1,086
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Disgusting Face, Disease-Ridden Place?: Emoji Influence on the Interpretation of Restaurant Inspection Reports

&

References

  • Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, White women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 586. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586
  • Aldunate, N., Villena-González, M., Rojas-Thomas, F., López, V., & Bosman, C. A. (2018). Mood detection in ambiguous messages: The interaction between text and emoticons. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 423. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00423
  • Almanza, B. A., Ismail, J., & Mills, J. E. (2002). The impact of publishing foodservice inspection scores. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 5(4), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1300/J369v05n04_04
  • Angelo, K. M., Nisler, A. L., Hall, A. J., Brown, L. G., & Gould, L. H. (2017). Epidemiology of restaurant-associated foodborne disease outbreaks, United States, 1998–2013. Epidemiology & Infection, 145(3), 523–534. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268816002314
  • Arcia, A., Suero-Tejeda, N., Bales, M. E., Merrill, J. A., Yoon, S., Woollen, J., & Bakken, S. (2015). Sometimes more is more: Iterative participatory design of infographics for engagement of community members with varying levels of health literacy. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 23(1), 174–183. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv079
  • Bai, Q., Dan, Q., Mu, Z., & Yang, M. (2019). A systematic review of emoji: Current research and future perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2221. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02221
  • Bartsch, S. M., Asti, L., Nyathi, S., Spiker, M. L., & Lee, B. Y. (2018). Estimated cost to a restaurant of a foodborne illness outbreak. Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.: 1974), 133(3), 274–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354917751129
  • Campbell, M. C., & Kirmani, A. (2000). Consumers’ use of persuasion knowledge: The effects of accessibility and cognitive capacity on perceptions of an influence agent. Journal of Consumer Research, 27(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1086/314309
  • Carretié, L., Ruiz-Padial, E., López-Martín, S., & Albert, J. (2011). Decomposing unpleasantness: Differential exogenous attention to disgusting and fearful stimuli. Biological Psychology, 86(3), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.005
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Highlights from the 2016 Surveillance Report | Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS). Retrieved July 1, 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/fdoss/annual-reports/2016-report-highlights.html
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Foodborne Illnesses and Germs. Retrieved February, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/foodborne-germs.html
  • Chandon, P., & Wansink, B. (2007). The biasing health halos of fast-food restaurant health claims: Lower calorie estimates and higher side-dish consumption intentions. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(3), 301–314. https://doi.org/10.1086/519499
  • Chapman, B., Erdozaim, M., & Powell, D. (2017). Going public: Early disclosure of food risks for the benefit of public health. Journal of Environmental Health, 79(7), 8.
  • Choi, J., Miao, L., Almanza, B., & Nelson, C. D. (2013). Consumers’ responses to restaurant inspection reports: The effects of information source and message style. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 16(3), 255–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2013.810536
  • Clayton, R. B., Leshner, G., Tomko, R. L., Trull, T. J., & Piasecki, T. M. (2017). Countering craving with disgust images: Examining nicotine withdrawn smokers’ motivated message processing of anti-tobacco public service announcements. Journal of Health Communication, 22(3), 254–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2016.1268222
  • Clore, G. L., Wyer, R. S., Dienes, B., Gasper, K., Gohm, C., & Isbell, L. (2001). Affective feelings as feedback: Some cognitive consequences. In L. L. Martin & G. L. Clore (Eds.), Theories of mood and cognition: A user’s handbook (pp. 27–62). Erlbaum.
  • Clore, G. L., & Huntsinger, J. R. (2007). How emotions inform judgment and regulate thought. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(9), 393–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.005
  • Clore, G. L., & Huntsinger, J. R. (2009). How the object of affect guides its impact. Emotion Review, 1(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073908097185
  • Clore, G. L., Schiller, A. J., & Shaked, A. (2018). Affect and cognition: Three principles. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 78–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.11.010
  • Curtis, V., De Barra, M., & Aunger, R. (2011). Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1563), 389–401. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0117
  • Dai, D., & Luca, M. (2019). Digitizing disclosure: The case of restaurant hygiene scores (Harvard Business School NOM Unit Working Paper), (pp. 18–088).
  • Daniel, T. A., & Camp, A. L. (2020). Emojis affect processing fluency on social media. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(2), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000219.
  • Danish Veterinary and Food Administration (DVFA). (2018). About the Danish smiley scheme. Retrieved July 1, 2019, from http://www.findsmiley.dk/english/Pages/About.aspx
  • Derks, D., Bos, A. E., & von Grumbkow, J. (2008). Emoticons and online message interpretation. Social Science Computer Review, 26(3), 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439307311611
  • Derks, D., Fischer, A. H., & Bos, A. E. (2008). The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(3), 766–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.04.004
  • DeSteno, D., Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., & Rucker, D. D. (2000). Beyond valence in the perception of likelihood: The role of emotion specificity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3), 397. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.397
  • Dillard, J. P., & Seo, K. (2013). Affect and persuasion. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds.), The Sage handbook of persuasion (pp. 150–166). Sage.
  • Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2018). Threat appeals as multi-emotion messages: An argument structure model of fear and disgust. Human Communication Research, 44(2), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqx002
  • Donovan, D. (2016). Mood, emotions and emojis: Conversations about health with young people. Mental Health Practice, 20(2), 23e26. https://doi.org/10.7748/Mhp.2016.e1143
  • Duan, J., Xia, X., & Van Swol, L. M. (2018). Emoticons’ influence on advice taking. Computers in Human Behavior, 79, 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.030
  • Fein, S. B., Lin, C. T. J., & Levy, A. S. (1995). Foodborne illness: Perceptions, experience, and preventive behaviors in the United States. Journal of Food Protection, 58(12), 1405–1411. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-58.12.140
  • Filion, K., & Powell, D. (2011). Designing a national restaurant inspection disclosure system for New Zealand. Journal of Food Protection, 74(11), 1869–1874. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-007
  • Filion, K., & Powell, D. A. (2009). The use of restaurant inspection disclosure systems as a means of communicating food safety information. Journal of Foodservice, 20(6), 287–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0159.2009.00151.x
  • Finucane, M. L., Alhakami, A., Slovic, P., & Johnson, S. M. (2000). The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(200001/03)13:1<1::AID-BDM333>3.0.CO;2-S
  • Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR). (2018a). Division of hotels & restaurants annual report 2017-2018. http://www.myfloridalicense.com/dbpr/hr/reports/annualreports/documents/ar2017_18.pdf
  • Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR). (2018b). Hotels and Restaurants – Inspections. http://www.myfloridalicense.com/DBPR/hotels-restaurants/inspections/
  • Frijda, N. H. (1987). Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency. Cognition and Emotion, 1(2), 115–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699938708408043
  • Fung, T. K., Griffin, R. J., & Dunwoody, S. (2018). Testing links among uncertainty, affect, and attitude toward a health behavior. Science Communication, 40(1), 33–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547017748947
  • Gasper, K., & Clore, G. L. (2000). Do you have to pay attention to your feelings to be influenced by them? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(6), 698–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200268005
  • Grunert, K. G. (2005). Food quality and safety: Consumer perception and demand. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 32(3), 369–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurrag/jbi011
  • Guyer, J. J., Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Horcajo, J. (2019). Nonverbal behavior of persuasive sources: A multiple process analysis. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 43, 203–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-018-00291-x
  • Harris, K. J., Ali, F., & Ryu, K. (2018). Foodborne illness outbreaks in restaurants and patrons’ propensity to return. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(3), 1273–1292. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2016-0672
  • Harris, K. J., Hanks, L., Line, N. D., & McGinley, S. (2017). Understanding responses to posted restaurant food safety scores: An information processing and regulatory focus perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 60, 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.09.002
  • Henson, S., Majowicz, S., Masakure, O., Sockett, P., Jones, A., Hart, R., & Knowles, L. (2006). Consumer assessment of the safety of restaurants: The role of inspection notices and other information cues. Journal of Food Safety, 26(4), 275–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2006.00049.x
  • Houts, P. S., Doak, C. C., Doak, L. G., & Loscalzo, M. J. (2006). The role of pictures in improving health communication: A review of research on attention, comprehension, recall, and adherence. Patient Education and Counseling, 61(2), 173–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2005.05.004
  • International Food Information Council Foundation. (2017). 2017 Food and Health Survey Retrieved April 11, 2019, from https://foodinsight.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017_Food_and_Health_Survey_-_Final_Report-rev.pdf
  • Isbell, L. M., Lair, E. C., & Rovenpor, D. R. (2013). Affect-as-information about processing styles: A cognitive malleability approach. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12010
  • Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. Plenum Press.
  • Johnson, E. J., & Tversky, A. (1983). Affect, generalization, and the perception of risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.20
  • Jones, T. F., Pavlin, B. I., LaFleur, B. J., Ingram, L. A., & Schaffner, W. (2004). Restaurant inspection scores and foodborne disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(4), 688. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1004.030343
  • Keller, C., Siegrist, M., & Gutscher, H. (2006). The role of the affect and availability heuristics in risk communication. Risk Analysis, 26(3), 631–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00773.x
  • Kim, J., Ma, J., & Almanza, B. (2017). Consumer perception of the food and drug administration’s newest recommended food facility inspection format: Words matter. Journal of Environmental Health, 79(10), 20–25.
  • King County. (2018, November 26). Food safety rating system. Retrieved July 1, 2019 from https://www.kingcounty.gov/depts/health/environmental-health/food-safety/inspection-system/food-safety-rating.aspx
  • Köster, E. P., & Mojet, J. (2015). From mood to food and from food to mood: A psychological perspective on the measurement of food-related emotions in consumer research. Food Research International, 76 (Part 2), 180–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.006
  • Lee, J., Almanza, B., Nelson, D., & Ghiselli, R. (2009). Using health inspection scores to assess risk in food services. Journal of Environmental Health, 71(7), 29–33. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26327872
  • Leshner, G., Bolls, P., & Wise, K. (2011). Motivated processing of fear appeal and disgust images in televised anti-tobacco ads. Journal of Media Psychology, 23(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000037
  • Lo, S. K. (2008). The nonverbal communication functions of emoticons in computer-mediated communication. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(5), 595–597. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0132
  • Luor, T. T., Wu, L. L., Lu, H. P., & Tao, Y. H. (2010). The effect of emoticons in simplex and complex task-oriented communication: An empirical study of instant messaging. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 889–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.02.003
  • Macht, M. (2008). How emotions affect eating: A five-way model. Appetite, 50(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.07.002
  • Meltzer, R., Rothbart, M. W., Schwartz, A. E., Calabrese, T., Silver, D., Mijanovich, T., & Weinstein, M. (2019). What are the financial implications of public quality disclosure? Evidence from New York City’s restaurant food safety grading policy. Public Finance Review, 47(1), 170–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/109114211771511
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Food. (2018). Alim’confiance. Retrieved July 1, 2019 from http://alim-confiance.gouv.fr/Plus-d-info
  • Mou, Y., & Lin, C. A. (2014). Communicating food safety via the social media: The role of knowledge and emotions on risk perception and prevention. Science Communication, 36(5), 593–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547014549480
  • Nabi, R. L. (2002). Discrete emotions and persuasion. In J. P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 289–308). Sage.
  • Nabi, R. L. (2010). The case for emphasizing discrete emotions in communication research. Communication Monographs, 77(2), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751003790444
  • National Restaurant Association (2018, May). Score positive reviews for your restaurant. Retrieved July 1, 2018, from https://restaurant.org/Articles/Operations/Score-positive-online-reviews-for-your-restaurant
  • Nauta, M. J., Fischer, A. R., Van Asselt, E. D., De Jong, A. E., Frewer, L. J., & De Jonge, R. (2008). Food safety in the domestic environment: The effect of consumer risk information on human disease risks. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 28(1), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01012.x
  • O’Reilly-Shah, V. N., Lynde, G. C., & Jabaley, C. S. (2018). Is it time to start using the emoji in biomedical literature? BMJ, 363, k5033. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k5033
  • Pardes, A. (2018). The complete history of emoji. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/guide-emoji/
  • Park, H., & Almanza, B. (2015). Consumers’ reactions to sanitation in casual dining, quick-service, and fine dining restaurants. Hospitality Review, 31(4), 10. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/hospitalityreview/vol31/iss4/10
  • Park, H., Almanza, B. A., Miao, L., Sydnor, S., & Jang, S. (2016). Consumer perceptions and emotions about sanitation conditions in full-service restaurants. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 19(5), 474–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2016.1189740
  • Peters, E., Romer, D., Slovic, P., Jamieson, K. H., Wharfield, L., Mertz, C. K., & Carpenter, S. M. (2007). The impact and acceptability of Canadian-style cigarette warning labels among U.S. smokers and nonsmokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9(4), 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701239639
  • Petty, R. E., Barden, J., & Wheeler, S. C. (2002). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion: Developing health promotions for sustained behavioral change. In R. J. DiClemente, R. A. Crosby, & M. C. Kegler (Eds.), Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research (pp. 71–99). Jossey-Bass.
  • Petty, R. E., Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2003). Emotional factors in attitudes and persuasion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective science (pp. 752–772). Oxford University Press.
  • Petty, R. E., Rucker, D. D., Bizer, G. Y., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In J. S. Seiter & R. H. Gass (Eds.), Perspectives on persuasion, social influence, and compliance gaining (pp. 65–89). Pearson.
  • Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2015). Emotion and persuasion: Cognitive and meta-cognitive processes impact attitudes. Cognition and Emotion, 29(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.967183
  • Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123–205).  Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60214-2
  • Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Schumann, D. (1983). Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: The moderating role of involvement. Journal of Consumer Research, 10(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1086/208954
  • Pham, M. T., Cohen, J. B., Pracejus, J. W., & Hughes, G. D. (2001). Affect monitoring and the primacy of feelings in judgment. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(2), 167–188. https://doi.org/10.1086/322896
  • Popova, L., Owusu, D., Weaver, S. R., Kemp, C. B., Mertz, C. K., Pechacek, T. F., & Slovic, P. (2018). Affect, risk perception, and the use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes: A population study of US adults. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 395. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5306-z
  • Porzig-Drummond, R., Stevenson, R., Case, T., & Oaten, M. (2009). Can the emotion of disgust be harnessed to promote hand hygiene? Experimental and field-based tests. Social Science & Medicine, 68(6), 1006–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.013
  • Privitera, G. J., Brown, C. J., & Gillespie, J. J. (2015). Emolabeling effectively reduces the influence of ambiguous labeling on food packages among grocery store shoppers. Global Journal of Health Science, 7(4), 12. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v7n4p12
  • Privitera, G. J., Phillips, T. E., Zuraikat, F. M., & Paque, R. (2015). Emolabeling increases healthy food choices among grade school children in a structured grocery aisle setting. Appetite, 92, 173–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.024
  • Ray, E. C., & Merle, P. F. (2018). Dirty dining: How exemplification affects food safety perceptions. Journal of Foodservice Business Research., 21(3), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2017.1399778
  • Reynolds, R. A. (1997). A validation test of a message elaboration measure. Communication Research Reports, 14(3), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824099709388670
  • Riordan, M. A. (2017a). The communicative role of non-face emojis: Affect and disambiguation. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.009
  • Riordan, M. A. (2017b). Emojis as tools for emotion work: Communicating affect in text messages. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 36(5), 549–567. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X17704238
  • Rodrigues, D., Lopes, D., Prada, M., Thompson, D., & Garrido, M. V. (2017). A frown emoji can be worth a thousand words: Perceptions of emoji use in text messages exchanged between romantic partners. Telematics and Informatics, 34(8), 1532–1543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.07.001
  • Roseman, I. J., Wiest, C., & Swartz, T. S. (1994). Phenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 206. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.206
  • Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (1999). Disgust: The body and soul emotion. In T. Dalgleish & M. J. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 429–445). Wiley.
  • Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. E. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.1.23
  • Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1988). How do I feel about it? Informative functions of affective states. In K. Fiedler & J. Forgas (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and social behavior (pp. 44–62). Hofgrefe International.
  • Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (2007). Feelings and phenomenal experiences. In E. T. Higgins & K. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology. A handbook of basic principles (pp. 385–407)). Guilford Press.
  • Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(3), 513–523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513
  • Shen, L., & Seung, S. Y. (2018). On measures of message elaboration in narrative communication. Communication Quarterly, 66(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2017.1334682
  • Slovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236(4799), 280–285. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3563507
  • Slovic, P., Peters, E., Finucane, M. L., & MacGregor, D. G. (2005). Affect, risk, and decision making. Health Psychology, 24(4S), S35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.4.S35
  • Troiano, G., & Nante, N. (2018). Emoji: What does the scientific literature say about them?-A new way to communicate in the 21th century. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 28(4), 528–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2018.1437103
  • Van Hooff, J. C., Devue, C., Vieweg, P. E., & Theeuwes, J. (2013). Disgust-and not fear-evoking images hold our attention. Acta Psychologica, 143(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.02.001
  • Vidal, L., Ares, G., & Jaeger, S. R. (2016). Use of emoticon and emoji in tweets for food-related emotional expression. Food Quality and Preference, 49, 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.12.002
  • Waters, A. B., VanDerslice, J., Porucznik, C. A., Kim, J., DeLegge, R., & Durrant, L. (2013). Impact of internet posting of restaurant inspection scores on critical violations. Journal of Environmental Health, 75(10), 8–12. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26329643
  • Wiant, C. J. (1999). Scores, grades, and communicating about food safety. Journal of Environmental Health, 61(9), 37–39.
  • Willoughby, J. F., & Liu, S. (2018). Do pictures help tell the story? An experimental test of narrative and emojis in a health text message intervention. Computers in Human Behavior, 79, 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.031
  • Willoughby, J. F., Niu, Z., & Liu, S. (2018). Connecting with the audience: Testing the use of the entertainment education strategy and narrative in an SMS intervention. Iproceedings, 2(1), e43. https://doi.org/10.2196/iproc.6113
  • Woolford, S. J., Barr, K. L., Derry, H. A., Jepson, C. M., Clark, S. J., Strecher, V. J., & Resnicow, K. (2011). OMG do not say LOL: Obese adolescents’ perspectives on the content of text messages to enhance weight loss efforts. Obesity, 19(12), 2382–2387. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.266
  • Worsfold, D. (2006). Eating out: Consumer perceptions of food safety. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 16(3), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120600641417
  • Wyer Jr., R. S., Hung, I. W., & Jiang, Y. (2008). Visual and verbal processing strategies in comprehension and judgment. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 18(4), 244–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2008.09.002
  • Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1994). The personal involvement inventory: Reduction, revision, and application to advertising. Journal of Advertising, 23(4), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1943.10673459
  • Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking. Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35(2), 151–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151
  • Zikmund-Fisher, B. J., Fagerlin, A., & Ubel, P. A. (2010). Risky feelings: Why a 6% risk of cancer does not always feel like 6%. Patient Education and Counseling, 81(S1), S87–S93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.041
  • Zillmann, D. (2006). Exemplification effects in the promotion of safety and health. Journal of Communication, 56(suppl_1), S221–S237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00291.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.