diagnostic period for women with suspected breast cancer. Cancer Nursing, 31, 274–283. doi:10.1097/01.NCC.0000305744.64452.fe
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustria, M. L. A., Burke, D. E., Kim, K., Kwon, N., & Case, D. O. (2007). Health information seeking in the e-health era: Evidence from the national cancer institute’s Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 43, 1–5. doi:10.1002/meet.14504301116
   Google Scholar
• Makarem, S. C. (2016). Emotions and cognitions in consumer health behaviors: Insights from chronically ill patients into the effects of hope and control perceptions. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 15, 208–215. doi:10.1002/cb.1532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marois, R., & Ivanoff, J. (2005). Capacity limits of information processing in the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 296–305. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, A., Voorwinden, S., Chapman, S., & Wardle, J. (2008). Psychologic predictors of cancer information avoidance among older adults: The role of cancer fear and fatalism. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 17, 1872–1879. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, L. E. (2012). Sources of uncertainty in cancer survivorship. Journal of Cancer Survivorship: Research and Practice, 6, 431–440. doi:10.1007/s11764-012-0229-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishel, M. H. (1988). Uncertainty in illness. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 20, 225–232. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1988.tb00082.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Misra, S., & Stokols, D. (2011). Psychological and health outcomes of perceived information overload. Environment and Behavior, 44, 737–759. doi:10.1177/0013916511404408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, L. W., Davis, M. A., & Hutchings, C. H. (1981). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a revised worry–Emotionality scale. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 541–555. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.73.4.541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, E. W. (1995). Information usefulness and acquisition during organizational encounter. Management Communication Quarterly, 9, 131–155. doi:10.1177/0893318995009002001
   Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute. (2018). HINTS. Retrieved from https://hints.cancer.gov/data/Default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Niaz, M., & Logie, R. H. (1993). Working memory, mental capacity and science education: Towards an understanding of the “working memory overload hypothesis.”. Oxford Review of Education, 19, 511–525. doi:10.1080/0305498930190407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederdeppe, J., & Levy, A. G. (2007). Fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention and three prevention behaviors. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 16, 998–1003. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Althouse, B. M., Ayers, J. W., Francis, D. B., & Ribisl, K. M. (2015). Cancer information seeking in the digital age: Effects of Angelina Jolie’s prophylactic mastectomy announcement. Medical Decision Making: An International Journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making, 35, 16–21. doi:10.1177/0272989x14556130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powe, B. D. (1995). Cancer fatalism among elderly Caucasians and African Americans. Oncology Nursing Forum, 22, 1355–1359. doi:10.1300/j077v19n03_07
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powe, B. D. (1997). Cancer fatalism—Spiritual perspectives. Journal of Religion and Health, 36, 135–144. doi:10.1023/A:1027440520268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powe, B. D., & Finnie, R. (2003). Cancer fatalism: The state of the science. Cancer Nursing, 26, 454–465; quiz 466–467. doi:10.1097/00002820-200312000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powe, B. D., & Johnson, A. (1995). Fatalism as a barrier to cancer screening among African-Americans: Philosophical perspectives. Journal of Religion and Health, 34, 119–126. doi:10.1007/BF02248767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schapira, M. M., Aggarwal, C., Akers, S., Aysola, J., Imbert, D., Langer, C., … Fraenkel, L. (2016). How patients view lung cancer screening: The role of uncertainty in medical decision making. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 13, 1969–1976. doi:10.1513/annalsats.201604-290oc
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1996). Measurement error in psychological research: Lessons from 26 research scenarios. Psychological Methods, 1, 199. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, J. B., Debbelt, C. A., & Schneider, F. M. (2018). Too much information? predictors of information overload in the context of online news exposure. Information, Communication and Society, 21, 1151–1167. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2017.1305427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnur, J. B., DiLorenzo, T. A., Montgomery, G. H., Erblich, J., Winkel, G., Hall, S. J., & Bovbjerg, D. H. (2006). Perceived risk and worry about prostate cancer: A proposed conceptual model. Behavioral Medicine, 32, 89–96. doi:10.3200/BMED.32.3.89-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaha, M., Cox, C. L., Talman, K., & Kelly, D. (2008). Uncertainty in breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer: Implications for supportive care. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 40, 60–67. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00207.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2018). Cancer statistics, 2018. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 68, 7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simard, S., Thewes, B., Humphris, G., Dixon, M., Hayden, C., Mireskandari, S., & Ozakinci, G. (2013). Fear of cancer recurrence in adult cancer survivors: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Journal of Cancer Survivorship: Research and Practice, 7, 300–322. doi:10.1007/s11764-013-0272-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. A., Cokkinides, V., Brooks, D., Saslow, D., & Brawley, O. W. (2010). Cancer screening in the united states, 2010: A review of current American cancer society guidelines and issues in cancer screening. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 60, 99–119. doi:10.3322/caac.20063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope: You can get there from here. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., … Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570–585. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spurlock, W. R., & Cullins, L. S. (2006). Cancer fatalism and breast cancer screening in African American women. The ABNF Journal, 17, 38–43. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596899
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Straughan, P. T., & Seow, A. (1998). Fatalism reconceptualized: A concept to predict health screening behavior. Journal of Gender, Culture and Health, 3, 85–100. doi:10.1023/A:1023278230797
   Google Scholar
• Sweeny, K., Melnyk, D., Miller, W., & Shepperd, J. A. (2010). Information avoidance: Who, what, when, and why. Review of General Psychology, 14, 340. doi:10.1037/a0021288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taber, J. M., Klein, W. M. P., Ferrer, R. A., Han, P. K. J., Lewis, K. L., Biesecker, L. G., & Biesecker, B. B. (2015). Perceived ambiguity as a barrier to intentions to learn genome sequencing results. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 715–726. doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9642-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teboul, J. C. B. (1994). Facing and coping with uncertainty during organizational encounter. Management Communication Quarterly, 8, 190–224. doi:10.1177/0893318994008002003
   Google Scholar
• Vineis, P., & Wild, C. P. (2014). Global cancer patterns: Causes and prevention. The Lancet, 383, 549–557. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62224-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59, 329–349. doi:10.1080/03637759209376276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K. (1994). Fear control and danger control: A test of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM). Communication Monographs, 61, 113–134. doi:10.1080/03637759409376328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Z. J., Aloe, A. M., & Feeley, T. H. (2014). Risk information seeking and processing model: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Communication, 64, 20–41. doi:10.1111/jcom.12071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar