Communicative Processes Underlying DIY eJuice Mixing Among Young Adult International ENDS Users

References

• Allem, J. P., Escobedo, P., Chu, K. H., Soto, D. W., Cruz, T. B., & Unger, J. B. (2017). Campaigns and counter campaigns: Reactions on Twitter to e-cigarette education. Tobacco Control, 26(2), 226–229. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrose, B. K., Rostron, B. L., Johnson, S. E., Portnoy, D. B., Apelberg, B. J., Kaufman, A. R., & Choiniere, C. J. (2014). Perceptions of the relative harm of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among US youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(2), S53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.04.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(3), 75–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2009). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 94–124). Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, C. J. (2016). Preferred flavors and reasons for e-cigarette use and discontinued use among never, current, and former smokers. International Journal of Public Health, 61(2), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-015-0764-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, C. J., Stratton, E., Schauer, G. L., Lewis, M., Wang, Y., Windle, M., & Kegler, M. (2015). Perceived harm, addictiveness, and social acceptability of tobacco products and marijuana among young adults: Marijuana, hookah, and electronic cigarettes win. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.958857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigman, C. A., Nagler, R. H., & Viswanath, K. (2016). Representation, exemplification, and risk: Resonance of tobacco graphic health warnings across diverse populations. Health Communication, 31(8), 974–987. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1026430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blount, B. C., Karwowski, M. P., Shields, P. G., Morel-Espinosa, M., Valentin-Blasini, L., Gardner, M., Braselton, M., Brosius, C. R., Caron, K. T., Champters, D., Corstvet, J., Cowan, E., De Jesús, V. R., Espinosa, P., Fernandez, C., Holder, C., Kuklenyik, Z., Kusovschi, J. D., Newman, C. … Pirkle, J. L. (2020). Vitamin E acetate in bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid associated with EVALI. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 697–705. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1916433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bold, K. W., Kong, G., Cavallo, D. A., Camenga, D. R., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2016). Reasons for trying e-cigarettes and risk of continued use. Pediatrics, 138(3), e20160895. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, J. M., Howell, D. N., White, J. R., Andrenyak, D. M., Layton, M. E., & Roll, J. M. (2014). Variable and potentially fatal amounts of nicotine in e-cigarette nicotine solutions. Tobacco Control, 23(1), 77–78. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). National health interview survey: Glossary. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/tobacco/tobacco_glossary.htm
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Outbreak of lung injury associated with the use of e-cigarette, or vaping, products. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html
   Google Scholar
• Clayton, R. B., Leshner, G., Bolls, P. D., & Thorson, E. (2017). Discard the smoking cues–keep the disgust: An investigation of tobacco smokers’ motivated processing of anti-tobacco commercials. Health Communication, 32(11), 1319–1330. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1220042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtemanche, C. J., Palmer, M. K., & Pesko, M. F. (2017). Influence of the flavored cigarette ban on adolescent tobacco use. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(5), e139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.11.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, S., Leigh, N. J., Vanderbush, T. S., Choo, E., Goniewicz, M. L., & Dawkins, L. (2019). An exploration into “do-it-yourself” (DIY) e-liquid mixing: Users’ motivations, practices and product laboratory analysis. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, 100151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, B., Dang, M., Kim, J., & Talbot, P. (2015). Nicotine concentrations in electronic cigarette refill and do-it-yourself fluids. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 17(2), 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, B., Razo, A., Nothnagel, E., Chen, M., & Talbot, P. (2016). Unexpected nicotine in do-it-yourself electronic cigarette flavourings. Tobacco Control, 25(e1), e67–68. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawkins, L., Turner, J., Roberts, A., & Soar, K. (2013). ‘Vaping’ profiles and preferences: An online survey of electronic cigarette users. Addiction, 108(6), 1115–1125. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Discord. (n.d.). Diy_ejuice [apexified]. [Online forum]. https://discord.com/invite/ufVTyAQ
   Google Scholar
• Drazen, J. M., Morrissey, S., & Campion, E. W. (2019). The dangerous flavors of e-cigarettes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 380(7), 679–680. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJME1900484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G. (1999). The future of grounded theory. Qualitative Health Research, 9(6), 836–845. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973299129122199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Grana, R. A., & Ling, P. M. (2014). “Smoking revolution”: A content analysis of electronic cigarette retail websites. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(4), 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun, J., Kim, S.-H., & Wu, L. (2019). Tobacco risk information and comparative risk assessment of e-cigarettes vs. cigarettes: Application of the reinforcing spirals model. Journal of Health Communication, 24(4), 422–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1630526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, R. D., Awopegba, A., De León, E., & Cohen, J. E. (2017). Global approaches to regulating electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Control, 26(4), 440–445. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikut, A., Williams, S., & Hornik, R. (2020). A toxic blend: Assessing the effects of cross-source media coverage of flavored e-cigarettes on youth and young adult perceptions. Journal of Health Communication, 25(8), 640–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2020.1834032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, G., Morean, M. E., Cavallo, D. A., Camenga, D. R., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2015). Reasons for electronic cigarette experimentation and discontinuation among adolescents and young adults. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 17(7), 847–854. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A., & Yegiyan, N. (2011). Individual differences in motivational activation influence responses to pictures of taboo products. Journal of Health Communication, 16(10), 1072–1087. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.571336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leshner, G., Clayton, R. B., Bolls, P. D., & Bhandari, M. (2018). Deceived, disgusted, and defensive: Motivated processing of anti-tobacco advertisements. Health Communication, 33(10), 1223–1232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1350908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. J., & Wackowski, O. (2006). Dealing with an innovative industry: A look at flavored cigarettes promoted by mainstream brands. American Journal of Public Health, 96(2), 244–251. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litosseliti, L. (2003). Using focus groups in research. Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez, L. S., Hughes, S., Walsh-Buhi, E. R., & Tsou, M. H. (2018). “Okay, we get it. You vape”: An analysis of geocoded content, context, and sentiment regarding e-cigarettes on Twitter. Journal of Health Communication, 23(6), 550–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1493057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meacham, M. C., Vogel, E. A., & Thrul, J. (2020). Vaping-related mobile apps available in the Google Play store after the Apple ban: Content review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(11), e20009. https://doi.org/10.2196/20009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morean, M. E., Butler, E. R., Bold, K. W., Kong, G., Camenga, D. R., Cavallo, D. A., Simon, P., O’malley, S. S., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2018). Preferring more e-cigarette flavors is associated with e-cigarette use frequency among adolescents but not adults. Plos One, 13(1), e0189015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NVivo. (2020). Computer software. QSR International.
   Google Scholar
• Paek, H., Kim, S., Hove, T., & Huh, J. Y. (2014). Reduced harm or another gateway to smoking? Source, message, and information characteristics of e-cigarette videos on YouTube. Journal of Health Communication, 19(5), 545–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.821560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddit. (2012, June 8). Diy_ejuice [r/Diy_eJuice]. [Online forum]. https://www.reddit.com/r/DIY_eJuice/
   Google Scholar
• Russell, C., McKeganey, N., Dickson, T., & Nides, M. (2018). Changing patterns of first e-cigarette flavor used and current flavors used by 20,836 adult frequent e-cigarette users in the USA. Harm Reduction Journal, 15(33), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0238-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, L. (1990). Basics of grounded theory methods. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Trehy, M. L., Ye, W., Hadwiger, M. E., Moore, T. W., Allgire, J. F., Woodruff, J. T., Ahadi, S. S., Black, J. C., & Westenberger, B. J. (2011). Analysis of electronic cigarette cartridges, refill solutions, and smoke for nicotine and nicotine related impurities. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 34(14), 1442–1458. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2011.572213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trucco, E. M., Fallah-Sohy, N., Hartmann, S. A., & Cristello, J. V. (2020). Electronic cigarette use among youth: Understanding unique risks in a vulnerable population. Current Addiction Reports, 7(4), 497–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-020-00340-w
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• US Food & Drug Administration. (2009). Family smoking prevention and tobacco control and federal retirement reform. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-111publ31/pdf/PLAW-111publ31.pdf
   Google Scholar
• US Food & Drug Administration. (2020). Vaporizers, E-cigarettes, and other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-ingredients-components/vaporizers-e-cigarettes-and-other-electronic-nicotine-delivery-systems-ends
   Google Scholar
• Walley, S. C., Wilson, K. M., Winickoff, J. P., & Groner, J. (2019). A public health crisis: Electronic cigarettes, vape, and JUUL. Pediatrics, 143(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, T. W., Neff, L. J., Park Lee, E., Ren, C., Cullen, K. A., & King, B. A. (2020). E-cigarette use among middle and high school students—United States, 2020. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(37), 1310–1312. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6937e1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, E., Anholt, C., Gentry, S., Dawkins, L., Holland, R., & Notley, C. (2020). A qualitative exploration of consumers’ perceived impacts, behavioural reactions, and future reflections of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2017) as applied to electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Use Insights, 13, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173X20925458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, L. P., Shakir, S. M. M., Alias, H., Aghamohammadi, N., & Hoe, V. C. (2016). Reasons for using electronic cigarettes and intentions to quit among electronic cigarette users in Malaysia. Journal of Community Health, 41(6), 1101–1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0196-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2019). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2019: Offer help to quit tobacco use. https://www.who.int/teams/health-promotion/tobacco-control/who-report-on-the-global-tobacco-epidemic-2019
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Q., Liu, J., Lochbuehler, K., & Hornik, R. (2019). Does seeking e-cigarette information lead to vaping? Evidence from a national longitudinal survey of youth and young adults. Health Communication, 34(3), 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1407229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, S. H., Gamst, A., Lee, M., Cummins, S., Yin, L., & Zoref, L. (2013). The use and perception of electronic cigarettes and snus among the US population. Plos One, 8(10), e79332. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar