Attitudes and Misconceptions of Coronavirus Disease and Vaccination Among African Americans in Rural Mississippi

References

• Austin, E. W., Borah, P., & Domgaard, S. (2021). COVID-19 disinformation and political engagement among communities of color: The role of media literacy. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-58
   Google Scholar
• Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A. , and Willer, R. (2021). Using social and behavioral science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behavior, 4(5), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biasio, L. R., Bonaccorsi, G., Lorini, C., & Pecorelli, S. (2021). Assessing COVID-19 vaccine literacy: A preliminary online survey. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(5), 1304–1312. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1829315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogart, L. M., Lu, D., Priya, G., Samantha, R., & Terry, L. S. & Bisola, O. O. (2021). What contributes to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in black communities, and how can it be addressed? RAND Corporation, 2021. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1110-1.html
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, L. C., Asiedu, G. B., Jones, C., Richard, M., Erickson, J., Weis, J., Abbenyi, A., Brockman, T. A., Sia, I. G., Wieland, M. L., White, R. O., & Doubeni, C. A. (2020). Emergency preparedness and risk communication among African American churches: Leveraging a community-based participatory research partnership COVID-19 initiative. Preventing Chronic Disease, 17, E158. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, N., Chapman, G., Gibbons, F., Gerrard, M., McCaul, K., & Weinstein, N. (2007). Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: The example of vaccination. Health Psychology, 26(2), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broucke, S. V. D. (2020). Why health promotion matters to the COVID-19 pandemic, and vice versa. Health Promotion International, 35(2), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daaa042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, V. J. (2014). Risk perception: It’s personal. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(10), A276–279. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.122-A276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021a). About COVID-19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/about-covid-19/basics-covid-19.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021b). CDC WONDER. Underlying cause of death 1999-2019. https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021c). COVID-19 key facts. https://www.cdc.gov/dotw/covid-19/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021d). COVID-19 medical conditions. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021e). COVID-19 symptoms. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021f). Protect yourself. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). COVID data tracker. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccination-demographics-trends
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y., & Luo, Y. (2021). The presumed influence of digital misinformation: Examining US public’s support for governmental restrictions versus corrective action in the COVID-19 pandemic. Online Information Review, 45(4), 834–852. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-08-2020-0386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements, J. M. (2020). Knowledge and behaviors toward COVID-19 among US residents during the early days of the pandemic: Cross-sectional online questionnaire. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(2), e19161. https://doi.org/10.2196/19161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cosby, A. G., & Bowser, D. M. (2008). The health of the Delta Region: A story of increasing disparities. Journal of Health & Human Services Administration, 31(1), 58–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuadros, D. F., Branscum, A. J., Mukandavire, Z., Miller, F. D., & MacKinnon, N. (2021). Dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic in urban and rural areas in the United States. Annals of Epidemiology, 59, 16–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler, M. E., Tynan, M. A., Howard, M. E., Honeycutt, S., Fulmer, E. B., Kidder, D. P., Robbins, R., Barger, L. K., Facer-Childs, E. R., Baldwin, G., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., & Czeisler, C. A. (2020, June). Public attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs related to COVID-19, stay-at-home orders, nonessential business closures, and public health guidance–United States, New York City, and Los Angeles, May 5-12, 2020. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, 69(24), 751. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, A. M., O’Shay-Wallace, S., Seeger, M. W., & McElmurry, S. P. (2019). Informational sources, social media use, and race in the Flint, Michigan, water crisis. Communication Studies, 70(3), 352–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2019.1567566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, A. M., O’Shay-Wallace, S., Seeger, M. W., & McElmurry, S. P. (2020). Gender and presence of children: Examining media uses, informational needs, and source preferences during the Flint, Michigan, water crisis. Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 3(2), 141–178. https://doi.org/10.30658/jicrcr.3.2.2
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs, V. R. (2020). Health care policy after the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA, 324(3), 233–234. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.10777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennuso, K. P., Jovaag, A., Catlin, B. B., Rodock, M., & Park, H. (2016). Assessment of factors contributing to health outcomes in the eight states of the Mississippi Delta region. Preventing Chronic Disease, 13, E33. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd13.150440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharpure, R., Hunter, C. M., Schnall, A. H., Barrett, C. E., Kirby, A. E., Kunz, J., Berling, K., Mercante, J. W., Murphy, J. L., & Garcia-Williams, A. G. (2020). Knowledge and practices regarding safe household cleaning and disinfection for COVID-19 prevention - United States, May 2020. MMWR, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(23), 705–709. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6923e2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohel, K. H., Patel, P. B., Shah, P. M., Patel, J. R., Pandit, N., & Raut, A. (2021). Knowledge and perceptions about COVID-19 among the medical and allied health science students in India: An online cross-sectional survey. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 9, 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, P. S., Chinn, S., & Soroka, S. (2020). Politicization and polarization in COVID-19 news coverage. Science Communication, 42(5), 679–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547020950735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haughton, J., Takemoto, M. L., Schneider, J., Hooker, S. P., Rabin, B., Brownson, R. C., & Arredondo, E. M. (2020). Identifying barriers, facilitators, and implementation strategies for a faith-based physical activity program. Implementation Science Communications, 1(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-020-00043-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Head, K. J., Kasting, M. L., Sturm, L. A., Hartsock, J. A., & Zimet, G. D. (2020). A national survey assessing SARS-CoV-2 vaccination intentions: Implications for future public health communication efforts. Science Communication, 42(5), 698–723. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547020960463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, F. K., Celis-Morales, C. A., Gray, S. R., Katikireddi, S. V., Niedzwiedz, C. L., Hastie, C., Ferguson, L. D., Berry, C., Mackay, D. F., Gill, J. M., Pell, J. P., Sattar, N., & Welsh, P. (2020). Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for COVID-19, and comparison to risk factors for influenza and pneumonia: Results from a UK Biobank prospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 10(11), e040402. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, G., & Qiu, W. (2020). From guidance to practice: Promoting risk communication and community engagement for prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 13(2), 168–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12387
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iboi, E., Richardson, A., Ruffin, R., Ingram, D., Clark, J., Hawkins, J., McKinney, M., Horne, N., Ponder, R., Denton, Z., Agusto, F. B., Oduro, B., & Akinyemi, L. (2021). Impact of public health education program on the novel coronavirus outbreak in the United States. Frontiers in Public Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.630974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson Free Press. (2020). Build your emergency supply kit for COVID-19. https://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2020/mar/12/build-your-emergency-supply-kit-covid-19/
   Google Scholar
• Judin, N., & Pittman, A. (2021). Pandemic timeline: COVID-19 in Mississippi. Mississippi Free Press. https://www.mississippifreepress.org/9913/mississippcovid-19-timeline/
   Google Scholar
• Khadka, S., Hashmi, F. K., & Usman, M. (2020). Preventing COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives: For Rational Drug Selection and Use, 36(6), 1–3. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40267-020-00728-8
   Google Scholar
• Khubchandani, J., & Macias, Y. (2021). COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in Hispanics and African Americans: A review and recommendations for practice. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health, 15, 100277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100277
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, S. (2014). The role of prior expectancies and relational satisfaction in crisis. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91(1), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699013514413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreps, S., Dasgupta, N., Brownstein, J. S., Hswen, Y., & Kriner, D. L. (2021). Public attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination: The role of vaccine attributes, incentives, and misinformation. NPJ Vaccines, 6(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-021-00335-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreps, S. E., Goldfarb, J. L., Brownstein, J. S., & Kriner, D. L. (2021). The relationship between US adults’ misconceptions about COVID-19 vaccines and vaccination preferences. Vaccines, 9(8), 901. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080901
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachlan, K. A., Burke, J., Spence, P. R., & Griffin, D. (2009). Risk perceptions, race, and Hurricane Katrina. Howard Journal of Communications, 20(3), 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170903070035
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald, N. E., & SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope, and determinants. Vaccine, 33(34), 4161–4164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, A. A., McFadden, S. M., Elharake, J., & Omer, S. B. (2020). Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the US. EClinicalMedicine, 26, 100495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100495
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mississippi Department of Health. (2021a). COVID-19 guidance and prevention for individuals and the community. https://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/14,21866,420.html
   Google Scholar
• Mississippi Department of Health. (2021b). Demographic and clinical risk factors for COVID-19 in-hospital deaths in Mississippi, 2020. https://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/resources/15891.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mississippi Department of Health. (2021c). Mississippi COVID-19 data charts and maps. https://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/14,0,420,873.html
   Google Scholar
• Mississippi Department of Health. (2021d). The Mississippi COVID-19 vaccine confidence survey: Population results. https://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/resources/13827.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mississippi Department of Health. (2021e). Mississippi State Department of HEALTH COVID-19 vaccination reporting chrome. extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://msdh.ms.gov/page/resources/12130.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mississippi Department of Health. (2021f). COVID-19 data reports. https://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/14,0,420.html#caseTable
   Google Scholar
• Momplaisir, F., Haynes, N., Nkwihoreze, H., Nelson, M., Werner, R. M., & Jemmott, J. (2021). Understanding drivers of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Blacks. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, ciab102. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostafapour, M., Meyer, S., & Scholer, A. (2019). Exploring the effect of risk and benefit information provision on vaccination decision-making. Vaccine, 37(44), 6750–6759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, J. T., Mcconnell, K., Burow, P. B., Pofahl, K., Merdjanoff, A. A., & Farrell, J. (2021). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 118(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019378118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 160940691773384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plater, R. (2020). How a small wedding in Maine became a deadly COVID-19 superspreader. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-a-small-wedding-in-maine-became-a-deadly-covid-19-superspreader
   Google Scholar
• Ransom, R. (2021). Mississippi finally gets something right when it comes to battling COVID-19. ABC 24. https://www.localmemphis.com/article/opinion/opinion-mississippi-finally-gets-something-right-when-it-comes-to-battling-covid-19-richard-ransom/522-80ba7a0d-f776-4cae-a40f-09bb6356b1e4
   Google Scholar
• Reinders Folmer, C. P., Brownlee, M. A., Fine, A. D., Kooistra, E. B., Kuiper, M. E., Olthuis, E. H., de Bruijn, A. L., & van Rooij, B. (2021). Social distancing in America: Understanding long-term adherence to COVID-19 mitigation recommendations. PLos One, 16(9), e0257945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, R., & Real, K. (2003). Perceived risk and efficacy beliefs as motivators of change: Use of the risk perception attitude (RPA) framework to understand health behaviors. Human Communication Research, 29(3), 370–399. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/29.3.370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, C. T., Bentele, K., Meyerson, B., Wood, A. S. A., Salwa, J., & Gesser-Edelsburg, A. (2021). Effects of political versus expert messaging on vaccination intentions of Trump voters. PLos One, 16(9), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romer, D., & Jamieson, K. H. (2020). Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 263, 113356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowel, R., Moore, N. D., Nowrojee, S., Memiah, P., & Bronner, Y. (2005). The utility of the environmental scan for public health practice: Lessons from an urban program to increase cancer screening. Journal of the National Medical Association, 97(4), 527–534. https://ircommons.uwf.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/The-utility-of-the-environmental-scan/99380090321806600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeger, M. W., & Reynolds, B. (2007). Crisis communication and the public health: Integrated approaches and new imperatives. In M. W. Seeger, T. L. Sellnow & R. R. Ulmer (Eds.), Crisis communication and the public health (pp. 3–20). Hampton.
   Google Scholar
• Sellnow-Richmond, D. D., Lukacovic, M. N., Sellnow-Richmond, S. A., & Kraushaar, L. (2021). Messages in conflict: Examining leadership communication during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 4(3), 485–516. https://doi.org/10.30658/jicrcr.4.3.2
   Google Scholar
• Sellnow, T. L., Ulmer, R. R., Seeger, M. W., & Littlefield, R. S. (2010). Effective risk communication: A message-centered approach. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, P. D., Calo, W. A., Gilkey, M. B., Boynton, M. H., Alton Dailey, S., Todd, K. G., Robichaud, M. O., Margolis, M. A., & Brewer, N. T. (2019). Questions and concerns about HPV vaccine: A communication experiment. Pediatrics, 143(2), e20181872. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-1872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shavers, V. L., Lynch, C. F., & Burmeister, L. F. (2000). Knowledge of the Tuskegee study and its impact on the willingness to participate in medical research studies. Journal of the National Medical Association, 92(12), 563–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha, A., Thapa, T. B., Giri, M., Kumar, S., Dhobi, S., Thapa, H., Dhami, P. P., Shahi, A., Ghimire, A., & Rathaur, E. S. (2021). Knowledge and attitude on prevention of COVID-19 among community health workers in Nepal-a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11400-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., & Peters, E. (2006). Risk perception and affect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(6), 322–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00461.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, G. (2014). Understanding public perceptions of benefits and risks of childhood vaccinations in the United States. Risk Analysis, 34(3), 541–555. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence, P. R., Lachlan, K. A., & Burke, J. A. (2011). Differences in crisis knowledge across age, race, and socioeconomic status during Hurricane Ike: A field test and extension of the knowledge gap hypothesis. Communication Theory, 21(3), 261–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01385.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence, P. R., Lachlan, K. A., Westerman, D., & Spates, S. A. (2013). Where the gates matter less: Ethnicity and perceived source credibility in social media health messages. Howard Journal of Communications, 24(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2013.748593
   Google Scholar
• Tates, K., Zwaanswijk, M., Otten, R., van Dulmen, S., Hoogerbrugge, P. M., Kamps, W. A., & Bensing, J. M. (2009). Online focus groups as a tool to collect data in hard-to-include populations: Examples from paediatric oncology. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-9-15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor, S., Asmundson, G., & Capraro, V. (2021). Negative attitudes about facemasks during the COVID-19 pandemic: The dual importance of perceived ineffectiveness and psychological reactance. PLos One, 16(2), e0246317. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Lancet. (2020). COVID-19: Fighting panic with information. Lancet (London, England), 395(10224), 537. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30379-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, D. (2020a). Most parents confident in school safety from COVID, but black families less so. https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2020/dec/28/most-parents-confident-in-school-safety-from/?news
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, D. (2020b). Newsom says he made “bad mistake” attending pricey party. https://apnews.com/article/san-francisco-birthdays-coronavirus-pandemic-california-gavin-newsom-87c30271f2c009743d1839a25bdfcc2c
   Google Scholar
• Ugarte, D. A., Cumberland, W. G., Flores, L., & Young, S. D. (2021). Public attitudes about COVID-19 in response to President Trump’s social media posts. JAMA Network Open, 4(2), e210101. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., & Seeger, M. W. (2022). Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Veil, S., Reynolds, B., Sellnow, T. L., & Seeger, M. W. (2008). CERC as a theoretical framework for research and practice. Health Promotion Practice, 9(4), 26S–34S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839908322113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wells, A., McClave, R., Cotter, E. W., Pruski, T., Nix, D., & Snelling, A. M. (2022). Engaging faith-based organizations to promote health through health ministries in Washington, DC. Journal of Religion & Health, Advance online publication, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01651-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilburn, A., Vanderpool, R. C., & Knight, J. R. (2016). Environmental scanning as a public health tool: Kentucky’s human papillomavirus vaccination project. Preventing Chronic Disease, 13, 160165. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd13.160165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willingham, L. (2021). Mississippi officials block COVID vaccine misinformation. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/technology-health-coronavirus-pandemic-mississippi-misinformation-5805dca5d083b82f19cfb9347532e5bf
   Google Scholar
• Woko, C., Siegel, L., & Hornik, R. (2020). An investigation of low COVID-19 vaccination intentions among Black Americans: The role of behavioral beliefs and trust in COVID-19 information sources. Journal of Health Communication, 10(10), 819–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2020.1864521
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2014). Report of the sage working group on vaccine hesitancy.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021a). Coronavirus (COVID-19) data. https://www.who.int/data
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021b). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021c). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted? https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021d). COVID-19 advice for the public: Getting vaccinated. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines/advice
   Google Scholar