669
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

It’s the Thoughts That Count: How Psychological Distance and Affect Heuristic Influence Support for Aid Response Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic

ORCID Icon, &

References

  • Abdelaziz, A., Spoon, R., Smith, A., & Ball, S. (2021). Gender differences in fear and risk perception during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(12), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689467
  • Aslam, F., Awan, T. M., Syed, J. H., Kashif, A., & Parveen, M. (2020). Sentiments and emotions evoked by news headlines of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 7(23), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0523-3
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
  • Bosman, J., Mervosh, S., & Santora, M. (2020, October 17). As the Coronavirus surges, a new culprit emerges: Pandemic fatigue. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/17/us/coronavirus-pandemic-fatigue.html
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021a, August 21). COVID data tracker. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021b, August 4). CDC museum COVID-19 timeline. https://www.cdc.gov/museum/timeline/covid19.html
  • Chu, H., & Yang, J. Z. (2019). Emotion and the psychological distance of climate change. Science Communication, 41(6), 761–789. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F1075547019889637
  • Chu, H., & Yang, J. Z. (2020). Risk or efficacy? How psychological distance influences climate change engagement. Risk Analysis, 40(4), 758–770. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13446
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge.
  • Curry, O. S., Rowland, L. A., Van Lissa, C. J., Zlotowitz, S., McAlaney, J., & Whitehouse, H. (2018). Happy to help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 76, 320–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.02.014
  • Dastagir, A. E. (2020, November 19). As COVID surges, Americans remain divided on the threat. What will it take to bring them together? USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/11/19/covid-political-partisanship/6309868002/
  • Davis, J. I., Gross, J. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011). Psychological distance and emotional experience: What you see is what you get. Emotion, 11(2), 438–444. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021783
  • Dhanani, L. Y., & Franz, B. (2021). Why public health framing matters: An experimental study of the effects of COVID-19 framing on prejudice and xenophobia in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 269, 113572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113572
  • Doré, B., Ort, L., Braverman, O., & Ochsner, K. N. (2015). Sadness shifts to anxiety over time and distance from the national tragedy in Newtown Connecticut. Psychological Science, 26(4), 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0956797614562218
  • Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., & Howard, A. (1997). On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33(5), 510–540. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1997.1331
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical science. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
  • Finucane, M., Alhakami, A., Slovic, P., & Johnson, S. M. (2000). The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(200001/03)13:1%3C1:AID-BDM333%3E3.0.CO;2-S
  • Fischer, G. W., Morgan, M. G., Fischhoff, B., Nair, I., & Lave, L. B. (1991). What risks are people concerned about. Risk Analysis, 11(2), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1991.tb00606.x
  • Han, D., Duhachek, A., & Agrawal, N. (2014). Emotions shape decisions through construal level: The case of guilt and shame. The Journal of Consumer Research, 41(4), 18. https://doi.org/10.1086/678300
  • Han, Q., Zheng, B., Agostini, M., Bélanger, J. J., Gützkow, B., Kreienkamp, J., Reitsema, A. M., van Breen, J. A., Collaboration, P., & Leander, N. P. (2021). Associations of risk perception of COVID-19 with emotion and mental health during the pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 284, 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.049
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression based approach. Guilford Press.
  • Hernández, C. M., & Tirado, F. (2021). Hidden racism and structures of power in the images of Ebola 2014. Digithum, 27(27), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.7238/d.v0i27.376905
  • Huang, J., & Liu, R. (2020). Xenophobia in America in the age of coronavirus and beyond. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 31(7), 1187–1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2020.04.020
  • Huang, Y., Yang, S., & Dai, J. (2021). Self- versus other-directed outcomes, machiavellianism, and hypothetical distance in COVID-19 antipandemic messages. Social Behaviour and Personality, 49(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.10109
  • Jenni, K. E., & Loewenstein, G. (1997). Explaining the “identifiable victim effect.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 14(3), 235–257. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007740225484
  • Keltner, D., & Lerner, J. S. (2010). Emotion. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 317–352). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001009
  • Koma, W., Artiga, S., Neuman, T., Claxton, G., Rae, M., Kates, J., & Michaud, J. (2020, May 7). Low-income and communities of color at higher risk of serious illness if infected with coronavirus. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/low-income-and-communities-of-color-at-higher-risk-of-serious-illness-if-infected-with-coronavirus/
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. The American Psychologist, 46(8), 819–834. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.8.819
  • Leiserowitz, A. A. (2005). American risk perceptions: Is climate change dangerous? Risk Analysis, 25(6), 1433–1442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00690.x
  • Leiserowitz, A. (2006). Climate change risk perception and policy preferences: The role of affect, imagery, and values. Climatic Change, 77(1), 45–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9059-9
  • Levine, M., & Thompson, K. (2004). Identity, place, and bystander intervention: Social categories and helping after natural disasters. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(3), 229–245. https://doi.org/10.3200/socp.144.3.229-245
  • Liao, C., Hong, J., & Zhao, D. (2019). Understanding corporate surplus food donation in China: Testing the roles of environmental concern, altruism, past experience, and perceived risk. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(16), 16628–16640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05058-5
  • Liviatan, I., Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2008). Interpersonal similarity as a social distance dimension: Implications for perception of others’ actions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(5), 1256–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.007
  • Margolin, D., & Markowitz, D. M. (2017). A multitheoretical approach to big text data: Comparing expressive and rhetorical logics in Yelp reviews. Communication Research, 45(5), 688–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0093650217719177
  • Mead, W. R. (2020, February 3). China is the real sick man of Asia. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-is-the-real-sick-man-of-asia-11580773677
  • Mou, Y., & Lin, C. A. (2014). Communicating food safety via the social media: The role of knowledge and emotions on risk perception and prevention. Science Communication, 36(5), 593–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F1075547014549480
  • Mühlberger, A., Neumann, R., Wieser, M. J., & Pauli, P. (2008). The impact of changes in spatial distance on emotional responses. Emotion, 8(2), 192–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.192
  • Nabi, R. L., Gustafson, A., & Jensen, R. (2018). Framing climate change: Exploring the role of emotion in generating advocacy behavior. Science Communication, 40(4), 442–468. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547018776019
  • Ogbodo, J. N., Onwe, E. C., Chukwu, J., Nwasum, C. J., Nwakpu, E. S., Nwakwo, S. U., Nwamini, S., Elem, S., & Ogbaeja, N. I. (2020). Communicating health crisis: A content analysis of global framing of COVID-19. Health Promotion Perspectives, 10(3), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.34172/2Fhpp.2020.40
  • Paterson, R. J., & Neufeld, R. W. (1987). Clear danger: Situational determinants of the appraisal of threat. Psychological Bulletin, 101(3), 404–416. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.101.3.404
  • Pennebaker, J. W., Zech, E., & Rimé, B. (2001). Disclosing and sharing emotion: Psychological, social, and health consequences. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 517–543). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10436-022
  • Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Zhang, Y., Lu, J. G., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention. Psychological Science, 31(7), 770–780. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620939054
  • Pew Research Center. (2020, July 1). Many Black and Asian Americans say they have experienced discrimination amid the COVID-19 outbreak. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/07/01/many-black-and-asian-americans-say-they-have-experienced-discrimination-amid-the-covid-19-outbreak/
  • Raposa, E. B., Laws, H. B., & Ansell, E. B. (2016). Prosocial behavior mitigates the negative effects of stress in everyday life. Clinical Psychology Science, 4(4), 691–698. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702615611073
  • Reny, T. T., & Barreto, M. A. (2020). Xenophobia in the time of pandemic: Othering, anti-Asian attitudes, and COVID-19. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 10(2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2020.1769693
  • Rim, S., Min, K. E., Liu, P., Chartrand, T. L., & Trope, Y. (2019). The gift of psychological closeness: How feasible versus desirable gifts reduce psychological distance to the giver. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(3), 360–371. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0146167218784899
  • Rosi, A., van Vugt, F. T., Lecce, S., Ceccato, I., Vallarino, M., Rapisarda, F., Vecchi, T., & Cavallini, E. (2021). Risk perception in a real-world situation (COVID-19): How it changes from 18 to 87 years old. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(12), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646558
  • Silver, L., Devlin, K., & Huang, C. (2019, December 5). People around the globe are divided in their opinions of China. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/05/people-around-the-globe-are-divided-in-their-opinions-of-china/
  • Sjöberg, L. (1979). Strength of belief and risk. Policy Sciences, 11(1), 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00143836
  • Skagerlund, K., Forsblad, M., Slovic, P., & Västfjäll, D. (2020). The affect heuristic and risk perception – stability across elicitation methods and individual cognitive abilities. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00970
  • Slovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236(4799), 280–285. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3563507
  • Slovic, P. (1999). Trust, emotion, sex, politics, and science: Surveying the risk-assessment battlefield. Risk Analysis, 19(4), 687–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1999.tb00439.x
  • Smith, E. K., & Mayer, A. (2018). A social trap for the climate? Collective action, trust, and climate change risk perception in 35 countries. Global Environmental Change, 49, 140–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.02.014
  • Spence, A., Poortinga, W., & Pidgeon, N. (2011). The psychological distance of climate change. Risk Analysis, 32(6), 957–972. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01695.x
  • Tausczik, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(1), 24–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X09351676
  • Theodorakis, I. G., & Painesis, G. (2018). The impact of psychological distance and construal level on consumers’ responses to taboos in advertising. Journal of Advertising, 47(2), 161–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2018.1452654
  • Touré-Tillery, M., & Fishback, A. (2017). Too far to help: The effect of perceived distance on the expected impact and likelihood of charitable action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(6), 860–876. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000089
  • Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2003). Temporal construal. Psychological Review, 110(3), 403–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.403
  • Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Wakslak, C. (2007). Construal levels and psychological distance: Effects on representation, prediction, evaluation, and behaviour. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(2), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/2FS1057-7408(07)70013-X
  • Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-Level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440–463. https://doi.org/10.1037/2Fa0018963
  • van de Groep, S., Zanolie, K., Green, K. H., Sweijen, S. W., Crone, E. A., & Capraro, V. (2020). A daily diary study on adolescents’ mood, empathy, and prosocial behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One, 15(10), e0240349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240349
  • van Kleef, G. A., Cheshin, A., Fischer, A. H., & Schneider, I. K. (2016). Editorial: The social nature of emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 896. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00896
  • Wakslak, C., & Trope, Y. (2008). The effect of construal level on subjective proabability estimates. Psychological Science, 20(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/2Fj.1467-9280.2008.02250.x
  • Wakslak, C. J., Nussbaum, S., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2008). Representations of the self in the near and distant future. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 757–773. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012939
  • Xue, J., Chen, J., Hu, R., Chen, C., Zheng, C., Su, Y., & Zhu, T. (2020). Twitter discussions and emotions about the COVID-19 pandemic: Machine learning approach. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(11), e20550. https://doi.org/10.2196/20550
  • Yang, J. Z., & Chu, H. (2018). Who is afraid of the Ebola outbreak? The influence of discrete emotions on risk perception. Journal of Risk Research, 21(7), 834–853. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2016.1247378
  • Yang, J. Z. (2019). Whose risk? Why did the U.S. public ignore information about the Ebola outbreak? Risk Analysis, 39(8), 1708–1722. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13282
  • Yue, Z., & Yang, J. Z. (2022). Compassionate goals, prosocial emotions, and prosocial behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 32(3), 476–489. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2507
  • Zwickle, A., & Wilson, R. S. (2013). Construing risk: Implications for risk communication. In J. Arvai & L. Rivers III (Eds.), Effective risk communication (pp. 1–14). Routledge.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.