The Role of Influence of Presumed Influence and Anticipated Guilt in Evoking Social Correction of COVID-19 Misinformation

References

• Arif, A., Robinson, J. J., Stanek, S. A., Fichet, E., Townsend, P., Worku, Z., & Starbird, K. (2017). A closer look at the self-correcting crowd: Examining corrections in online rumors. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998294
   Google Scholar
• Birkimer, J. C., Johnston, P. L., & Berry, M. M. (1993). Guilt and help from friends: Variables related to healthy behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133(5), 683–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1993.9713923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2018). See something, say something: Correction of global health misinformation on social media. Health Communication, 33(9), 1131–1140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1331312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2020, May 7). Americans are fighting coronavirus misinformation on social media. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/05/07/americans-are-fighting-coronavirus-misinformation-social-media/
   Google Scholar
• Chia, S. C. (2006). How peers mediate media influence on adolescents’ sexual attitudes and sexual behavior. Journal of Communication, 56(3), 585–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00302.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison, W. P. (1983). The third-person effect in communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1086/268763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest, A. (2020, April 28). Coronavirus: 700 dead in Iran after drinking toxic methanol alcohol to “cure Covid-19”. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/coronavirus-iran-deaths-toxic-methanol-alcohol-fake-news-rumours-a9487801.html
   Google Scholar
• Green, J. D., Sedikides, C., Van Tongeren, D. R., Behler, A. M., & Barber, J. M. (2019). Self-enhancement, righteous anger, and moral grandiosity. Self and Identity, 18(2), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1419504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther, A. C., Bolt, D., Borzekowski, D. L., Liebhart, J. L., & Dillard, J. P. (2006). Presumed influence on peer norms: How mass media indirectly affect adolescent smoking. Journal of Communication, 56(1), 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00002.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther, A. C., & Storey, J. D. (2003). The influence of presumed influence. Journal of Communication, 52(2), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02586.x
   Google Scholar
• Huddy, L., Feldman, S., & Cassese, E. (2007). On the distinct political effects of anxiety and anger. In W. R. Neuman, G. E. Marcus, A. N. Crigler, & M. MacKuen (Eds.), The affect effect: Dynamics of emotion in political thinking and behavior (pp. 202–230). The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang, H., Pan, Z., & Sun, Y. (2008). Influence of hostile media perception on willingness to engage in discursive activities: An examination of mediating role of media indignation. Media Psychology, 11(1), 76–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260701813454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. (2016). The role of emotions and culture in the third-person effect process of news coverage of election poll results. Communication Research, 43(1), 109–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214558252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Cognition and motivation in emotion. American Psychologist, 46(4), 352–367. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leventhal, H. (1970). Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 119–186). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, J. S., & Golan, G. J. (2011). Social media activism in response to the influence of political parody videos on YouTube. Communication Research, 38(5), 710–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211405649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsey, L. L. M. (2005). Anticipated guilt as behavioral motivation: An examination of appeals to help unknown others through bone marrow donation. Human Communication Research, 31(4), 453–481. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/31.4.453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Fritz, M. S., Williams, J., & Lockwood, C. M. (2007). Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODCLIN. Behavior Research Methods, 39(3), 384–389. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mian, A., & Khan, S. (2020). Coronavirus: The spread of misinformation. BMC Medicine, 18(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01556-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L. (1999). A cognitive-functional model for the effects of discrete negative emotions on information processing, attitude change, and recall. Communication Theory, 9(3), 292–320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00172.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nan, X. (2012). Communicating to young adults about HPV vaccination: Consideration of message framing, motivation, and gender. Health Communication, 27(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.567447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, D. J. (2002). Guilt as a mechanism of persuasion. In J. P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 329–344). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Polman, E., & Ruttan, R. L. (2012). Effects of anger, guilt, and envy on moral hypocrisy. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(1), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211422365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and psychological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook (pp. 153–176). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roseman, I. J., & Smith, C. A. (2001). Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions, varieties, controversies. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 3–19). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schieman, S. (2006). Anger. In J. E. Stets & J. H. Turner (Eds.), Handbooks of sociology of emotions (pp. 493–515). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30715-2_22
   Google Scholar
• Schmierbach, M., & Boyle, M. P. (2019, May 22–25). The role of exemplification and presumed influence in supporting censorship and media literacy programs aimed at anti-vaccination web sites [Paper presentation]. The 69th annual conference of international communication association (ICA), Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, D. V., Faber, R. J., & Youn, S. (1999). Susceptibility and severity: Perceptual dimensions underlying the third-person effect. Communication Research, 26(2), 240–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Emotion and adaptation. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 609–637). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• So, J., Kuang, K., & Cho, H. (2016). Reexamining fear appeal models from cognitive appraisal theory and functional emotion theory perspectives. Communication Monographs, 83(1), 120–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2015.1044257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Y., Chia, S. C., Lu, F., & Oktavianus, J. (2020). The battle is on: Factors that motivate people to combat anti-vaccine misinformation. Health Communication, 1–10. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1838108
   Google Scholar
• Tandoc, E. C., Lim, D., & Ling, R. (2020). Diffusion of disinformation: How social media users respond to fake news and why. Journalism, 21(3), 381–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919868325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 345–372. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2020, June 17). Battling COVID-19 misinformation hands-on. https://www.un.org/en/battling-covid-19-misinformation-hands
   Google Scholar
• Vraga, E. K., & Bode, L. (2018). I do not believe you: How providing a source corrects health misperceptions across social media platforms. Information, Communication & Society, 21(10), 1337–1353. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1313883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vraga, E. K., & Bode, L. (2020). Correction as a solution for health misinformation on social media. American Journal of Public Health, 110(S3), S278–S280. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter, N., Brooks, J. J., Saucier, C. J., & Suresh, S. (2020). Evaluating the impact of attempts to correct health misinformation on social media: A meta-analysis. Health Communication, 1–9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1794553
   Google Scholar
• Walter, N., & Tukachinsky, R. (2020). A meta-analytic examination of the continued influence of misinformation in the face of correction: How powerful is it, why does it happen, and how to stop it? Communication Research, 47(2), 155–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219854600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, S., & Kim, K. J. (2020). Restrictive and corrective responses to uncivil user comments on news websites: The influence of presumed influence. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 64(2), 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2020.1757368
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 9(4), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2020a, December 1). Weekly epidemiological update - 19 January 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update–19-january–2021
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2020b). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Mythbusters. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters
   Google Scholar