COVID-19 Mitigation Among College Students: Social Influences, Behavioral Spillover, and Antibody Results

References

• Barrios, L. C., Riggs, M. A., Green, R. F., Czarnik, M., Nett, R. J., Staples, J. E., Welton, M. D., Muilenburg, J. L., Zullig, K. J., Gibson-Young, L., Perkins, A. V., Prins, C., Lauzardo, M., Shapiro, J., Asimellis, G., Kilgore-Bowling, G., Ortiz-Jurado, K., & Gutilla, M. J. (2021). Observed face mask use at six universities - United States, September-November 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(6), 208–211. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7006e1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashirian, S., Jenabi, E., Khazaei, S., Barati, M., Karimi-Shahanjarini, A., Zareian, S., Rezapur-Shahkolai, F., & Moeini, B. (2020). Factors associated with preventive behaviours of COVID-19 among hospital staff in Iran in 2020: An application of the protection motivation theory. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(3), 430–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattercherjee, A. (2001). Understanding information systems continuance: And expectation-confirmation model. MIS Quarterly, 25(3), 351–370. https://doi.org/10.2307/3250921
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, J. P. (2003). Infection control a problem for patient safety. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348(7), 651–656. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMhpr020557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, K. L., Joyner, A. B., Czech, D. R., & Wilson, M. J. (2000). An investigation of concurrent validity between two optimism/pessimism questionnaires: The life orientation test-revised and the optimism/pessimism scale. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 19(2), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-000-1009-5
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, November 4) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): How to protect yourself & others. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021). COVID data tracker. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home
   Google Scholar
• Chang, Y. Y., & Chiou, W. B. (2014). Taking weight-loss supplements may elicit liberation from dietary control: A laboratory experiment. Appetite, 72, 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.09.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiou, W. B., Yang, C. C., & Wan, C. S. (2011). Ironic effects of dietary supplementation: Illusory invulnerability created by taking dietary supplements licenses health-risk behaviors. Psychological Science, 22(8), 1081–1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611416253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, A., & Rimal, R. N. (2016). Social norms: A review. Review of Communication Research, 4, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2016.04.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591–621. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Vincent, J. E., Lewis, S. K., Catalan, J., Wheeler, D., & Darby, B. L. (1975). Reciprocal concessions procedure for inducing compliance: The door-in-the-face technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31(2), 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, L. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2009). Latent class and latent transition analysis: With applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences (Vol. 718). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, L. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2010). Latent class and latent transition analysis: With applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Cucinotta, D., & Vanelli, M. (2020). WHO Declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Bio-Medica : Atenei Parmensis, 91(1), 157–160. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dai, W., Palmer, R., Sunderrajan, A., Durantini, M., Sánchez, F., Glasman, L. R., Chen, F. X., & Albarracín, D. (2020). More behavioral recommendations produce more change: A meta-analysis of efficacy of multibehavior recommendations to reduce nonmedical substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 34(7), 709–725. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dearing, J. W. (2008). Evolution of diffusion and dissemination theory. Journal of Public Health Management Practice, 14(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PHH.0000311886.98627.b7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1957). A cognitive theory of dissonance. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein M. (2000). The role of theory in HIV prevention. AIDS Care, 12(3), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120050042918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Yzer, M. C. (2003). Using theory to design effective health behavior interventions. Communication Theory, 13(2), 164–183. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/13.2.164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Floyd, D. L., Prentice Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(2), 406–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02323.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman, J. L., & Fraser, S. C. (1966). Compliance without pressure: The foot-in-the-door technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(2), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, J. S., & Favero, M. S. (1985). Guideline for handwashing and hospital environmental control. https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000412/p0000412.asp
   Google Scholar
• Gómez-Gómez, I., Bellón, J. A., Resurrección, D. M., Cuijpers, P., Moreno-Peral, P., Rigabert, A., Maderuelo-Fernández, J. Á., & Motrico, E. (2020). Effectiveness of universal multiple-risk lifestyle interventions in reducing depressive symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine, 134, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gontu, A., Srinivasan, S., Nair, M. S., Lindner, S. E., Minns, A. M., Rossi, R., Kuchipudi, S., & Kapur, V. (2020, online first). Quantitative estimation of IgM and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. online first https://doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bivgke3w
   Google Scholar
• Graham, A., Cullen, F. T., Pickett, J. T., Jonson, C. L., Haner, M., & Sloan, M. M. (2020). Faith in Trump, moral foundations, and social distancing defiance during the Coronavirus pandemic. Socius, 6, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023120956815
   Google Scholar
• Guttman, N., & Lev, E. (2021). Ethical issues in COVID-19 communication to mitigate the pandemic: Dilemmas and practical implications. Health Communication, 36(1), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1847439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, M. A., Quandelacy, T. M., Kada, S., Prasad, P. V., Steele, M., Brooks, J. T., Slayton, R. B., Biggerstaff, M., & Butler, J. C. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 transmission from people without COVID-19 Symptoms. JAMA Network Open, 4(1), e2035057. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.35057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. The American Psychologist, 58(9), 697–720. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.58.9.697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katapodi, M. C., Dodd, M. J., Facione, N. C., Humphreys, J. C., & Lee, K. A. (2010). Why some women have an optimistic or a pessimistic bias about their breast cancer risk. Cancer Nursing, 33(1), 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181b430f9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelman, H. (1961). Processes of opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 25, 57–78. https://doi.org/10.1086/266996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanza, S. T., Collins, L. M., Lemmon, D. R., & Schafer, J. L. (2007). PROC LCA: A SAS procedure for latent class analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(4), 671–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapinski, M. K., & Rimal, R. N. (2005). An explication of social norms. Communication Theory, 15, 127–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2005.tb00329.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Hope: An emotion and a vital coping resource against despair. Social Research, 66(2), 653–678. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40971343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederer, A. M., & Stolow, J. A. (2021). Will student contracts keep campuses safe from COVID-19? A behavioral science perspective. Public Health Reports, 136(3), 274–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354921994899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon, R. P., Zgierska, A. E., Miller, E. L., Snyder, B., Keshaviah, A., Hu, X. C., Zhou, H., & Van Scoy, L. J. (2021). Lower intent to comply with COVID-19 public health recommendations correlates to higher disease burden in following 30 days. Southern Medical Journal, 114(12), 744–750. https://doi.org/10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesse, R. M. (1999). The evolution of hope and despair. Social Research, 66(2), 429–469. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40971332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Chabot, M., & Zimmerman, R. S. (2008). Applying health behavior theory to multiple behavior change: Considerations and approaches. Preventive Medicine, 46(3), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Harrington, N. G., & Aldrich, R. S. (2009). The role of message tailoring in the development of persuasive health communication messages. Communication Yearbook, 33(1), 73–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2009.11679085
   Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O. (2008). Multiple health behavior research represents the future of preventive medicine. Preventive Medicine, 46(3), 281–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. J., Spring, B., & Nigg, C. R. (2008). Multiple health behavior change research: An introduction and overview. Preventive Medicine, 46(3), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N., & Storey, J. D. (2020). Construction of meaning during a pandemic: The forgotten role of social norms. Health Communication, 35(14), 1732–1734. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1838091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rippetoe, P. A., & Rogers, R. W. (1987). Effects of components of protection-motivation theory on adaptive and maladaptive coping with a health threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 596–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the life orientation test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063–1078. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.67.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Self, C. A., & Rogers, R. W. (1990). Coping with threats to health: Effects of persuasive appeals on depressed, normal, and antisocial personalities. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13(4), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00844883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppard, B. H., Hartwick, J., & Warshaw, P. R. (1988). The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. The Journal of Consumer Research, 15(3), 325–343. https://doi.org/10.1086/209170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, M. D., & Flora, J. A. (1991). Health lifestyles: Audience segmentation analysis for public health interventions. Health Education Quarterly, 18(2), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819101800207
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. A. (2018). Techniques for audience segmentation. In R. L. Parrott (Ed.), Oxford research encyclopedia of communication: Health and risk message design and processing (pp. 1–12). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.109/acrefore/9780190228613.013.321
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. A., Fink, E. L., Romano, A., & M’Ikanatha, N. M. (2020). Precise persuasion: Investigating incentive appeals for the promotion of antibiotic stewardship with message-induced transitions. Journal of Health Communication, 25(5), 430–443. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2020.1778821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. A., Myrick, J. G., Lennon, R. P., Martin, M. A., Small, M. L., Van Scoy, L. J., & the Data4Action Research Group. (2021). Exploring behavioral typologies to inform COVID-19 health campaigns: A person-centered approach. Journal of Health Communication, 26(6), 402–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2021.1946218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stringhini, S., Zaballa, M.-E., Perez-Saez, J., Pullen, N., de Mestral, C., Picazio, A., Pennacchio, F., Wisniak, A., Richard, A., Baysson, H., Loizeau, A., Balavoine, J. F., Rono, D., Pittet, D., Posfay-Barbe, K., Flahault, A., Chappuis, F., & Keherad, O., the Specchio-Covid19 Study Group. (2021, online first). Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after the second pandemic peak. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00054-2
   Google Scholar
• Sunderrajan, A., White, B., Durantini, M., Sanchez, F., Glasman, L., & Albarracín, D. (2021). Complex solutions for a complex problem: A meta-analysis of the efficacy of multiple-behavior interventions on change in outcomes related to HIV. Health Psychology, 40(9), 642–653. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., Aspinwall, L. G., Schneider, S. G., Rodriguez, R., & Herbert, M. (1992). Optimism, coping, psychological distress, and high-risk sexual behavior among men at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 63(3), 460–473. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15(2), 103–125. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59(4), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarrett, N., & Eccles, J. The passage to adulthood: Challenges of late adolescence. (2006). New Directions in Youth Development, 111(111), 13–28. PMID: 17225644. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.179
   Google Scholar