562
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Health Disparities in Online COVID-19 Information Seeking and Protective Behaviors: A Two-Wave Longitudinal Study

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action-Control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11–39). Springer.
  • Ali, S. H., Foreman, J., Tozan, Y., Capasso, A., Jones, A. M., & DiClemente, R. J. (2020). Trends and predictors of COVID-19 information sources and their relationship with knowledge and beliefs related to the pandemic: Nationwide cross-sectional study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(4), e21071. https://doi.org/10.2196/21071
  • Andarge, E., Fikadu, T., Temesgen, R., Shegaze, M., Feleke, T., Haile, F., Endashaw, G., Boti, N., Bekele, A., & Glagn, M. (2020). Intention and practice on personal preventive measures against the COVID-19 pandemic among adults with chronic conditions in Southern Ethiopia: A survey using the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 13, 1863–1877. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S284707
  • Begin, A. S., Hidrue, M., Lehrhoff, S., Del Carmen, M. G., Armstrong, K., & Wasfy, J. H. (2021). Factors associated with physician tolerance of uncertainty: An observational study. Journal of General Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06776-8
  • Bish, A., & Michie, S. (2010). Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 797–824. https://doi.org/10.1348/13591070X485826
  • Biswas, N., Mustapha, T., Khubchandani, J., & Price, J. H. (2021). The nature and extent of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in healthcare workers. Journal of Community Health, 46(6), 1244–1251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-021-00984-3
  • Brashers, D. E., Judith, L. N., & Goldsmith, D. J. (2004). Social support and the management of uncertainty for people living with HIV or AIDS. Health Communication, 16(3), 305–331. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327027HC1603_3
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Sage.
  • Carlucci, L., D’Ambrosio, I., & Balsamo, M. (2020). Demographic and attitudinal factors of adherence to quarantine guidelines during COVID-19: The Italian model. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559288
  • CDC. (2021, June 11). How to protect yourself and others. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html
  • Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 558. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558
  • Cooke, R., & French, D. P. (2008). How well do the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behaviour predict intentions and attendance at screening programmes? A meta-analysis. Psychology & Health, 23(7), 745–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440701544437
  • Ducrot, P., Montagni, I., Thanh, V. N., Serry, A. J., & Richard, J. B. (2021). Evolution of online health-related information seeking in France from 2010 to 2017: Results from nationally representative surveys. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(4), e18799. https://doi.org/10.2196/18799
  • Fareed, N., Swoboda, C. M., Jonnalagadda, P., Walker, D. M., & Huerta, T. R. (2021). Differences between races in health information seeking and trust over time: Evidence from a cross-sectional, pooled analyses of HINTS data. American Journal of Health Promotion, 35(1), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171209
  • Gold, J. A., Rossen, L. M., Ahmad, F. B., Sutton, P., Li, Z., Salvatore, P. P., Coyle, J. P., DeCuir, J., Baack, B. N., Durant, T. M., Dominguez, K. L., Henley, S. J., Annor, F. B., Fuld, J., Dee, D. L., Bhattarai, A., & Jackson, B. R. (2020). Race, ethnicity, and age trends in persons who died from COVID-19—United States, May–August 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(42), 1517. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6942e1
  • Grasso, K. L., & Bell, R. A. (2015). Understanding health information seeking: A test of the risk perception attitude framework. Journal of Health Communication, 20(12), 1406–1414. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1018634
  • Griffin, R. J., Dunwoody, S., & Neuwirth, K. (1999). Proposed model of the relationship of risk information seeking and processing to the development of preventive behaviors. Environmental Research, 80(2), S230–S245. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1998.3940
  • Gunderson, J., Mitchell, D., Reid, K., & Jordan, M. (2021). COVID-19 information-seeking and prevention behaviors in Florida, April 2020. Preventing Chronic Disease, 18, 200575. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd18.200575
  • Guo, Z., Zhao, S. Z., Guo, N., Wu, Y., Weng, X., Wong, J. Y. H., Lam, T. H., & Wang, M. P. (2021). Socioeconomic disparities in eHealth literacy and preventive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong: Cross-sectional study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(4), e24577. https://doi.org/10.2196/24577
  • Gutteling, J. M., & de Vries, P. W. (2017). Determinants of seeking and avoiding risk-related information in times of crisis. Risk Analysis, 37(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12632
  • Hovick, S. R., Kahlor, L., & Liang, M.-C. (2014). Personal cancer knowledge and information seeking through PRISM: The planned risk information seeking model. Journal of Health Communication, 19(4), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.821556
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.83
  • Huang, X., Dai, S., & Xu, H. (2020). Predicting tourists’ health risk preventative behaviour and travelling satisfaction in Tibet: Combining the theory of planned behaviour and health belief model. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100589
  • Human Rights Watch. (2020, May 12). Covid-19 fueling anti-Asian racism and xenophobia worldwide. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/12/covid-19-fueling-anti-asian-racism-and-xenophobia-worldwide
  • Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984). The health belief model: A decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11(1), 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818401100101
  • Johnson, J. D., Donohue, W. A., Atkin, C. K., & Johnson, S. (1995). A comprehensive model of information seeking: Tests focusing on a technical organization. Science Communication, 16(3), 274–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547095016003003
  • Kahlor, L. (2010). PRISM: A planned risk information seeking model. Health Communication, 25(4), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410231003775172
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
  • Lambert, S. D., & Loiselle, C. G. (2007). Health information seeking behavior. Qualitative Health Research, 17(8), 1006–1019. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307305199
  • Lee, J. J., Kang, K. A., Wang, M. P., Zhao, S. Z., Wong, J. Y. H., O’Connor, S., Yang, S. C., & Shin, S. (2020). Associations between COVID-19 misinformation exposure and belief with COVID-19 knowledge and preventive behaviors: Cross-sectional online study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(11), e22205. https://doi.org/10.2196/22205
  • Lee, C. J., Zhao, X., & Pena-Y-Lillo, M. (2016). Theorizing the pathways from seeking and scanning to mammography screening. Health Communication, 31(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.942769
  • Lin, L., Savoia, E., Agboola, F., & Viswanath, K. (2014). What have we learned about communication inequalities during the H1N1 pandemic: A systematic review of the literature. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 484. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-484
  • Liss, D. T., & Baker, D. W. (2014). Understanding current racial/ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer screening in the United States: The contribution of socioeconomic status and access to care. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(3), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.023
  • Liu, P. L. (2020). COVID-19 information seeking on digital media and preventive behaviors: The mediation role of worry. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 23(10), 677–682. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0250
  • Lüdecke, D., & von Dem Knesebeck, O. (2020). Protective behavior in course of the COVID-19 outbreak—survey results from Germany. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.572561
  • MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effects: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
  • Mayo Clinic. (2021, November 17). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20479976
  • McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H.-R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7, 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64
  • McEachan, R. R. C., Conner, M., Taylor, N. J., & Lawton, R. J. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviours with the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(2), 97–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.521684
  • Miller, L. M., & Bell, R. A. (2012). Online health information seeking: The influence of age, information trustworthiness, and search challenges. Journal of Aging Health, 24(3), 525–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264311428167
  • New York Times. (2021, June 28). See reopening plans and mask mandates for all 50 states. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/states-reopen-map-coronavirus.html
  • Niederdeppe, J., Hornik, R. C., Kelly, B. J., Frosch, D. L., Romantan, A., Stevens, R. S., Barg, F. K., Weiner, J. L., & Schwartz, J. S. (2007). Examining the dimensions of cancer-related information seeking and scanning behavior. Health Communication, 22(2), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230701454189
  • Papageorge, N. W., Zahn, M. V., Belot, M., Van den Broek-Altenburg, E., Choi, S., Jamison, J. C., & Tripodi, E. (2021). Socio-Demographic factors associated with self-protecting behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Population Economics, 34(2), 691–738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-020-00818-x
  • Pasion, R., Paiva, T. O., Fernandes, C., & Barbosa, F. (2020). The AGE effect on protective behaviors during the COVID-19 outbreak: Sociodemographic, perceptions and psychological accounts. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1), 561785. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561785
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Contemporary approaches to assessing mediation in communication research. In A. F. Hayes; M. D. Slater & L. B. Snyder (Eds.), The Sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for communication research (pp. 13–54). Sage.
  • Rains, S. A., & Ruppel, E. K. (2016). Channel complementarity theory and the health information-seeking process: Further investigating the implications of source characteristic complementarity. Communication Research, 43(2), 232–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650213510939
  • Reitsma, M., Claypool, A., Vargo, J., Shete, P., McCorvie, R., Wheeler, W., Rocha, D., Myers, J., Murray, E., Bregman, B., Dominguez, D., Nguyen, A., Porse, C., Fritz, C., Jain, S., Watt, J., Salomon, J., & Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. (2021). Racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 exposure risk, testing, and cases at the subcounty level in California. Health Affairs, 40(6), 870–878. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00098
  • Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2021). Improving predictions of COVID-19 preventive behavior: Development of a sequential mediation model. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(3), e23218. https://doi.org/10.2196/23218
  • Spence, P. R., Westerman, D., Skalski, P. D., Seeger, M., Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. R. (2006). Gender and age effects on information-seeking after 9/11. Communication Research Reports, 23(3), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090600796435
  • Stevens, J. P. (1992). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.
  • Stockman, J. K., Wood, B. A., & Anderson, K. M. (2021). Racial and ethnic differences in Covid-19 outcomes, stressors, fear, and prevention behaviors among us women: Web-based cross-sectional study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(7), e26296. https://doi.org/10.2196/26296
  • Trifiletti, E., Shamloo, S. E., Faccini, M., & Zaka, A. (2021). Psychological predictors of protective behaviours during the Covid‐19 pandemic: Theory of planned behaviour and risk perception. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2509
  • Willoughby, J. F., & Myrick, J. G. (2016). Does context matter? Examining PRISM as a guiding framework for context-specific health risk information seeking among young adults. Journal of Health Communication, 21(6), 696–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2016.1153764
  • World Health Organization. (2020). Timeline of WHO’s response to COVID-19. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-06-2020-covidtimeline
  • Yang, Z. J., & Kahlor, L. (2012). What, me worry? The role of affect in information seeking and avoidance. Science Communication, 35(2), 189–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441873
  • Yang, Q., Luo, Z., Li, M., & Liu, J. (2021, September 11). Epub ahead of print. Understanding the landscape and propagation of COVID-19 misinformation and its correction on Sina Weibo. Global Health Promotion, 175797592110350. https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759211035053.
  • Yang, Q., & Wu, S. (2021). How social media exposure to health information influences Chinese people’s health protective behavior during air pollution? A theory of planned behavior perspective. Health Communication, 36(3), 324–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1692486
  • Zhang, W., & Qian, B.-Y. (2020). Making decisions to mitigate COVID-19 with limited knowledge. The Lancet Infectious Disease, 20(10), 1121–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30280-2
  • Zickfeld, J. H., Schubert, T. W., Herting, A. K., Grahe, J., & Faasse, K. (2020). Correlates of health-protective behavior during the initial days of the COVID-19 outbreak in Norway. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2671. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564083

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.