451
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Overcoming Black Americans’ Psychological and Cognitive Barriers to Clinical Trial Participation: Effects of News Framing and Exemplars

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Andsager, J. L., Bemker, V., Choi, H. L., & Torwel, V. (2006). Perceived similarity of exemplar traits and behavior effects on message evaluation. Communication Research, 33(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650205283099
  • Anker, A. E., Reinhart, A. M., & Feeley, T. H. (2011). Health information seeking: A review of measures and methods. Patient Education and Counseling, 82(3), 346–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.12.008
  • Appiah, O. (2001). Black, White, Hispanic, and Asian American adolescents’ responses to culturally embedded ads. Howard Journal of Communications, 12(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170117577
  • Auxier, B., & Anderson, M. (2021). Social media use in 2021. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/04/07/social-media-use-in-2021/
  • Bigsby, E., Cappella, J. N., & Seitz, H. H. (2013). Efficiently and effectively evaluating public service announcements: Additional evidence for the utility of perceived effectiveness. Communication Monographs, 80(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2012.739706
  • Bigsby, E., Bigman, C. A., & Martinez Gonzalez, A. (2019). Exemplification theory: A review and meta-analysis of exemplar messages. Annals of the International Communication Association, 43(4), 273–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1681903
  • Bond, B., & Farrell, J. R. (2020). Does depicting gay couples in ads influence behavioral intentions? Journal of Advertising Research, 60(2), 208–221. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-2019-026
  • Bonow, R. O., Grant, A. O., & Jacobs, A. K. (2005). The cardiovascular state of the union: Confronting healthcare disparities. Circulation, 111(10), 1205–1207. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000160705.97642.92
  • Bosone, L., Martinez, F., & Kalampablikis, N. (2015). The effect of message framing and the nature of the targeted illness on individuals’ intention to participate in clinical trials. European Review of Applied Psychology, 65(4), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2015.06.002
  • Branson, R. D., Davis, K., & Butler, K. L. (2007). African Americans’ participation in clinical research: Importance, barriers, and solutions. American Journal of Surgery, 193(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.11.007
  • Brosius, H. B. (1999). Research note: The influence of exemplars on recipients’ judgements. European Journal of Communication, 14(2), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323199014002004
  • Burroughs, V. J., Maxey, R. W., & Levy, R. A. (2002). Racial and ethnic differences in response to medicines: Towards individualized pharmaceutical treatment. Journal of the National Medical Association, 94(10 Suppl), 1.
  • Campbell, H. A., & Hawk, D. (2012). Al Jazeera’s framing of social media during the Arab Spring. Cyberorient, 6(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.cyo2.20120601.0003
  • Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (2020, March 11). Health equity. https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/healthequity/index.htm
  • Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (2021a, April 8). Impact of racism on our nation’s health. https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/racism-disparities/impact-of-racism.html
  • Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (2021b, March 2). Health, United States, 2019 – data finder. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2019.htm#Table-004
  • Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (2021c, September 9). Risk for COVID-19 inflection, hospitalization, and death by race/ethnicity. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/hospitalization-death-by-race-ethnicity.html
  • Chen, T., Dai, M., Xia, S., & Zhou, Y. (2021). Do messages matter? Investigating the combined effects of framing, outcome uncertainty, and number format on COVID-19 vaccination attitudes and intention. Health Communication, 37(8), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1876814
  • Chew, F., Mandelbaum-Schmid, J., & Gao, S. K. (2006). Can health journalists bridge the state- of-the-science gap in mammography guidelines? Science Communication, 27(3), 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547005284751
  • Cho, H., & Choi, J. (2010). Predictors and the role of attitude toward the message and perceived message quality in gain- and loss-frame antidrug persuasion of adolescents. Health Communication, 25(4), 303–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410231003773326
  • Clark, L. T., Watkins, L., Piña, I. L., Elmer, M., Akinboboye, O., Gorham, M., Jamerson, B., McCullough, C., Pierre, C., Polis, A. B., Puckrein, G., & Regnante, J. M. (2019). Increasing diversity in clinical trials: Overcoming critical barriers. Current Problems in Cardiology, 44(5), 148–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2018.11.002
  • Davies, J., & Mabin, V. J. (2001). Knowledge management and the framing of information: A contribution to OR/MS practice and pedagogy. Journal of the Operational Research Society Journal of the Operational Research Society, 52(8), 856–872. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601171
  • Dillard, J. P., & Ye, S. (2008). The perceived effectiveness of persuasive messages: Questions of structure, referent, and bias. Journal of Health Communication, 13(2), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730701854060
  • Druckman, J. N. (2001). The implications of framing effects for citizen competence. Political Behavior, 23(3), 225–256. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015006907312
  • Eisinga, R., Grotenhuis, M. T., & Pelzer, B. (2013). The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or Spearman-Brown?. International Journal of Public Health, 58(4), 637–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0416-3
  • El-Khoury, J. R., & Shafer, A. (2016). Narrative exemplars and the celebrity spokesperson in Lebanese anti-domestic violence public service announcements. Journal of Health Communication, 21(8), 935–943. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2016.1177146
  • Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Towards clarification of a fractured paradigm. The Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1460-2466.1993.TB01304.X
  • Evangeli, M., Kafaar, Z., Kagee, A., Swartz, L., & Bullemor Day, P. (2013). Does message framing predict willingness to participate in a hypothetical HIV vaccine trial: An application of Prospect Theory. AIDS Care, 25(7), 910–914. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2012.748163
  • Farmer, D. F., Jackson, S. A., Camacho, F., & Hall, M. A. (2007). Attitudes of African American and low socioeconomic status white women toward medical research. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 18(1), 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2007.0008
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Psychology Press.
  • Frank, G. (2004, February). Current challenges in clinical trial patient recruitment and enrollment. SoCra Source, 2 (Feb), 30–38. https://clinicaltrials.llu.edu/sites/clinicaltrials.llu.edu/files/docs/current-challenges-in-clinical-trial-patient-recruitment-and-enrollment.pdf
  • Gallup & Knight Foundation. (2018). Perceived accuracy and bias in the news media. https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/KnightFoundation_AccuracyandBias_Report_FINAL.pdf
  • George, S., Duran, N., & Norris, K. (2014). A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to minority research participation among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), e16–e31. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301706
  • Grabe, M. E., & Westley, B. H. (2003). The controlled experiment. In G. H. Stempel III, D. H. Weaver, & G. C. Wilhoit (Eds.), Mass communication research and theory (pp. 267–299). Allyn and Bacon.
  • Greenwald, A. G. (1976). Within-subjects designs: To use or not to use?. Psychological Bulletin, 83(2), 314–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.83.2.314
  • Haider-Markel, D. P., & Joslyn, M. R. (2001). Gun policy, opinion, tragedy, and blame attribution: The conditional influence of issue frames. The Journal of Politics, 63(2), 520–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00077
  • Hinnant, A., Len-Ríos, M. E., & Young, R. (2012). Journalistic use of exemplars to humanize health news. Journalism Studies, 14(4), 539–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.721633
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3(3), 430–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80(4), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034747
  • Kang, H., & Lee, M. J. (2018). Designing anti-binge drinking prevention messages: Message framing vs. evidence type. Health Communication, 33(12), 1494–1502. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1372046
  • Kelman, H. C. (1961). Processes of opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 25(1), 57–78. https://doi.org/10.1086/266996
  • Kim, H. S., Bigman, C. A., Leader, A. E., Lerman, C., & Cappella, J. N. (2012). Narrative health communication and behavior change: The influence of exemplars in the news on intention to quit smoking. Journal of Communication, 62(3), 473–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01644.x
  • Kim, S. H., Tanner, A., Friedman, D. B., Foster, C., & Bergeron, C. (2015). Barriers to clinical trial participation: Comparing perceptions and knowledge of African American and White South Carolinians. Journal of Health Communication, 20(7), 816–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1018599
  • Krämer, B., & Peter, C. (2020). Exemplification effects: A meta-analysis. Human Communication Research, 46(2–3), 192–221. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqz024
  • Laker, L. F., Froehle, C. M., Windeler, J. B., & Lindsell, C. J. (2018). Quality and efficiency of the clinical decision‐making process: Information overload and emphasis framing. Production and Operations Management, 27(12), 2213–2225. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12777
  • Lecheler, S., & De Vreese, C. H. (2019). News Framing Effects. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315208077
  • Lee, S., Cappella, J. N., Lerman, C., & Strasser, A. A. (2013). Effects of smoking cues and argument strength of antismoking advertisements on former smokers’ self-efficacy, attitude, and intention to refrain from smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(2), 527–533. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts171
  • Lee, S., Lee, N., & Kirkpatrick, C. E. (2021). Effects of communication source and racial representation in clinical trial recruitment flyers. Health Communication, 36, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1976361
  • Lin, C.-Y., & Yeh, W.-J. (2017). How does health-related advertising with a regulatory focus and goal framing affect attitudes toward ads and healthy behavior intentions? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121507
  • McCarthy, C. R. (1994). Historical background of clinical trials involving women and minorities. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 69(9), 695–698. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199409000-00002
  • Meng, J., McLaughlin, M., Pariera, K., & Murphy, S. (2016). A comparison between Caucasians and African Americans in willingness to participate in cancer clinical trials: The roles of knowledge, distrust, information sources, and religiosity. Journal of Health Communication, 21(6), 669–677. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2016.1153760
  • Meyerowitz, B. E., & Chaiken, S. (1987). The effect of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.52.3.500
  • Morgan, S. E., Occa, A., Potter, J. N., Mouton, A., & Peter, M. E. (2017). “You need to be a good listener”: Recruiters’ use of relational communication behaviors to enhance clinical trial and research study accrual. Journal of Health Communication, 22(2), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2016.1256356
  • Niederdeppe, J., Hornik, R. C., Kelly, B. J., Frosch, D. L., Romantan, A., Stevens, R. S., Barg, F. K., Weiner, J. L., & Schwartz, J. S. (2007). Examining the dimensions of cancer-related information seeking and scanning behavior. Health Communication, 22(2), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230701454189
  • O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2007). The relative persuasiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages for encouraging disease prevention behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Health Communication, 12(7), 623–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730701615198
  • O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2009). The relative persuasiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages for encouraging disease detection behaviors: A meta-analytic review. The Journal of Communication, 59(2), 296–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01417.x
  • Overgaard, C. S. B. (2021). Constructive journalism in the face of a crisis: The effects of social media news updates about COVID-19. Journalism Studies, 22(14), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1971107
  • Peter, C., & Zerback, T. (2017). The role of similarity in exemplification effect. SCM Studies in Communication and Media, 6(1), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2017-1-71
  • Peter, C., & Zerback, T. (2020). Ordinary citizens in the news: A conceptual framework. Journalism Studies, 21(8), 1003–1016. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1758190
  • Price, V., & Tewksbury, D. (1997). News values and public opinion: A theoretical account of media priming and framing. In G. A. Barett & F. J. Boster (Eds.), Progress in communication sciences: Advances in persuasion (Vol. 13, pp. 173–212). Ablex.
  • Ramamoorthy, A., Pacanowski, M. A., Bull, J., & Zhang, L. (2015). Racial/ethnic differences in drug disposition and response: Review of recently approved drugs. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 97(3), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.61
  • Ray, E. C., & Merle, P. F. (2018). Dirty dining: How exemplification affects food safety perceptions. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 21(3), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2017.1399778
  • Ridgeway, J. L., Asiedu, G. B., Carroll, K., Tenney, M., Jatoi, A., & Radecki Breitkopf, C. (2017). Patient and family member perspectives on searching for cancer clinical trials: A qualitative interview study. Patient Education and Counseling, 100(2), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.08.020
  • Shaffer, V. A., Scherer, L. D., Focella, E. S., Hinnant, A., Len-Ríos, M. E., & Zikmund-Fisher, B. J. (2018). What is the story with narratives? How using narratives in journalism changes health behavior. Health Communication, 33(9), 1151–1157. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1333562
  • Siegel, R., Ward, E., Brawley, O., & Jemal, A. (2011). Cancer statistics, 2011: The impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 61(4), 212–236. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20121
  • Slater, M. D. (2006). Specification and misspecification of theoretical foundations and logic models for health communication campaigns. Health Communication, 20(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327027hc2002_6
  • Smith, C. (2021, June 9). Just say black. Living Cities. https://livingcities.org/blog/just-say-black/
  • Stuart, E., Shimp, T., & Engle, R. (1987). Classical conditioning of consumer attitudes: Four experiments in an advertising context. The Journal of Consumer Research, 14(3), 334–349. https://doi.org/10.1086/209117
  • Tewksbury, D., & Scheufele, D. A. (2020). News framing theory and research. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (4th ed., pp. 51–68). Routledge.
  • Thorson, E., Wicks, R., & Leshner, G. (2012). Experimental methodology in journalism and mass communication research. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 89(1), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699011430066
  • Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 207–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9
  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). Quick facts: United States. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219
  • U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2018, January 16). FDA encourages more participation, diversity in clinical trials. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/minority-health-and-health-equity/clinical-trial-diversity
  • U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2021, February) 2020 drug trails snapshots summary report. https://www.fda.gov/media/145718/download
  • Wang, X., & Arpan, L. M. (2008). Effects of race and ethnic identity on audience evaluation of HIV public service announcements. Howard Journal of Communications, 19(1), 44–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170701802019
  • Warren, R. C., Shedlin, M. G., Alema-Mensah, E., Obasaju, C., & Hodge, D. A., Sr. (2019). Clinical trials participation among African Americans and the ethics of trust: Leadership perspectives. Ethics, Medicine and Public Health, 10, 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemep.2019.100405
  • Wasike, B. S. (2013). Framing news in 140 characters: How social media editors frame the news and interact with audiences via twitter. Global Media Journal, 6(1), 5–23. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/upike.edu?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/framing-news-140-characters-how-social-media/docview/1398444355/se-2
  • Whittler, T. E. (1991). The effects of actors’ race in commercial advertising: Review and extension. Journal of Advertising, 20(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1991.10673207
  • Wyer, R. S. (2004). Social comprehension and judgment: The role of situation models, narratives, and implicit theories. Erlbaum.
  • Yoo, W. (2015). The influence of celebrity exemplars on college students’ smoking. Journal of American College Health, 64(1), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2015.1074238
  • Zaller, J., & Feldman, S. (1992). A simple theory of the survey response: Answering questions versus revealing preferences. American Journal of Political Science, 36(3), 579–616. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111583
  • Zillmann, D. (1999). Exemplification theory: Judging the whole by some of its parts. Media Psychology, 1(1), 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532785xmep0101_5
  • Zillmann, D., & Brosius, H.-B. (2000). Exemplification in communication: The influence of case reports on the perception of issues. Erlbaum.
  • Zillmann, D. (2006). Exemplification effects in the promotion of safety and health. The Journal of Communication, 56(suppl_1), 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00291.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.