797
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Increasing Receptivity to COVID-19 Public Health Messages with Self-Affirmation and Self vs. Other Framing

, ORCID Icon, &

References

  • Adams, M. L., Katz, D. L., & Grandpre, J. (2020). Population-Based estimates of chronic conditions affecting risk for complications from coronavirus disease, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(8), 1831–1833. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.200679
  • Anderson, M., & Vogels, E. (2020). Americans turn to technology during COVID-19 outbreak, say an outage would be a problem. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/03/31/americans-turn-to-technology-during-covid-19-outbreak-say-an-outage-would-be-a-problem/
  • Aronson, J., Blanton, H., & Cooper, J. (1995). From dissonance to disidentification: Selectivity in the self-affirmation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(6), 986–996. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.6.986
  • Batson, C. D., & Powell, A. A. (2003). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In I. B. Weiner (Ed.), Handbook of Psychology (pp. 463–484). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264385.wei0519
  • Crocker, J., Niiya, Y., & Mischkowski, D. (2008). Why does writing about important values reduce defensiveness? Self-affirmation and the role of positive other-directed feelings. Psychological Science, 19(7), 740–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02150.x
  • Dillard, J. P., & Peck, E. (2001). Persuasion and the structure of affect. Human Communication Research, 27(1), 38–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2001.tb00775.x
  • Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72(2), 144–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750500111815
  • Dror, A. A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N. G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A., Srouji, S., & Sela, E. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy: The next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(8), 775–779. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10654-020-00671-Y
  • Dunning, D., Heath, C., & Suls, J. M. (2004). Flawed self-assessment. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(3), 69–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2004.00018.x
  • Epton, T., Harris, P. R., Kane, R., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., & Sheeran, P. (2015). The impact of self-affirmation on health-behavior change: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 34(3), 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000116
  • Ferrer, R. A., & Cohen, G. L. (2019). Reconceptualizing self-affirmation with the trigger and channel framework: Lessons from the health domain. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(3), 285–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318797036
  • Gandhi, M., Beyrer, C., & Goosby, E. (2020). Masks do more than protect others during COVID-19: Reducing the inoculum of SARS-CoV-2 to protect the wearer. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(10), 3063–3066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06067-8
  • Garg, S., Kim, L., Whitaker, M., O’Halloran, A. O., Cummings, C., Holstein, R., Prill, M., Chai, S. J., Kirley, P. D., Alden, N. B., Kawasaki, B., Yousey-Hindes, K., Niccolai, L., Anderson, E. J., Openo, K. P., Weigel, A., Monroe, M. L., Ryan, P., Henderson, J., Kim, S., … Fry, A. (2020). Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 — COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020. Morbidity and Morality Weekly Report, 69(15), 458–464. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e3
  • Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Blanton, H., & Russell, D. W. (1998). Reasoned action and social reaction: Willingness and intention as independent predictors of health risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1164–1180. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1164
  • Grant, A. M., & Hofmann, D. A. (2011). It’s not all about me: Motivating hand hygiene among health care professionals by focusing on patients. Psychological Science, 22(12), 1494–1499. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611419172
  • Hamilton, C. M., Strader, L. C., Pratt, J. G., Maiese, D., Hendershot, T., Kwok, R. K., Hammond, J. A., Huggins, W., Jackman, D., Pan, H., Nettles, D. S., Beaty, T. H., Farrer, L. A., Kraft, P., Marazita, M. L., Ordovas, J. M., Pato, C. N., Spitz, M. R., Wagener, D., … Haines, J. (2011). The PhenX Toolkit: Get the Most From Your Measures. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174(3), 253–60.
  • Hansen, S. L., Eisner, M. I., Pfaller, L., & Schicktanz, S. (2018). “Are you in or are you out?!” Moral appeals to the public in organ donation poster campaigns: A multimodal and ethical analysis. Health Communication, 33(8), 1020–1034. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1331187
  • Harris, P. R., & Epton, T. (2009). The impact of self-affirmation on health cognition, health behaviour and other health-related responses: A narrative review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(6), 962–978. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00233.x
  • Harris, P. R., Mayle, K., Mabbott, L., & Napper, L. (2007). Self-Affirmation reduces smokers’ defensiveness to graphic on-pack cigarette warning labels. Health Psychology, 26(4), 437–446. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.26.4.437
  • Iles, I. A., Gillman, A. S., Platter, H. N., Ferrer, R. A., & Klein, W. M. P. (2021). Investigating the potential of inoculation messages and self-affirmation in reducing the effects of health misinformation. Science Communication, 43(6), 768–804. https://doi.org/10.1177/10755470211048480
  • Jacobs, W., Amuta, A. O., & Jeon, K. C. (2017). Health information seeking in the digital age: An analysis of health information seeking behavior among US adults. Cogent Social Sciences, 3(1), 1302785. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.1302785
  • Jordan, J. J., Yoeli, E., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Don’t get it or don’t spread it: Comparing self-interested versus prosocial motivations for COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97617-5
  • Kim, S., & McGill, A. L. (2018). Helping others by first affirming the self: When self-affirmation reduces ego-defensive downplaying of others’ misfortunes. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(3), 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217741311
  • Klein, W. M. P., Lipkus, I. M., Scholl, S. M., McQueen, A., Cerully, J. L., & Harris, P. R. (2010). Self-Affirmation moderates effects of unrealistic optimism and pessimism on reactions to tailored risk feedback. Psychology & Health, 25(10), 1195–1208. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440903261970
  • Lavoie, K., Bacon, S., Boyle, J., Stojanovic, J., Joyal Desmarais, K., & For the iCare study t. (2021). International assessment of the link between COVID-19 related attitudes, concerns and behaviours in relation to public health policies: Optimising policy strategies to improve health, economic and quality of life outcomes (the iCare study). BMJ Open, 11(3), e046127. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046127
  • Lehmann, E. Y., & Lehmann, L. S. (2020). Responding to patients who refuse to wear masks during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36(9), 2814–2815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06323-x
  • Lewis, I. M., Watson, B., & White, K. M. (2010). Response efficacy: The key to minimizing rejection and maximizing acceptance of emotion-based anti-speeding messages. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(2), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.09.008
  • Liberman, A., & Chaiken, S. (1992). Defensive processing of personally relevant health messages. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(6), 669–679. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292186002
  • Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2014). Helping the self help others: Self-affirmation increases self-compassion and pro-social behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00421
  • Lipkus, I. M., Ranby, K. W., Lewis, M. A., & Toll, B. (2013). Reactions to framing of cessation messages: Insights from dual-smoker couples. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(12), 2022–2028. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt091
  • Luttrell, A., & Petty, R. E. (2020). Evaluations of self-focused versus other-focused arguments for social distancing: An extension of moral matching effects. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 194855062094785. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620947853
  • McQueen, A., & Klein, W. M. P. (2006). Experimental manipulations of self-affirmation: A systematic review. Self and Identity, 5(4), 289–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860600805325
  • Miller, C. H., Ivanov, B., Sims, J., Compton, J., Harrison, K. J., Parker, K. A., Parker, J. L., & Averbeck, J. M. (2013). Boosting the potency of resistance: Combining the motivational forces of inoculation and psychological reactance. Human Communication Research, 39(1), 127–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01438.x
  • Nan, X., & Zhao, X. (2012). When does self-affirmation reduce biased processing of anti-smoking messages. Communication Studies, 63(4), 482–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2011.633151
  • Palan, S., & Schitter, C. (2018). Prolific.Ac—a subject pool for online experiments. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 17, 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2017.12.004
  • Ratcliff, C. L., & Sun, Y. (2020). Overcoming resistance through narratives: Findings from a meta-analytic review. Human Communication Research, 46(4), 412–443. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqz017
  • Rivis, A., Sheeran, P., & Armitage, C. J. (2009). Expanding the affective and normative components of the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analysis of anticipated affect and moral norms. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(12), 2985–3019. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00558.x
  • Rubin, R. (2020). First it was masks; now some refuse testing for SARS-CoV-2. Jama, 324(20), 2015–2016. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.22003
  • Russ, M. J., Sisti, D., & Wilner, P. J. (2020). When patients refuse COVID-19 testing, quarantine, and social distancing in inpatient psychiatry: Clinical and ethical challenges. Journal of Medical Ethics, 46(9), 579–581. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106613
  • Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 261–302.
  • Strecher, V. J., & Rosenstock, I. M. (1997). The health belief model. In A. Baum, S. Newman, J. Weinman, R. West, and C. McManus (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of psychology, health & medicine (pp. 113–120). Cambridge University Press.
  • Witte, K. (1994). Fear control and danger control: A test of the extended parallel process model (EPPM). Communication Monographs, 61(2), 113–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759409376328
  • Zhao, X., Peterson, E. B., Kim, W., & Rolfe-Redding, J. (2014). Effects of self-affirmation on daily versus occasional smokers’ responses to graphic warning labels. Communication Research, 41(8), 1137–1158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212465433

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.