“I Can See a Story from the Warning”: Understanding the Role of Perceived Narrativity in Pictorial Warning Labels

References

• Abbott, H. P. (2021). The Cambridge introduction to narrative (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Abelson, R. P. (1985). A variance explanation paradox: When a little is a lot. Psychological Bulletin, 97(1), 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.97.1.129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher, H. (2016). Polling and the public: What every citizen should know. CQ Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bigman, C. A., Nagler, R. H., & Viswanath, K. (2016). Representation, exemplification, and risk: Resonance of tobacco graphic health warnings across diverse populations. Health Communication, 31(8), 974–987. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1026430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (Eds.). (1981). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, E., Maloney, E. K., Ophir, Y., & Cappella, J. N. (2017). Potential effectiveness of pictorial warning labels that feature the images and personal details of real people. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 19(10), 1138–1148. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, E., Maloney, E., Ophir, Y., & Cappella, J. N. (2019). Designing effective testimonial pictorial warning labels for tobacco products. Health Communication, 34(12), 1383–1394. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1493417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, N. T., Hall, M. G., Lee, J. G. L., Peebles, K., Noar, S. M., & Ribisl, K. M. (2016). Testing warning messages on smokers’ cigarette packages: A standardised protocol. Tobacco Control, 25(2), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, N. T., Jeong, M., Hall, M. G., Baig, S. A., Mendel, J. R., Lazard, A. J., Noar, S. M., Kameny, M. R., & Ribisl, K. M. (2019). Impact of e-cigarette health warnings on motivation to vape and smoke. Tobacco Control, 28(e1), e64–70. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Buykx, P., Li, J., Gavens, L., Hooper, L., Lovatt, M., Gomes de Matos, E., Meier, P., & Holmes, J. (2016). Public awareness of the link between alcohol and cancer in England in 2015: A population-based survey. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1194. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3855-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cho, Y. J., Thrasher, J. F., Swayampakala, K., Yong, H. -H., McKeever, R., Hammond, D., Anshari, D., Cummings, K. M., Borland, R., & Gorlova, O. Y. (2016). Does reactance against cigarette warning labels matter? Warning label responses and downstream smoking cessation amongst adult smokers in Australia, Canada, Mexico and the United States. PLoS One, 11(7), e0159245. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, N., Pechey, E., Mantzari, E., Blackwell, A. K. M., De-loyde, K., Morris, R. W., Munafò, M. R., Marteau, T. M., & Hollands, G. J. (2021). Impact of health warning labels communicating the risk of cancer on alcohol selection: An online experimental study. Addiction, 116(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlstrom, M. F. (2021). The narrative truth about scientific misinformation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(15), e1914085117. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914085117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72(2), 144–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750500111815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, M. G., Grummon, A. H., Lazard, A. J., Maynard, O. M., & Taillie, L. S. (2020). Reactions to graphic and text health warnings for cigarettes, sugar-sweetened beverages, and alcohol: An online randomized experiment of US adults. Preventive Medicine, 137, 106120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, M. G., Marteau, T. M., Sunstein, C. R., Ribisl, K. M., Noar, S. M., Orlan, E. N., & Brewer, N. T. (2018). Public support for pictorial warnings on cigarette packs: An experimental study of US smokers. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 41(3), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-018-9910-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, M. G., Sheeran, P., Noar, S. M., Boynton, M. H., Ribisl, K. M., Parada, H., Johnson, T. O., & Brewer, N. T. (2018). Negative affect, message reactance, and perceived risk: How do pictorial cigarette pack warnings change quit intentions? Tobacco Control, 27(E2), e136–142. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, M. G., Sheeran, P., Noar, S. M., Ribisl, K. M., Boynton, M. H., & Brewer, N. T. (2017). A brief measure of reactance to health warnings. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40(3), 520–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-016-9821-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, D., Reid, J. L., Driezen, P., Thrasher, J. F., Gupta, P. C., Nargis, N., Li, Q., Yuan, J., Boudreau, C., Fong, G. T., Cummings, K. M., & Borland, R. (2019). Are the same health warnings effective across different countries? An experimental study in seven countries. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 21(7), 887–895. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnebrock, S., & Bilandzic, H. (2006, June). How to make a story work: Introducing the concept of narrativity into narrative persuasion. International Communication Association Conference 2006, Dresden, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, W. M. P., Zajac, L. E., & Monin, M. M. (2009). Worry as a moderator of the association between risk perceptions and quitting intentions in young adult and adult smokers. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 38(3), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9143-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaVoie, N. R., Quick, B. L., Riles, J. M., & Lambert, N. J. (2017). Are graphic cigarette warning labels an effective message strategy? A test of psychological reactance theory and source appraisal. Communication Research, 44(3), 416–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215609669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, R., & Ma, Z. (2022). Social media use and demographics predicted knowledge about alcohol as a cancer risk factor. American Journal of Health Promotion, 36(6), 1025–1028. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171221087098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Z. (2022). The role of narrative pictorial warning labels in communicating alcohol-related cancer risks. Health Communication, 37(10), 1345–1353. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1888456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Z., & Yang, G. (2022). Show me a photo of the character: Exploring the interaction between text and visuals in narrative persuasion. Journal of Health Communication, 27(2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2022.2065387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, C. H., Lane, L. T., Deatrick, L. M., Young, A. M., & Potts, K. A. (2007). Psychological reactance and promotional health messages: The effects of controlling language, lexical concreteness, and the restoration of freedom. Human Communication Research, 33(2), 219–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00297.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J., McGregor, L., Currie, S., & O’carroll, R. E. (2021). Investigating the effects of threatening language, message framing, and reactance in opt-out organ donation campaigns. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 56(1), kaab017. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaab017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk, R. L., Westwood, J., Heim, D., & Qureshi, A. W. (2017). The effect of pictorial content on attention levels and alcohol-related beliefs: An eye-tracking study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(3), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer-Gusé, E. (2008). Toward a theory of entertainment persuasion: Explaining the persuasive effects of entertainment-education messages. Communication Theory, 18(3), 407–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00328.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Hall, M. G., Francis, D. B., Ribisl, K. M., Pepper, J. K., & Brewer, N. T. (2016). Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Tobacco Control, 25(3), 341–354. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’brien, P., Gleeson, D., Room, R., & Wilkinson, C. (2018). Commentary on ‘Communicating Messages About Drinking’: Using the ‘Big Legal Guns’ to block alcohol health warning labels. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 53(3), 333–336. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agx124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’keefe, D. J. (2003). Message properties, mediating states, and manipulation checks: Claims, evidence, and data analysis in experimental persuasive message effects research. Communication Theory, 13(3), 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00292.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooms, J. A., Jansen, C. J., & Hoeks, J. C. (2020). The story against smoking: An exploratory study into the processing and perceived effectiveness of narrative visual smoking warnings. Health Education Journal, 79(2), 166–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896919867436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oschatz, C., & Marker, C. (2020). Long-term persuasive effects in narrative communication research: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Communication, 70(4), 473–496. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqaa017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirlott, A. G., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2016). Design approaches to experimental mediation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 66, 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poggiolini, C. (2020). Beneficial effects of reactance in health-related behavior? The effects of fear appeals on defensive and accepting reactions of smokers with different levels of self-esteem. Studies in Communication and Media, 9(3), 421–444. https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2020-3-421
   Google Scholar
• Quick, B. L. (2012). Reactance theory and persuasion. In J. Dillard & L. Shen (The SAGE handbook of persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (pp. 167–183). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218410.n11.
   Google Scholar
• Rains, S. A. (2013). The nature of psychological reactance revisited: A meta-analytic review. Human Communication Research, 39(1), 47–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01443.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, J. P., Pilling, M., & Marteau, T. M. (2018). Communicating quantitative evidence of policy effectiveness and support for the policy: Three experimental studies. Social Science & Medicine, 218, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more Version 0.5-12 (BETA). Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumgay, H., Shield, K., Charvat, H., Ferrari, P., Sornpaisarn, B., Obot, I., Islami, F., Lemmens, V. E. P. P., Rehm, J., & Soerjomataram, I. (2021). Global burden of cancer in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: A population-based study. The Lancet Oncology, 22(8), 1071–1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00279-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheideler, J. K., & Klein, W. M. P. (2018). Awareness of the link between alcohol consumption and cancer across the World: A review. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 27(4), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-0645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, L. (2010). Mitigating psychological reactance: The role of message-induced empathy in persuasion. Human Communication Research, 36(3), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01381.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen, K. L., Christensen, A. S. P., & Meyer, M. K. H. (2020). Awareness of alcohol as a risk factor for cancer: A population-based cross-sectional study among 3000 Danish men and women. Preventive Medicine Reports, 19, 101156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar