Deliberation and Valence as Dissociable Components of Counterarguing among Smokers: Evidence from Neuroimaging and Quantitative Linguistic Analysis

References

• Berkman, E. T., & Falk, E. B. (2013). Beyond brain mapping using neural measures to predict real-world outcomes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 45–50. doi:10.1177/0963721412469394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, T., Thorson, E., Bothner, V., & Allen, T. (2000). When the target audience is hostile to the behavior change: A case study in strategy development in social marketing. Social Marketing Quarterly, 6(3), 35–38. doi:10.1080/15245004.2000.9961115
   Google Scholar
• Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brett, M., Anton, J.-L., Valabregue, R., & Poline, J.-B. (2002, June). Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox. Presented at the 8th International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, Sendai, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, M. G., & Gold, R. S. (2014). Cognitive responses to positively and negatively framed health messages: A thought-listing study. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 19, 724–729. doi:10.1080/13548506.2013.871305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R. (1987). Cognitive complexity. In J. C. McCroskey & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Personality and interpersonal communication (pp. 305–349). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Sandman, C. A. (1981). Psychophysiological functioning, cognitive responding, and attitudes. In R. E. Petty, T. M. Ostrom, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses to persuasion (pp. 81–103). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, E. (1981). Social psychological procedures for cognitive response assessment: The thought-listing technique. In T. V. Merluzzi, C. R. Glass, & M. Genest (Eds.), Cognitive assessment (pp. 309–342). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G., & Berntson, G. (2007). Handbook of psychophysiology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., von Hippel, W., & Ernst, J. M. (1997). Mapping cognitive structures and processes through verbal content: The thought-listing technique. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 928–940. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.65.6.928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiken, S., Liberman, A., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). Heuristic and systematic information processing within and beyond the persuasion context. In (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 212–252). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (1999). Dual-process theories in social psychology. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chung, C. K., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2012). Linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC): Pronounced “Luke,” … and other useful facts. In P. McCarthy & C. Boonthum (Eds.), Applied natural language processing and content analysis: Identification, investigation, and resolution (pp. 206–229). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Levy, A., Herman, C. P., Kozlowski, L. T., & Petty, R. E. (1976). Elastic shifts of opinion: Determinants of direction and durability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 663. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.4.663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, R., Lang, A., Leshner, G., & Quick, B. L. (2018). Who fights, who flees? An integration of the LC4MP and psychological reactance theory. Media Psychology, 22, 545–571. doi:10.1080/15213269.2018.1476157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinton, V., Carlson, S. E., & Seipel, B. (2016). Linguistic markers of inference generation while reading. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 45, 553–574. doi:10.1007/s10936-015-9360-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, N.J: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, N., Tompson, S., O’Donnell, M. B., & Falk, E. B. (2015). Brain activity in self-and value-related regions in response to online antismoking messages predicts behavior change. Journal of Media Psychology, 27, 93–108. doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison, G. C., Navarre, S. G., & Vogel, R. S. (1995). The articulated thoughts in simulated situations paradigm: A think-aloud approach to cognitive assessment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 29–33. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72, 144–168. doi:10.1080/03637750500111815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (2005). Attitude research in the 21st century: The current state of knowledge. In D. Albaraccín, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 743–767). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Erceg-Hurn, D. M., & Steed, L. G. (2011). Does exposure to cigarette health warnings elicit psychological reactance in smokers? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 219–237. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00710.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk, E. B. (2012). Can neuroscience advance our understanding of core questions in communication studies? An overview of communication neuroscience. In S. Jones (Ed.), Communication at the center (pp. 77–94). New York, NY: Hampton Press.
   Google Scholar
• Falk, E. B., O’Donnell, M. B., & Lieberman, M. D. (2012). Getting the word out: Neural correlates of enthusiastic message propagation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 1–14. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fransen, M. L., Smit, E. G., & Verlegh, P. W. J. (2015). Strategies and motives for resistance to persuasion: An integrative framework. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, M. A., Hennessy, E. V., & Marzullo, D. M. (2001). Defensive evaluation of antismoking messages among college-age smokers: The role of possible selves. Health Psychology, 20, 424–433. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.20.6.424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer, J., & Stewart, B. M. (2013). Text as data: The promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts. Political Analysis, 21, 267–297. doi:10.1093/pan/mps028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerstrom, K.-O. (1991). The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerström tolerance questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1119–1127. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heimberg, R. G., Nyman, D., & O’Brien, G. T. (1987). Assessing variations of the thought-listing technique: Effects of instructions, stimulus intensity, stimulus modality, and scoring procedures. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 13–24. doi:10.1007/BF01183129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornik, R., & Woolf, K. D. (1999). Using cross-sectional surveys to plan message strategies. Social Marketing Quarterly, 5(2), 34–41. doi:10.1080/15245004.1999.9961044
   Google Scholar
• Huskey, R., Mangus, J. M., Turner, B. O., & Weber, R. (2017). The persuasion network is modulated by drug-use risk and predicts anti-drug message effectiveness. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12, 1902–1915. doi:10.1093/scan/nsx126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanov, B., Parker, K. A., & Dillingham, L. L. (2013). Measuring counterargument: A review and critique of the most popular techniques. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Communication, 7, 59–74. doi:10.18848/2324-7320/CGP
   Google Scholar
• Kang, M. Y., Cappella, J., & Fishbein, M. (2006). The attentional mechanism of message sensation value: Interaction between message sensation value and argument quality on message effectiveness. Communication Monographs, 73, 351–378. doi:10.1080/03637750601024164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2014). lmerTest: Tests for random and fixed effects for linear mixed effect models (lmer objects of lme4 package). Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lmerTest
   Google Scholar
• Layoun, N., Salameh, P., Waked, M., Aoun Bacha, Z., Zeenny, R. M., El Hitti, E., … Dramaix, M. (2017). Motivation to quit smoking and acceptability of shocking warnings on cigarette packages in Lebanon. Patient Preference and Adherence, 11, 331–342. doi:10.2147/PPA.S122877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman, M. D. (2010). Social cognitive neuroscience. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 143–193). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Loeber, S., Vollstädt-Klein, S., Wilden, S., Schneider, S., Rockenbach, C., Dinter, C., … Kiefer, F. (2011). The effect of pictorial warnings on cigarette packages on attentional bias of smokers. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 98, 292–298. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandl, H., & Ballstaedt, S.-P. (1982). Effects of elaboration on recall of texts. In A. Flammer & W. Kintsch (Eds.), Advances in psychology (pp. 482–494). Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland Publishing Co.
   Google Scholar
• McCausland, K. L., Allen, J. A., Duke, J. C., Xiao, H., Asche, E. T., Costantino, J. C., & Vallone, D. M. (2009). Piloting EX, a social marketing campaign to prompt smoking cessation. Social Marketing Quarterly, 15, 80–101. doi:10.1080/15245000902989121
   Google Scholar
• Miller, N., & Baron, R. S. (1973). On measuring counterarguing. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 3, 101–118. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.1973.tb00317.x
   Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Palmgreen, P., Zimmerman, R. S., Lustria, M. L. A., & Lu, H.-Y. (2010). Assessing the relationship between perceived message sensation value and perceived message effectiveness: Analysis of PSAs from an effective campaign. Communication Studies, 61, 21–45. doi:10.1080/10510970903396477
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Donnell, M. B., Coronel, J., Cascio, C. N., Lieberman, M. D., & Falk, E. B. (2018, May). An fMRI localizer for deliberative counterarguing. Paper presented at The Social & Affective Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, Brooklyn, NY.
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, M. B., & Falk, E. B. (2015). Linking neuroimaging with functional linguistic analysis to understand processes of successful communication. Communication Methods and Measures, 9, 55–77. doi:10.1080/19312458.2014.999751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, D. (2016). Persuasion: Theory and research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Osterhouse, R. A., & Brock, T. C. (1970). Distraction increases yielding to propaganda by inhibiting counterarguing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 344–358. doi:10.1037/h0029598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., Chung, C. K., Ireland, M., Gonzales, A., & Booth, R. J. (2007). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2007. Austin, TX: LIWC.Net.
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., Mayne, T. J., & Francis, M. E. (1997). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 863–871. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.72.4.863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., Tormala, Z. L., & Rucker, D. D. (2004). Resisting persuasion by counterarguing: An attitude strength perspective. In J. T. Jost, M. R. Banaji, & D. A. Prentice (Eds.), Perspectivism in social psychology: The yin and yang of scientific progress (pp. 37–51). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1979). Issue involvement can increase or decrease persuasion by enhancing message-relevant cognitive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1915–1926. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.10.1915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123–205. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60214-2
   Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., Williams, K. D., Harkins, S. G., & Latané, B. (1977). Social inhibition of helping yourself: Bystander response to a cheeseburger. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 575–578. doi:10.1177/014616727700300405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poldrack, R. A. (2006). Can cognitive processes be inferred from neuroimaging data? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 59–63. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poldrack, R. A. (2007). Region of interest analysis for fMRI. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 67–70. doi:10.1093/scan/nsm006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, R. F., & Bolls, P. (2012). Psychophysiological measurement and meaning: Cognitive and emotional processing of media. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rains, S. A. (2013). The nature of psychological reactance revisited: A meta-analytic review. Human Communication Research, 39, 47–73. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01443.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rains, S. A., & Turner, M. M. (2007). Psychological reactance and persuasive health communication: A test and extension of the intertwined model. Human Communication Research, 33, 241–269. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00298.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raju, S., & Unnava, H. R. (2006). The role of arousal in commitment: An explanation for the number of counterarguments. Journal of Consumer Research, 33, 173–178. doi:10.1086/506298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringold, D. J. (2002). Boomerang effects in response to public health interventions: Some unintended consequences in the alcoholic beverage market. Journal of Consumer Policy, 25, 27–63. doi:10.1023/A:1014588126336
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, D. F., & Maccoby, N. (1973). Information processing and persuasion: Counterarguing behavior. In P. Clarke (Ed.), New models for mass communication research (Vol. 2, pp. 269–307). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (2002). Entertainment - education and elaboration likelihood: Understanding the processing of narrative persuasion. Communication Theory, 12, 173–191. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00265.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tausczik, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29, 24–54. doi:10.1177/0261927X09351676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2002). What doesn’t kill me makes me stronger: The effects of resisting persuasion on attitude certainty. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83, 1298–1313. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.6.1298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2004). Resistance to persuasion and attitude certainty: The moderating role of elaboration. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1446–1457. doi:10.1177/0146167204264251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallone, D. M., Duke, J. C., Mowery, P. D., McCausland, K. L., Xiao, H., Costantino, J. C., … Allen, J. A. (2010). The impact of EX®: Results from a pilot smoking-cessation media campaign. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38, S312–S318. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.11.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, R., Eden, A., Huskey, R., Mangus, J. M., & Falk, E. (2015). Bridging media psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Journal of Media Psychology, 27, 146–156. doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, R., Huskey, R., Mangus, J. M., Westcott-Baker, A., & Turner, B. O. (2015). Neural predictors of message effectiveness during counterarguing in antidrug campaigns. Communication Monographs, 82, 4–30. doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.971414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, R., Tamborini, R., Lee, H. E., & Stipp, H. (2008). Soap opera exposure and enjoyment: A longitudinal test of disposition theory. Media Psychology, 11, 462–487. doi:10.1080/15213260802509993
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Strasser, A., Cappella, J. N., Lerman, C., & Fishbein, M. (2011). A measure of perceived argument strength: Reliability and validity. Communication Methods and Measures, 5, 48–75. doi:10.1080/19312458.2010.547822
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zuwerink, J. R., & Devine, P. G. (1996). Attitude importance and resistance to persuasion: It’s not just the thought that counts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 931–944. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.93
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar