The Third Rail of Pediatric Communication: Discussing Firearm Risk and Safety in Well-Child Exams

References

• Anestis, M. D., & Houtsma, C. (2017). The association between gun ownership and statewide overall suicide rates. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48, 204–217. doi:10.1111/sltb.12346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anglemyer, A., Horvath, T., & Rutherford, G. (2014). The accessibility of firearms and risk for suicide and homicide victimization among household members: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 160, 101–110. doi:10.7326/M13-1301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azrael, D., Cohen, J., Salhi, C., & Miller, M. (2018). Firearm storage in gun-owning households with children: Results of a 2015 national survey. Journal of Urban Health, 95, 295–304. doi:10.1007/s11524-018-0261-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkin, S., Ryan, G., & Gelberg, L. (1999). What pediatricians can do to further youth violence prevention—A qualitative study. Injury Prevention, 5, 53–58. doi:10.1136/ip.5.1.53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barton, J., Dew, K., Dowell, A., Sheridan, N., Kenealy, T., Macdonald, L., … Stubbe, M. (2016). Patient resistance as a resource: Candidate obstacles in diabetes consultations. Sociology of Health & Illness, 38, 1151–1166. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becher, E. C., & Christakis, N. A. (1999). Firearm injury prevention counseling: Are we missing the mark? Pediatrics, 104, 530–535. doi:10.1542/peds.104.3.530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellesiles, M. A. (2000). Arming America: The origins of a national gun culture. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., Carrillo, J. E., & Ananeh-Firempong, O. (2003). Defining cultural competence: A practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public Health Reports, 118, 293–302. doi:10.1093/phr/118.4.293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betz, M. E., & Wintemute, G. J. (2015). Physician counseling on firearm safety: A new kind of cultural competence. JAMA, 314, 449–450. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.7055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashers, D. E., Goldsmith, D. J., & Hsieh, E. (2002). Information seeking and avoiding in health contexts. Human Communication Research, 28, 258–271. doi:10.1111/hcre.2002.28.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butkus, R., & Weissman, A. (2014). Internists’ attitudes toward prevention of firearm injury. Annals of Internal Medicine, 160, 821–827. doi:10.7326/M13-1960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. (2019a). Centers for disease control and prevention. National Vital Statistics Reports Deaths: Final Data for 2017, 68(9). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_09-508.pdf
   Google Scholar
• CDC. (2019b). Firearm mortality by state. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/firearm_mortality/firearm.htm
   Google Scholar
• Celinska, K. (2007). Individualism and collectivism in America: The case of gun ownership and attitudes toward gun control. Sociological Perspectives, 50, 229–247. doi:10.1525/sop.2007.50.2.229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costanza, S. E., & Kilburn, J. C., Jr. (2004). Circling the welcome wagons: Area, income, race, and legal handgun concealment. Criminal Justice Review, 29, 289–303. doi:10.1177/073401680402900202
   Google Scholar
• Crifasi, C. K., Doucette, M. L., McGinty, E. E., Webster, D. W., & Barry, C. L. (2018). Storage practices of US gun owners in 2016. American Journal of Public Health, 108, 532–537. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossen, E. J., Lewis, B., & Hoffman, B. D. (2015). Preventing gun injuries in children. Pediatrics in Review, 36, 43–51. doi:10.1542/pir.36-2-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlberg, L. L., Ikeda, R. M., & Kresnow, M.-J. (2004). Guns in the home and risk of a violent death in the home: Findings from a national study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 160, 929–936. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFoster, R., & Swalve, N. (2018). Guns, culture or mental health? Framing mass shootings as a public health crisis. Health Communication, 33, 1211–1222. doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1350907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon-Woods, M. (2001). Writing wrongs? An analysis of published discourses about the use of patient information leaflets. Social Science & Medicine, 52, 1417–1432. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00247-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, M., & Wildavsky, A. (1982). Risk and culture: An essay on the selection of technological and environmental dangers. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dowd, M. D., Sege, R. D., Gardner, H. G., Quinlan, K. P., Ewald, M. B., Ebel, B. E., … Pomerantz, W. J. (2012). Firearm-related injuries affecting the pediatric population. Pediatrics, 130, e1416–e1423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DSS. (2018). The Missouri child fatality review program annual report for 2017. Retrieved from https://dss.mo.gov/re/pdf/cfrar/2017-child-fatality-review-program-annual-report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Fowler, K. A., Dahlberg, L. L., Haileyesus, T., Gutierrez, C., & Bacon, S. (2017). Childhood firearm injuries in the United States. Pediatrics, 140, e20163486. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2017/06/15/peds.2016-3486.abstract
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbutt, J. M., Bobenhouse, N., Dodd, S., Sterkel, R., & Strunk, R. C. (2016). What are parents willing to discuss with their pediatrician about firearm safety? A parental survey. The Journal of Pediatrics, 179, 166–171. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.08.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, D. C., Mueller, B. A., Riedy, C., Dowd, M. D., Villaveces, A., Prodzinski, J., ... Harruff, R. (2005). Gun storage practices and risk of youth suicide and unintentional firearm injuries. JAMA, 293, 707–714. doi:10.1001/jama.293.6.707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, D., & Kposowa, A. J. (2015). Firearms and violent death in the United States: Gun ownership, gun control and mortality rates in 16 states, 2005–2009. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 7, 84–98. doi:10.9734/BJESBS/2015/16126
   Google Scholar
• Haught, K., Grossman, D., & Connell, F. (1995). Parents’ attitudes toward firearm injury prevention counseling in urban pediatric clinics. Pediatrics, 96, 649–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausmann, L. R. M., Hannon, M. J., Kresevic, D. M., Hanusa, B. H., Kwoh, C. K., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2011). Impact of perceived discrimination in health care on patient-provider communication. Medical Care, 49, 626. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e318215d93c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hébert, E. T., Stevens, E. M., Frank, S. G., Kendzor, D. E., Businelle, M. S., Zvolensky, M. J., … Buckner, J. D. (2018). An ecological momentary intervention for smoking cessation: The associations of just-in-time, tailored messages with lapse risk factors. Addictive Behaviors, 78, 30–35. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.10.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstadter, R. (1970). America as a gun culture. American Heritage, 21. Retrieved from https://www.americanheritage.com/america-gun-culture
   Google Scholar
• Horman, B. G. (2012, October). G&A basics: How to store your gun. Retrieved from https://www.gunsandammo.com/editorial/ga-basics-how-to-store-your-gun/250044
   Google Scholar
• Huus, K. (2018, February). The biggest gun companies in the US market. MSN: MoneyTalks. Retrieved from https://www.moneytalksnews.com/slideshows/the-biggest-gun-companies-in-the-u-s-market/
   Google Scholar
• Jankowski, N. W., & Jensen, K. B. (2002). A handbook of qualitative methodologies for mass communication research. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kahan, D. M., & Braman, D. (2003). More statistics, less persuasion: A cultural theory of gun-risk perceptions. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 151, 1291–1327. doi:10.2307/3312930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahan, D. M., Jenkins‐Smith, H., & Braman, D. (2011). Cultural cognition of scientific consensus. Journal of Risk Research, 14, 147–174. doi:10.1080/13669877.2010.511246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalesan, B., Villarreal, M. D., Keyes, K. M., & Galea, S. (2016). Gun ownership and social gun culture. Injury Prevention, 22, 216–220. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M. (2018). When similarity strikes back: Conditional persuasive effects of character-audience similarity in anti-smoking campaign. Human Communication Research, 45, 52–77. doi:10.1093/hcr/hqy013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter, M. W., & Wray, R. J. (2003). Tailored and targeted health communication: Strategies for enhancing information relevance. American Journal of Health Behavior, 27, S227–S232. doi:10.5993/AJHB.27.1.s3.6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishan, R., & Mostafavi, R. (2018). Biometric technology: Security and privacy concerns. Journal of Internet Law, 22, 19–23.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, T. T., & Curfman, G. D. (2017). Physician speech and firearm safety: Wollschlaeger v Governor, Florida. JAMA Internal Medicine, 177, 1189–1192. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenartowicz, T., & Roth, K. (1999). A framework for culture assessment. Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 781–798. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490839
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson, W., Gorawara-Bhat, R., & Lamb, J. (2000). A study of patient clues and physician responses in primary care and surgical settings. JAMA, 284, 1021–1027. doi:10.1001/jama.284.8.1021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2011). Qualitative communication research methods. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lund, J., & Aarø, L. E. (2004). Accident prevention: Presentation of a model placing emphasis on human, structural and cultural factors. Safety Science, 42, 271–324. doi:10.1016/S0925-7535(03)00045-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino, E., Wolsko, C., Keys, S., & Wilcox, H. (2017). Addressing the cultural challenges of firearm restriction in suicide prevention: A test of public health messaging to protect those at risk. Archives of Suicide Research, 22, 394–404. doi:10.1080/13811118.2017.1355285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino, E., Wolsko, C., Keys, S. G., & Pennavaria, L. (2016). A culture gap in the United States: Implications for policy on limiting access to firearms for suicidal persons. Journal of Public Health Policy, 37, 110–121. doi:10.1057/s41271-016-0007-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, M., Barber, C., White, R. A., & Azrael, D. (2013). Firearms and suicide in the United States: Is risk independent of underlying suicidal behavior? American Journal of Epidemiology, 178, 946–955. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, M., Warren, M., Hemenway, D., & Azrael, D. (2015). Firearms and suicide in US cities. Injury Prevention, 21, e116. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2013-040969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monuteaux, M. C., Azrael, D., & Miller, M. (2019). Association of increased safe household firearm storage with firearm suicide and unintentional death among US youths. JAMA Pediatrics, 173, 657–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Shooting Sports Foundation. (2013). Project childsafe: Putting a lock on safety in your home. Newtown, CT: Author. Retrieved from https://www.projectchildsafe.org/sites/default/files/PCSBrochure_Adstar.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Olson, L. M., Christoffel, K. K., & O’Connor, K. G. (2007). Pediatricians’ involvement in gun injury prevention. Injury Prevention, 13, 99–104. doi:10.1136/ip.2006.012401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padela, A. I., Malik, S., Vu, M., Quinn, M., & Peek, M. (2018). Developing religiously-tailored health messages for behavioral change: Introducing the reframe, reprioritize, and reform (“3R”) model. Social Science & Medicine, 204, 92–99. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.03.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, K., Horowitz, J., Rohal, M., & Johnson, B. (2017). American’s complex relationship with guns. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/06/22/americas-complex-relationship-with-guns/
   Google Scholar
• Parmet, W. E., Smith, J. A., & Miller, M. (2017). Physicians, firearms, and free speech — Overturning Florida’s firearm-safety gag rule. New England Journal of Medicine, 376, 1901–1903. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1702516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paternotte, E., van Dulmen, S., van der Lee, N., Scherpbier, A. J. J. A., & Scheele, F. (2015). Factors influencing intercultural doctor–patient communication: A realist review. Patient Education and Counseling, 98, 420–445. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2014.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauly, J. (1991). A beginner’s guide to doing qualitative research in mass communication. Columbia, SC: Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.
   Google Scholar
• Rakow, L. F. (2011). Commentary: Interviews and focus groups as critical and cultural methods. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 88, 416–428. doi:10.1177/107769901108800211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard, C., Glaser, E., & Lussier, M.-T. (2017). Communication and patient participation influencing patient recall of treatment discussions. Health Expectations, 20, 760–770. doi:10.1111/hex.12515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimer, B. K., Halabi, S., Sugg Skinner, C., Lipkus, I. M., Strigo, T. S., Kaplan, E. B., & Samsa, G. P. (2002). Effects of a mammography decision-making intervention at 12 and 24 months. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22, 247–257. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00417-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimer, B. K., & Kreuter, M. W. (2006). Advancing tailored health communication: A persuasion and message effects perspective. Journal of Communication, 56, S184–S201. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00289.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, J. D., & Stivers, T. (2001). Achieving activity transitions in physician-patient encounters: From history taking to physical examination. Human Communication Research, 27, 253–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruback, R. B., Shaffer, J. N., & Clark, V. A. (2011). Easy access to firearms: Juveniles’ risks for violent offending and violent victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 2111–2138. doi:10.1177/0886260510372948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samli, A. C. (1995). International consumer behavior: Its impact on marketing strategy development. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, M. O. (2017, April). A prescription for gun safety. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved from https://health.usnews.com/wellness/family/articles/2017-04-11/a-prescription-for-gun-safety
   Google Scholar
• Schuster, M. A., Duan, N., Regalado, M., & Klein, D. J. (2000). Anticipatory guidance: What information do parents receive? What information do they want? Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 154, 1191–1198. doi:10.1001/archpedi.154.12.1191
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott, J., Azrael, D., & Miller, M. (2018). Firearm storage in homes with children with self-harm risk factors. Pediatrics, 141, e20172600. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sleath, B., Rubin, R. H., Campbell, W., Gwyther, L., & Clark, T. (2001). Physician–Patient communication about over-the-counter medications. Social Science & Medicine, 53, 357–369. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00341-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sojka, J., & Tansuhaj, P. S. (1995). Cross-cultural consumer research: A twenty-year review. ACR North American Advances. Retrieved from http://www.acrwebsite.org/search/view-conference-proceedings.aspx?Id=7789
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, K. L. (2018). Transforming patient compliance research in an era of biomedicalization. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 59, 170–184. doi:10.1177/0022146518756860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong, B. L., Ballard, S.-B., & Braund, W. (2016). The American College of Preventive Medicine policy recommendations on reducing and preventing firearm-related injuries and deaths. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 51, 1084–1089. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teal, C. R., & Street, R. L. (2009). Critical elements of culturally competent communication in the medical encounter: A review and model. Social Science & Medicine, 68, 533–543. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. A., & Stidham, R. (2010). Packing heat in the Tar Heel State: A county-level assessment of concealed carry permits. Criminal Justice Review, 35, 52–66. doi:10.1177/0734016809360325
   Google Scholar
• Traino, H. M., & Siminoff, L. A. (2016). Keep it going: Maintaining health conversations using relational and instrumental approaches. Health Communication, 31, 308–319. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.950020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valle, C. G., Queen, T. L., Martin, B. A., Ribisl, K. M., Mayer, D. K., & Tate, D. F. (2018). Optimizing tailored communications for health risk assessment: A randomized factorial experiment of the effects of expectancy priming, autonomy support, and exemplification. Journal of Medical Internet Rresearch, 20, e63. doi:10.2196/jmir.7613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Violano, P., Bonne, S., Duncan, T., Pappas, P., Christmas, A. B., Dennis, A., … Shillinglaw, W. (2018). Prevention of firearm injuries with gun safety devices and safe storage: An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma systematic review. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 84, 1003–1011. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall, D., Chudley, S., Skelton, J., & Jones, E. (2007). Teaching cross-cultural consultation skills: A course for UK and internationally trained general practice registrars. Education for Primary Care, 18, 602–615. doi:10.1080/14739879.2007.11493594
   Google Scholar
• Wette, R., & Hawken, S. J. (2016). Measuring gains in an EMP course and the perspectives of language and medical educators as assessors. English for Specific Purposes, 42, 38–49. doi:10.1016/j.esp.2015.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintemute, G. J., Betz, M. E., & Ranney, M. L. (2016). Yes, you can: Physicians, patients, and firearms. Annals of Internal Medicine, 165, 205–213. doi:10.7326/M15-2905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamane, D. (2017). The sociology of U.S. gun culture. Sociology Compass, 11, e12497. doi:10.1111/soc4.12497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanger, S. E., Remick, K., & Wilkinson, M. (2018). Firearm safety: A survey on practice patterns, knowledge and opinions of pediatric emergency medicine providers. Pediatrics, 142, 121.
   Google Scholar
• Yogman, M., Garfield, C. F., & Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health (2016). Fathers’ roles in the care and development of their children: The role of pediatricians. Pediatrics, 138, 1-15.
   Google Scholar