References
- Amit, E., Algom, D., Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2009). “Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image”: The distance-dependence of representation. In K. D. Markman, W. M. P. Klein, & J. A. Suhr (Eds.), The handbook of imagination and mental simulation (pp. 53–68). Psychology Press. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/amit/files/amit%20et%20al%202009.pdf
- Amit, E., Wakslak, C., & Trope, Y. (2012). The use of visual and verbal means of communication across psychological distance. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(1), 43–56. https://doi.org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1177/0146167212460282
- Areni, C., & Cox, K. (1995). Assessing the impact of message cues and arguments in persuasion: Conceptual and methodological issues. Advances in Consumer Research, 22, 198-198. In F. R. Kardes & M. S. Provo (Eds.), NA - Advances in Consumer Research (Vol. 22, pp. 198–202). Association for Consumer Research. https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/7698
- Bachman, J., Johnston, L., & O’Malley, P. (1990). Explaining the recent decline in cocaine use among young adults: Further evidence that perceived risks and disapproval lead to reduced drug use. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 31(2), 173–184. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2137171
- Barrett, L. F., & Russell, J. A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 967–984. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.967
- Blondé, J., & Girandola, F. (2016). Revealing the elusive effects of vividness: A meta-analysis of empirical evidences assessing the effect of vividness on persuasion. Social Influence, 11(2), 111–129. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1080/15534510.2016.1157096
- Breitsohl, H. (2019). Beyond ANOVA: An introduction to structural equation models for experimental designs. Organizational Research Methods, 22(3), 649–677. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1177/1094428118754988
- Brewer, N. T., Chapman, G. B., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., McCaul, K. D., & Weinstein, N. D. (2007). Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: The example of vaccination. Health Psychology, 26(2), 136–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.136
- Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Ayduk, O. (2015). This too shall pass: Temporal distance and the regulation of emotional distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(2), 356–375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038324
- Brysbaert, M., Stevens, M., De Deyne, S., Voorspoels, W., & Storms, G. (2014, July). Norms of age of acquisition and concreteness for 30,000 Dutch words. Acta psychologica, 150, 80–84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.04.010
- Burgoon, E. M., Henderson, M. D., & Markman, A. B. (2013). There are many ways to see the forest for the trees: A tour guide for abstraction. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(5), 501–520. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613497964
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, August 13). Opioid overdose overview. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/prescribing/overview.html
- Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008). The health belief model. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 45–65). John Wiley & Sons.
- Chan, E. Y., & Wang, Y. (2019). Mindfulness changes construal level: An experimental investigation. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 148(9), 1656–1664. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000654
- Chandran, S., & Menon, G. (2004). When a day means more than a year: Effects of temporal framing on judgments of health risk. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), 375–389. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/422116
- Clore, G. L., Schwarz, N., & Conway, M. (1994). Affective causes and consequences of social information processing. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 323–417). Erlbaum.
- Dickert, S., Västfjäll, D., Mauro, R., & Slovic, P. (2015). The feeling of risk: Implications for risk perception and communication. In H. Cho, T. Reimer, & K. A. McComas (Eds.), The Sage handbook of risk communication (pp. 41–54). SAGE Publications.
- Dillard, J. P., & Seo, K. (2013). Affect and persuasion. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds.), The Sage handbook of persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (2nd, ed., pp. 150–166). Sage. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218410
- Ferrer, R. A., & Klein, W. M. (2015). Risk perceptions and health behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 5(October), 85–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.012
- Ferrer, R. A., Klein, W. M. P., Persoskie, A., Avishai-Yitshak, A., & Sheeran, P. (2016). The tripartite model of risk perception (tririsk): Distinguishing deliberative, affective, and experiential components of perceived risk. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50(5), 653–663. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1007/s12160-016-9790-z
- Finucane, M. L., Alhakami, A., Slovic, P., & Johnson, S. M. (2000). The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(200001/03)13:1<1::AID-BDM333>3.0.CO;2-S
- Fujita, K., Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Levin-Sagi, M. (2006). Construal levels and self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(3), 351–367. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.351
- Hancock, G. R., Mueller, R. O., & Stapleton, L. M. (2010). The reviewer’s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences. Routledge.
- Hansen, J., & Wänke, M. (2010). Truth from language and truth from fit: The impact of linguistic concreteness and level of construal on subjective truth. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(11), 1576–1588. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1177/0146167210386238
- Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2005). Mental imagery and emotion: A special relationship? Emotion, 5(4), 489–497. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.489
- Houston, T. K., & Allison, J. J. (2002). Users of Internet health information: Differences by health status. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 4(2), e7. https://www.jmir.org/2002/2/e7/pdf
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1080/10705519909540118
- Katz, S., & Byrne, S. (2015, January). Connecting abstract goals with the means to achieve them: Construal level theory, strategic messages, and mobile technology [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Cornell University. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/39411/sjk237.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- Katz, S. J., & Byrne, S. (2013). Construal level theory of mobile persuasion. Media Psychology, 16(3), 245–271. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1080/15213269.2013.798853
- Keller, C., Siegrist, M., & Gutscher, H. (2006). The role of the affect and availability heuristics in risk communication. Risk Analysis, 26(3), 631–639. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00773.x
- Kim, H. S., Bigman, C. A., Leader, A. E., Lerman, C., & Cappella, J. N. (2012). Narrative health communication and behavior change: The influence of exemplars in the news on intention to quit smoking. Journal of Communication, 62(3), 473–492. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01644.x
- Kim, J., & Nan, X. (2019). Temporal framing effects differ for narrative versus non-narrative messages: The case of promoting HPV vaccination. Communication Research, 46(3), 401–417. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1177/0093650215626980
- Kim, K., & Kim, H. S. (2018). Time matters: Framing antismoking messages using current smokers’ preexisting perceptions of temporal distance to smoking-related health risks. Health Communication, 33(3), 338–348. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1080/10410236.2016.1266579
- Kiviniemi, M. T., & Rothman, A. J. (2006). Selective memory biases in individuals’ memory for health-related information and behavior recommendations. Psychology & Health, 21(2), 247–272. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1080/14768320500098715
- Lee, H., Deng, X., Unnava, H. R., & Fujita, K. (2014). Monochrome forests and colorful trees: The effect of black-and-white versus color imagery on construal level. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(4), 1015–1032. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1086/678392
- Lempert, K. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2016). The malleability of intertemporal choice. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.005
- Lermer, E., Streicher, B., Sachs, R., Raue, M., & Frey, D. (2015). The effect of construal level on risk‐taking. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(1), 99–109. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1002/ejsp.2067
- Lermer, E., Streicher, B., Sachs, R., Raue, M., & Frey, D. (2016). Thinking concretely increases the perceived likelihood of risks: The effect of construal level on risk estimation. Risk Analysis, 36(3), 623–637. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1111/risa.12445
- Line, N. D., Hanks, L., & Zhang, L. (2016). Sustainability communication: The effect of message construals on consumers’ attitudes towards green restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 57(August), 143–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.07.001
- Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk-as-feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267–286. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267
- MacKenzie, S. B. (2001). Opportunities for improving consumer research through latent variable structural equation modeling. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(1), 159–166. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1086/321954
- Maglio, S. J., Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2013). Distance from a distance: Psychological distance reduces sensitivity to any further psychological distance. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 142(3), 644–657. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030258
- McDonald, R. I., Chai, H. Y., & Newell, B. R. (2015). Personal experience and the ‘psychological distance’ of climate change: An integrative review. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 44(December), 109–118. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.10.003
- Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2005). Anxiety as an “epistemic” emotion: An uncertainty theory of anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 18(4), 291–319. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1080/10615800500209324
- Miller, C. H., Lane, L. T., Deatrick, L. M., Young, A. M., & Potts, K. A. (2007). Psychological reactance and promotional health messages: The effects of controlling language, lexical concreteness, and the restoration of freedom. Human Communication Research, 33(2), 219–240. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00297.x
- Nabi, R. L. (2010). The case for emphasizing discrete emotions in communication research. Communication Monographs, 77(2), 153–159. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751003790444
- Nan, X. (2007). Social distance, framing, and judgment: A construal level perspective. Human Communication Research, 33(4), 489–514. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00309.x
- Nan, X. (2017). Influence of incidental discrete emotions on health risk perception and persuasion. Health Communication, 32(6), 721–729. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1168004
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019, January 22). Opioid overdose crisis. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids/opioid-overdose-crisis
- O’Keefe, D. J. (2003). Message properties, mediating states, and manipulation checks: Claims, evidence, and data analysis in experimental persuasive message effects research. Communication Theory, 13(3), 251–274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00292.x
- Parsons, J. E., Newby, K. V., & French, D. P. (2018). Do interventions containing risk messages increase risk appraisal and the subsequent vaccination intentions and uptake? – A systematic review and meta‐analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology, 23(4), 1084–1106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12340
- Peters, E., & Slovic, P. (2007). Affective asynchrony and the measurement of the affective attitude component. Cognition & Emotion, 21(2), 300–329. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930600911440
- Peters, E. M., Burraston, B., & Mertz, C. K. (2004). An emotion‐based model of risk perception and stigma susceptibility: Cognitive appraisals of emotion, affective reactivity, worldviews, and risk perceptions in the generation of technological stigma. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 24(5), 1349–1367. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00531.x
- Petrocelli, J. V. (2003). Factor validation of the consideration of future consequences scale: Evidence for a short version. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143(4), 405–413. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540309598453
- Pierro, A., Mannetti, L., Erb, H. P., Spiegel, S., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2005). Informational length and order of presentation as determinants of persuasion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41(5), 458–469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2004.09.003
- Revelle, W. (2019, January 12). Using the psych package to generate and test structural models. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/psych/vignettes/psych_for_sem.pdf
- Rim, S., Amit, E., Fujita, K., Trope, Y., Halbeisen, G., & Algom, D. (2015). How words transcend and pictures immerse: On the association between medium and level of construal. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(2), 123–130. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1177/1948550614548728
- Rinaldi, L., Locati, F., Parolin, L., & Girelli, L. (2017). Distancing the present self from the past and the future: Psychological distance in anxiety and depression. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(7), 1106–1113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1271443
- Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change1. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
- Schreiber, J. B., Stage, F. K., King, J., Nora, A., & Barlow, E. A. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323–337. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
- Semin, G. R., & Fiedler, K. (1988). The cognitive functions of linguistic categories in describing persons: Social cognition and language. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 558–568. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Guen_Semin/publication/232495898_The_Cognitive_Functions_of_Linguistic_Categories_in_Describing_Persons_Social_Cognition_and_Language/links/0912f50bcf9f71fcd0000000.pdf
- Semin, G. R., & Smith, E. R. (1999). Revisiting the past and back to the future: Memory systems and the linguistic representation of social events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6), 877–892. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.877
- Seo, K., & Dillard, J. (2019). The persuasive effects of two stylistic elements: Framing and imagery. Communication Research, 46(7), 891–907. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1177/0093650215626979
- Seo, K., Dillard, J. P., & Shen, F. (2013). The effects of message framing and visual image on persuasion. Communication Quarterly, 61(5), 564–583. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1080/01463373.2013.822403
- Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2004). Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: Some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 24(2), 311–322. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00433.x
- Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2007). The affect heuristic. European Journal of Operational Research, 177(3), 1333–1352. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.04.006
- Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(4), 813–838. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.48.4.813
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2017). Reports and detailed tables from the 2017 national survey on drug use and health (NSDUH). https://www.samhsa.gov/data/nsduh/reports-detailed-tables-2017-NSDUH
- Thakkar, J., Heeley, E., Chalmers, J., & Chow, C. (2016). Inaccurate risk perceptions contribute to treatment gaps in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Internal Medicine Journal, 46(3), 339–346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12982
- Traczyk, J., Sobkow, A., & Zaleskiewicz, T. (2015). Affect-laden imagery and risk taking: The mediating role of stress and risk perception. PLoSONE, 10(3), e0122226. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122226
- Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440–463. https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/pmc/articles/PMC3152826/pdf/nihms314649.pdf
- Volkow, N. D. (2014). America’s addiction to opioids: Heroin and prescription drug abuse. Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control, 14, 1–16. https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/institutes/olpa/20140514-senate-testimony-volkow.pdf
- Von Korff, M., Ormel, J., Keefe, F. J., & Dworkin, S. F. (1992). Grading the severity of chronic pain. Pain, 50(2), 133–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(92)90154-4
- Weinstein, N. D. (1989). Optimistic biases about personal risks. Science, 246(4935), 1232–1233. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2686031
- Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59(4), 329–349. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276
- Xie, X. F., Wang, M., Zhang, R. G., Li, J., & Yu, Q. Y. (2011). The role of emotions in risk communication. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 31(3), 450–465. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01530.x