Improving Body Satisfaction Through Fitness App Use: Explicating the Role of Social Comparison, Social Network Size, and Gender

References

• Al-Kandari, A. A., & Abdelaziz, Y. A. (2018). Selfie-Taking motives and social psychological dispositions as predictors of selfie-related activities among university students in Kuwait. Mobile Media & Communication, 6(3), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157917737124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alleva, J. M., Martijn, C., Jansen, A., & Nederkoorn, C. (2013). Body language: Affecting body satisfaction by describing the body in functionality terms. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(2), 181–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313507897
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alleva, J. M., Martijn, C., Van Breukelen, G. J., Jansen, A., & Karos, K. (2015). Expand your horizon: A programme that improves body image and reduces self-objectification by training women to focus on body functionality. Body Image, 15, 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alleva, J. M., & Tylka, T. L. (2021). Body functionality: A review of the literature. Body Image, 36, 149–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubrey, J. S., Speno, A. G., & Gamble, H. (2020). Appearance framing versus health framing of health advice: Assessing the effects of a YouTube channel for adolescent girls. Health Communication, 35(3), 384–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1564955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azevedo, M. R., Araújo, C. L. P., Reichert, F. F., Siqueira, F. V., da Silva, M. C., & Hallal, P. C. (2007). Gender differences in leisure-time physical activity. International Journal of Public Health, 52(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038–006–5062–1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barron, A. M., Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., & Harriger, J. A. (2021). The effects of fitspiration and self-compassion Instagram posts on body image and self-compassion in men and women. Body Image, 37, 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastani, S. (2007). Family comes first: Men’s and women’s personal networks in Tehran. Social Networks, 29(3), 357–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2007.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardi, L. (2003). Channels of social influence on reproduction. Population Research and Policy Review, 22(5), 427–555. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:POPU.0000020892.15221.44
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer, S. (1990). Gender differences in the accuracy of self-evaluations of performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 960–970. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busch, L., Utesch, T., Bürkner, P.-C., & Strauss, B. (2020). The influence of fitness-app usage on psychological well-being and body awareness—a daily diary randomized trial. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 42(3), 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chansiri, K., Wongphothiphan, T., & Shafer, A. (2020). The indirect effects of thinspiration and fitspiration images on young women’s sexual attitudes. Communication Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220952231
   Google Scholar
• Chou, H. T. G., & Edge, N. (2012). “They are happier and having better lives than I am”: The impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others’ lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 15(2), 117–121. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, R. B., Ridgway, J. L., & Hendrickse, J. (2017). Is plus size equal? The positive impact of average and plus-sized media fashion models on women’s cognitive resource allocation, social comparisons, and body satisfaction. Communication Monographs, 84(3), 406–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1332770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne, S. M., McDaniel, B. T., & Stockdale, L. A. (2017). “Do you dare to compare?” Associations between maternal social comparisons on social networking sites and parenting, mental health, and romantic relationship outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CSDN. (2020). Portrait insight report of sports and fitness crowd. https://blog.csdn.net/m0_52274166/article/details/109729141
   Google Scholar
• de Vries, D. A., Peter, J., de Graaf, H., & Nikken, P. (2016). Adolescents’ social network site use, peer appearance-related feedback, and body dissatisfaction: Testing a mediation model. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(1), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0266-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkin, S. J., Paxton, S. J., & Sorbello, M. (2007). An integrative model of the impact of exposure to idealized female images on adolescent girls’ body satisfaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(5), 1092–1117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00201.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends”: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143–1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enders, C. K., & Gottschall, A. C. (2011). Multiple imputation strategies for multiple group structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 18(1), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2011.532695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994). Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self-report questionnaire? The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X19941216:4<363:AID-EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-%23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fardouly, J., Kakar, V., & Diedrichs, P. C. (2020). Body image and global media. In M. N. Goins, J. F. McAlister, & B. K. Alexander (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of gender and communication (pp. 146–170). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1954). Motivations leading to social behavior. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1954 (pp. 191–219). University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frederick, D. A., Garcia, J. R., Gesselman, A. N., Mark, K. P., Hatfield, E., & Bohrnstedt, G. (2020). The Happy American Body 2.0: Predictors of affective body satisfaction in two U.S. national internet panel surveys. Body Image, 32, 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieve, R., & Helmick, A. (2008). The influence of men’s self-objectification on the drive for muscularity: Self-esteem, body satisfaction and muscle dysmorphia. International Journal of Men's Health, 7(3), 288–298. https://doi.org/10.3149/jmh.0703.288
   Google Scholar
• Guérin, E., Bales, E., Sweet, S., & Fortier, M. (2012). A meta-analysis of the influence of gender on self-determination theory’s motivational regulations for physical activity. Canadian Psychology/psychologie Canadienne, 53(4), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gui, X., Chen, Y., Caldeira, C., Xiao, D., & Chen, Y. (2017). When fitness meets social networks: Investigating fitness tracking and social practices on WeRun. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1647–1659). https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025654
   Google Scholar
• Guimond, S., & Chatard, A. (2014). Basic principles of social comparison: Does gender matter? In Z. Krizan & F. X. Gibbons (Eds.), Communal functions of social comparison (pp. 205–229). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haferkamp, N., & Krämer, N. C. (2010). Social comparison 2.0: Examining the effects of online profiles on social-networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14(5), 309–314. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves, D. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2009). Muscular ideal media images and men’s body image: Social comparison processing and individual vulnerability. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 10(2), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heatherington, L., Daubman, K. A., Bates, C., Ahn, A., Brown, H., & Preston, C. (1993). Two investigations of female modesty in achievement situations. Sex Roles, 29(11–12), 739–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, G., Sun, M., & Jiang, L. C. (2022). Core social network size is associated with physical activity participation for fitness app users: The role of social comparison and social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 129, 107169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, G., & Zhou, E. (2019). Time to work out! Examining the behavior change techniques and relevant theoretical mechanisms that predict the popularity of fitness mobile apps with Chinese-language user interfaces. Health Communication, 34(12), 1502–1512. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1500434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarman, H. K., Marques, M. D., McLean, S. A., Slater, A., & Paxton, S. J. (2021a). Social media, body satisfaction and well-being among adolescents: A mediation model of appearance-ideal internalization and comparison. Body Image, 36, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarman, H. K., Marques, M. D., McLean, S. A., Slater, A., & Paxton, S. J. (2021b). Motivations for social media use: Associations with social media engagement and body satisfaction and well-being among adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(12), 2279–2293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01390-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemmelmeier, M., & Oyserman, D. (2001). Gendered influence of downward social comparisons on current and possible selves. The Journal of Social Issues, 57(1), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick, M., Hebert, E., & Bartholomew, J. (2005). College students’ motivation for physical activity: Differentiating men’s and women’s motives for sport participation and exercise. Journal of American College Health, 54(2), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.54.2.87-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klenk, S., Reifegerste, D., & Renatus, R. (2017). Gender differences in gratifications from fitness app use and implications for health interventions. Mobile Media & Communication, 5(2), 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157917691557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2015). Thinspiration: Self-improvement versus self-evaluation social comparisons with thin-ideal media portrayals. Health Communication, 30(11), 1089–1101. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.921270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laker, V., & Waller, G. (2021). Does comparison of self with others influence body image among adult women? An experimental study in naturalistic settings. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-021-01196-3
   Google Scholar
• Lee, M., & Lee, H.-H. (2021). Social media photo activity, internalization, appearance comparison, and body satisfaction: The moderating role of photo-editing behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H.-R., Lee, H. E., Choi, J., Kim, J. H., & Han, H. L. (2014). Social media use, body image, and psychological well-being: A cross-cultural comparison of Korea and the United States. Journal of Health Communication, 19(12), 1343–1358. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2014.904022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J., & Whittaker, T. A. (2021). The impact of item parceling on structural parameter invariance in multi-group structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 28(5), 684–698. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2021.1890604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, T. T. C., Younbo, J., & Sim, C. (2015). Towards an understanding of intention to use mobile videos: Impression management, perceived facilitation, and social norms. Mobile Media & Communication, 3(1), 106–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157914555426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindwall, M., Asci, H., & Hagger, M. S. (2011). Factorial validity and measurement invariance of the Revised Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP-R) in three countries. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 16(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2010.521567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, M. P., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Mellor, D., Ricciardelli, L., Skouteris, H., & Mussap, A. (2012). Body satisfaction among adolescents in eight different countries. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(5), 693–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105311425274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, D., Vagenas, D., Pachana, N. A., Begum, N., & Dobson, A. (2010). Gender differences in social network size and satisfaction in adults in their 70s. Journal of Health Psychology, 15(5), 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105310368177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelson, B. K., Mendelson, M. J., & White, D. R. (2001). Body-Esteem scale for adolescents and adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76(1), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7601_6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulgrew, K. E., McCulloch, K., Farren, E., Prichard, I., & Lim, M. S. (2018). This girl can# join the movement: Effectiveness of physical functionality-focused campaigns for women’s body satisfaction and exercise intent. Body Image, 24, 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulgrew, K. E., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). Form or function: Does focusing on body functionality protect women from body dissatisfaction when viewing media images? Journal of Health Psychology, 23(1), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316655471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murashka, V., Liu, J., & Peng, Y. (2021). Fitspiration on Instagram: Identifying topic clusters in user comments to posts with objectification features. Health Communication, 36(12), 1537–1548. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1773702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumark-Sztainer, D., Paxton, S. J., Hannan, P. J., Haines, J., & Story, M. (2006). Does body satisfaction matter? Five-year longitudinal associations between body satisfaction and health behaviors in adolescent females and males. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(2), 244–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, K. S., Caputi, P., Minto, R., Peoples, G., Hooper, C., Kell, S., & Sawley, E. (2009). Upward and downward physical appearance comparisons: Development of scales and examination of predictive qualities. Body Image, 6(3), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallotti, F., Tubaro, P., Casilli, A. A., & Valente, T. W. (2018). “You see yourself like in a mirror”: The effects of internet-mediated personal networks on body image and eating disorders. Health Communication, 33(9), 1166–1176. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1339371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, W., & Peña, J. (2020). Looking down on others to feel good about the self: The exposure effects of online model pictures on men’s self-esteem. Health Communication, 35(6), 731–738. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1584780
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peng, C. T., Wu, T. Y., Chen, Y., & Atkin, D. J. (2019). Comparing and modeling via social media: The social influences of fitspiration on male Instagram users’ work out intention. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pink, S., & Fors, V. (2017). Self-Tracking and mobile media: New digital materialities. Mobile Media & Communication, 5(3), 219–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157917695578
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2000). Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15(2), 187–224. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.2.187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rains, S. A., & Meng, J. (2022). Social enhancement and compensation in online social support among cancer patients: The role of social network properties. Health Communication, 37(4), 490–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1853327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rancourt, D., Schaefer, L. M., Bosson, J. K., & Thompson, J. K. (2016). Differential impact of upward and downward comparisons on diverse women’s disordered eating behaviors and body image. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(5), 519–523. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, L., Prichard, I., Nikolaidis, A., Drummond, C., Drummond, M., & Tiggemann, M. (2017). Idealised media images: The effect of fitspiration imagery on body satisfaction and exercise behaviour. Body Image, 22, 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau, A., Rodgers, R. F., & Eggermont, S. (2020). A biopsychosocial model for understanding media internalization and appearance dissatisfaction among preadolescent boys and girls. Communication Research, 47(3), 346–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217739996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runfola, C. D., Von Holle, A., Peat, C. M., Gagne, D. A., Brownley, K. A., Hofmeier, S. M., & Bulik, C. M. (2013). Characteristics of women with body size satisfaction at midlife: Results of the Gender and Body Image (GABI) study. Journal of Women & Aging, 25(4), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2013.816215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, L., Sales, R., Tilki, M., & Siara, B. (2008). Social networks, social support and social capital: The experiences of recent Polish migrants in London. Sociology, 42(4), 672–690. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038508091622
   Google Scholar
• Saiphoo, A. N., & Vahedi, Z. (2019). A meta-analytic review of the relationship between social media use and body image disturbance. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 259–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, M., Voci, A., & Hewstone, M. (2011). Individual difference variables as moderators of the effect of extended cross-group friendship on prejudice: Testing the effects of public self-consciousness and social comparison. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(2), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210391122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, C. C., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2017). Skinny is not enough: A content analysis of fitspiration on Pinterest. Health Communication, 32(5), 560–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1140273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2014). Media matters for boys too! The role of specific magazine types and television programs in the drive for thinness and muscularity in adolescent boys. Eating Behaviors, 15(4), 679–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stühmann, L. M., Paprott, R., Heidemann, C., Baumert, J., Hansen, S., Zahn, D., Scheidt-Nave, C., & Gellert, P. (2020). Health app use and its correlates among individuals with and without type 2 diabetes: Nationwide population-based survey. JMIR Diabetes, 5(2), e14396. https://doi.org/10.2196/14396
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suls, J., Martin, R., & Wheeler, L. (2002). Social comparison: Why, with whom, and with what effect? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 159–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E., & Lobel, M. (1989). Social comparison activity under threat. Psychological Review, 96(4), 569–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.4.569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tencent Technology. (2020). Tencent announces 2019 fourth quarter results. https://static.www.tencent.com/uploads/2020/03/18/7fceaf3d1b264debc61342fc1a27dd18.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2017). Facebook and body image concern in adolescent girls: A prospective study. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(1), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Berg, P., Paxton, S. J., Keery, H., Wall, M., Guo, J., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2007). Body dissatisfaction and body comparison with media images in males and females. Body Image, 4(3), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldhuis, J., Konijn, E. A., & Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2017). Boost your body: Self-iImprovement magazine messages increase body satisfaction in young adults. Health Communication, 32(2), 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1113482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Wang, X., Liu, H., Xie, X., Wang, P., & Lei, L. (2018). Selfie posting and self-esteem among young adult women: A mediation model of positive feedback and body satisfaction. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(2), 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105318787624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, J., Vinnikova, A., Lu, L., & Xu, J. (2021). Understanding and predicting the adoption of fitness mobile apps: Evidence from China. Health Communication, 36(8), 950–961. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1724637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weilenmann, A., & Hillman, T. (2020). Selfies in the wild: Studying selfie photography as a local practice. Mobile Media & Communication, 8(1), 42–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157918822131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wichstrøm, L., & von Soest, T. (2016). Reciprocal relations between body satisfaction and self-esteem: A large 13-year prospective study of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windle, J., & Rolfe, J. (2011). Comparing responses from Internet and paper-based collection methods in more complex stated preference environmental valuation surveys. Economic Analysis and Policy, 41(1), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0313-5926(11)50006-2
   Google Scholar
• Zuair, A. A., & Sopory, P. (2022). Effects of media health literacy school-based interventions on adolescents’ body image concerns, eating concerns, and thin-internalization attitudes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Communication, 37(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1813954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar