Unraveling the Dark Side of Social Norms—Toward a Research Agenda on the Challenges of Social Norms in Health Communication

References

• Agranov, M., Elliott, M., & Ortoleva, P. (2021). The importance of social norms against strategic effects: The case of covid-19 vaccine uptake. Economics Letters 206, Article 109979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109979
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J., Gentzkow, M., Thaler, M., & Yang, D. (2020). Polarization and public health: Partisan differences in social distancing during the coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Public Economics 191, Article 104254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aschwanden, C. (2021). Five reasons why COVID herd immunity is probably impossible. Nature, 591(7851), 520–522. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00728-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (2008). Media system dependency theory. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of communication (Vol. 12, pp. 485–490). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd . https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecm051
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3(3), 265–299. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0303_03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, A. D. (2004). The social norms approach: Theory, research, and annotated bibliography. http://www.alanberkowitz.com/articles/social_norms.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Betsch, C., Böhm, R., & Korn, L. (2013). Inviting free-riders or appealing to prosocial behavior? Game-theoretical reflections on communicating herd immunity in vaccine advocacy. Health Psychology, 32(9), 978–985. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betsch, C., Böhm, R., Korn, L., & Holtmann, C. (2017). On the benefits of explaining herd immunity in vaccine advocacy. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(3), Article 0056. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bir, C., & Widmar, N. O. (2021). Social pressure, altruism, free-riding, and non-compliance in mask wearing by U.S. residents in response to COVID-19 pandemic. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 4(1), Article 100229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100229
   Google Scholar
• Boberg, S., Quandt, T., Schatto-Eckrodt, T., & Frischlich, L. (2020). Pandemic populism: Facebook pages of alternative news media and the corona crisis – A computational content analysis. (Muenster Online Research No. 1). https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.02566
   Google Scholar
• Böhm, R., & Betsch, C. (2022). Prosocial vaccination. Current Opinion in Psychology, 43, 307–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capurro, G., Jardine, C. G., Tustin, J., Driedger, M., & Simuunza, M. C. (2022). Moral panic about “covidiots” in Canadian newspaper coverage of COVID-19. PloS One, 17(1), Article e0261942. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261942
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbonara, E. (2017). Law and social norms. In F. Parisi (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of law and economics (pp. 466–482). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.032
   Google Scholar
• Cato, S., Iida, T., Ishida, K., Ito, A., McElwain, K. M., & Shoji, M. (2020). Social distancing as a public good under the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 188, 51–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015–1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 151–192). McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Collis, A., Garimella, K., Moehring, A., Rahimian, M. A., Babalola, S., Gobat, N. H., Shattuck, D., Stolow, J., Aral, S., & Eckles, D. (2022). Global survey on COVID-19 beliefs, behaviours and norms. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(9), 1310–1317. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01347-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diekmann, A. (2022). Emergence of and compliance with new social norms: The example of the COVID crisis in Germany. Rationality and Society, 34(2), 129–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631221092749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edberg, M., & Krieger, L. (2020). Recontextualizing the social norms construct as applied to health promotion. SSM - Population Health, 10(2), Article 100560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100560
   Google Scholar
• Frei, N., Schäfer, R., & Nachtwey, O. (2021). Die Proteste gegen die Corona-Maßnahmen [The protests against the Corona measures]. Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen, 34(2), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1515/fjsb-2021-0021
   Google Scholar
• Friemel, T. N., Geber, S., & Egli, S. (2020). Informations- und Kommunikationsverhalten in der Corona-Krise [Information and communication behavior in theCorona crisis]. In M. Eisenegger, F. Oehmer, L. Udris & D. Vogler (Eds.), Die Qualität der Medienberichterstattung zur Corona-Pandemie [The quality of media coverage of the Corona pandemic] (pp. 51–60). Schwabe.
   Google Scholar
• Frischlich, L., Eldridge, S. A., Figenschou, T. U., Ihlebæk, K. A., Holt, K., & Cushion, S. (2023). Contesting the mainstream: Towards an audience-centered agenda of alternative news research. Digital Journalism, 11(5), 727–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2214791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galizzi, M. M., W Lau, K., Miraldo, M., & Hauck, K. (2022). Bandwagoning, free-riding and heterogeneity in influenza vaccine decisions: An online experiment. Health Economics, 31(4), 614–646. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.4467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geber, S., & Hefner, D. (2019). Social norms as communicative phenomena: A communication perspective on the theory of normative social behavior. Studies in Communication and Media, 8(1), 6–28. https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2019-1-6
   Google Scholar
• Geber, S., & Ho, S. S. (2023). Examining the cultural dimension of contact-tracing app adoption during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-country study in Singapore and Switzerland. Information, Communication & Society, 26(11), 2229–2249. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2082880
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geber, S., Ho, S. S., & Ou, M. (2023). Communication, social norms, and the intention to get vaccinated against Covid-19. A cross-cultural study in Singapore and Switzerland. European Journal of Health Communication, 4(2), 113–139. https://doi.org/10.47368/ejhc.2023.206
   Google Scholar
• Geber, S., & Sedlander, E. (2022). Communication as the crucial link: Toward a multilevel approach to normative social influence. Studies in Communication Sciences, 22(2), 345–362. https://doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2022.02.005
   Google Scholar
• Gelfand, M. J. (2012). Culture’s constraints: International differences in the strength of social norms. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(6), 420–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412460048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelfand, M. J., Jackson, J. C., Pan, X., Nau, D., Pieper, D., Denison, E., Dagher, M., van Lange, P. A. M., Chiu, C. ‑Y., & Wang, M. (2021). The relationship between cultural tightness‐looseness and COVID-19 cases and deaths: A global analysis. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5(3), e135–e144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30301-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Georgieva, I., Lantta, T., Lickiewicz, J., Pekara, J., Wikman, S., Loseviča, M., Raveesh, B. N., Mihai, A., & Lepping, P. (2021). Perceived effectiveness, restrictiveness, and compliance with containment measures against the Covid-19 pandemic: An international comparative study in 11 countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), Article 3806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbner, G. (1969). Toward “cultural indicators”: The analysis of mass mediated public message systems. AV Communication Review, 17(2), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02769102
   Google Scholar
• Grunawalt, J. (2021). The villain unmasked: COVID-19 and the necropolitics of the anti-mask movement. Disability Studies Quarterly, 41(3). https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v41i3.8343
   Google Scholar
• Gunther, A. C. (1998). The persuasive press inference. Communication Research, 25(5), 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365098025005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther, A. C., Bolt, D., Borzekowski, D. L. G., Liebhart, J. L., & Dillard, J. P. (2006). Presumed influence on peer norms: How mass media indirectly affect adolescent smoking. Journal of Communication, 56(1), 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00002.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther, A. C., & Storey, J. D. (2003). The influence of presumed influence. Journal of Communication, 53(2), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02586.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannawa, A. F., & Stojanov, A. (2022). “Compliant supporters,” “anxious skeptics,” and “defiant deniers”: A latent profile analysis of people’s responses to COVID-19 communications. Health Communication. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2022.2162224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A., & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication Theory, 16(1), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00003.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, K. (2018). Alternative media and the notion of anti-systemness: Towards an analytical framework. Media and Communication, 6(4), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i4.1467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, K., Ustad Figenschou, T., & Frischlich, L. (2019). Key dimensions of alternative news media. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 860–869. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homer-Dixon, T., Renn, O., Rockstrom, J., Donges, J. F., & Janzwood, S. (2022). A call for an international research program on the risk of a global polycrisis. Cascade Institute. https://cascadeinstitute.org/technical-paper/a-call-for-an-international-research-program-on-the-risk-of-a-
   Google Scholar
• Hong, Y., & Kim, S. (2019). Influence of presumed media influence for health prevention: How mass media indirectly promote health prevention behaviors through descriptive norms. Health Communication, 35(14), 1800–1810. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1663585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewett, R. L., Mah, S. M., Howell, N., & Larsen, M. M. (2021). Social cohesion and community resilience during COVID-19 and pandemics: A rapid scoping review to inform the United Nations research roadmap for COVID-19 recovery. International Journal of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation, 51(3), 325–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731421997092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungkunz, S. (2021). Political polarization during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Political Science, 3, Article 622512. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512
   Google Scholar
• Klinenberg, E., & Sherman, M. (2021). Face mask face-offs: Culture and conflict in the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Culture, 33(3), 441–466. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-9262919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korn, L., Böhm, R., Meier, N. W., & Betsch, C. (2020). Vaccination as a social contract. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(26), 14890–14899. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919666117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krenn, S. (2021). Making vaccines the new social norm. Global Health Now. https://www.globalhealthnow.org/2021-03/making-vaccines-new-social-norm
   Google Scholar
• Kwon, S. (2022). Mask wearing and perceived discrimination associated with COVID-19 in the United States from March 2020 to May 2021: Three-level longitudinal analyses. Health Education & Behavior, 49(2), 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221076396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapinski, M. K., & Rimal, R. N. (2005). An explication of social norms. Communication Theory, 15(2), 127–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2005.tb00329.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, K., Miraldo, M., Galizzi, M. M., & Hauck, K. (2019). Social norms and free-riding in influenza vaccine decisions in the UK: An online experiment. Lancet, 394(S65). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32862-4
   Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, J. S., Pang, G., van den Hengel, A., & van Hengel, A. D. (2022). Deep learning for hate speech detection: A comparative study. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.09517
   Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K., & Rossi, A. S. (1968). Contributions to the theory of reference group behavior. In R. K. Merton (Ed.), Social theory and social (pp. 279–334). Free Press of Glencoe.
   Google Scholar
• Moehring, A., Collis, A., Garimella, K., Rahimian, M. A., Aral, S., & Eckles, D. (2023). Providing normative information increases intentions to accept a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Communications, 14(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35052-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachtwey, O., Schäfer, R., Frei, N., & Frei, N. (2020). Politische Soziologie der Corona-Proteste: Grundauswertung [Political sociology of the Corona protests: Basic evaluation]. University of Basel. https://edoc.unibas.ch/80835/1/20210118133822_6005813e51e0a.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Neville, F. G., Templeton, A., Smith, J. R., & Louis, W. R. (2021). Social norms, social identities and the COVID-19 pandemic: Theory and recommendations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(5), Article e12596. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, T., & Forbus, K. (2021). Learning norms via natural language teachings. In Proceedings of the Ninth Advances in Cognitive Systems (ACS) Conference. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.10556
   Google Scholar
• Paasch-Colberg, S., Trebbe, J., Strippel, C., & Emmer, M. (2022). Insults, criminalisation, and calls for violence: Forms of hate speech and offensive language in German user comments on immigration. In A. Monnier, A. Boursier & A. Seoane (Eds.), Cyberhate in the context of migrations (pp. 137–163). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92103-3_6
   Google Scholar
• Pantenburg, J., Reichardt, S., & Sepp, B. (2021). Corona-Proteste und das (Gegen-)Wissen sozialer Bewegungen [Corona protests and the (counter)knowledge of social movements]. Aus Politik Und Zeitgeschichte, 71(3–4), 22–27. https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/2fdc8c20-920c-4aef-b2bf-ca9055f09c45/content
   Google Scholar
• Patrick, M. E., Neighbors, C., & Lee, C. M. (2012). A hierarchy of 21st birthday drinking norms. Journal of College Student Development, 53(4), 581–585. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2012.0060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petherick, A., Goldszmidt, R., Andrade, E. B., Furst, R., Hale, T., Pott, A., & Wood, A. (2021). A worldwide assessment of changes in adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviours and hypothesized pandemic fatigue. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(9), 1145–1160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01181-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prosser, A. M. B., Judge, M., Bolderdijk, J. W., Blackwood, L., & Kurz, T. (2020). ’Distancers’ and ’non-distancers’? The potential social psychological impact of moralizing COVID-19 mitigating practices on sustained behaviour change. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(3), 653–662. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinemann, C., Haas, A., & Rieger, D. (2022). “I don’t care, ’cause I don’t trust them!” The impact of information sources, institutional trust, and right-wing populist attitudes on the perception of the COVID-19 pandemic during the first lockdown in Germany. Studies in Communication and Media, 11(1), 132–168. https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2022-1-132
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, B., & Seeger, M. W. (2005). Crisis and emergency risk communication as an integrative model. Journal of Health Communication, 10(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730590904571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N., & Lapinski, M. K. (2015). A re-explication of social norms, ten years later. Communication Theory, 25(4), 393–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N., & Lapinski, M. K. (2021). Attribute-centred theorizing to address behavioural changes. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 99(11), 828–833. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.285363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N., Lapinski, M. K., Turner, M. M., & Smith, K. C. (2011). The attribute-centered approach for understanding health behaviors: Initial ideas and future research directions. Studies in Communication Sciences, 11(1), 15–34.
   Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N., & Real, K. (2005). How behaviors are influenced by perceived norms: A test of the theory of normative social behavior. Communication Research, 32(3), 389–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650205275385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N., & Storey, J. D. (2020). Construction of meaning during a pandemic: The forgotten role of social norms. Health Communication, 35(14), 1732–1734. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1838091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, C. R., & van der Linden, S. (2023). Social norms as a powerful lever for motivating pro-climate actions. One Earth, 6(4), 346–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2023.03.014
   Google Scholar
• Schubert, M., Ludwig, J., Freiberg, A., Hahne, T. M., Romero Starke, K., Girbig, M., Faller, G., Apfelbacher, C., Knesebeck, O. V. D., & Seidler, A. (2021). Stigmatization from work-related COVID-19 exposure: A systematic review with meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), Article 6183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman, H. C., Rhodes, N., Davidson, E., Ralston, R., Borghetti, L., & Morr, L. (2017). The state of the field of social norms research. International Journal of Communication, 11, 1192–1213. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, S., Kaufmann, M. C., Glozman, V., & Chakrabarti, A. (2020). Disease X: Accelerating the development of medical countermeasures for the next pandemic. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(5), e108–e115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30123-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1(2), 149–178. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420010202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin, S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Brooks/Cole Publ.
   Google Scholar
• Täuber, S. (2018). Moralized health-related persuasion undermines social cohesion. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 909. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travaglino, G. A., & Moon, C. (2021). Compliance and self-reporting during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-cultural study of trust and self-conscious emotions in the United States, Italy, and South Korea. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 565845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.565845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triandis, H. C. (2018). Individualism & collectivism. New directions in social psychology. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429499845
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2013). The differential susceptibility to media effects model. Journal of Communication, 63(2), 221–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Walther, J. B. (2016). Media effects: Theory and research. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 315–338. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 577–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vreese, C. H. D., Boukes, M., Schuck, A., Vliegenthart, R., Bos, L., & Lelkes, Y. (2017). Linking survey and media content data: Opportunities, considerations, and pitfalls. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(4), 221–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1380175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, J. B., Sargent Weaver, S., & DiClemente, R. J. (2008). Risk communication. International encyclopedia of public health, 601–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373960-5.00582-7
   Google Scholar
• Woolf, J., Rimal, R. N., & Sripad, P. (2014). Understanding the influence of proximal networks on high school athletes’ intentions to use androgenic anabolic steroids. Journal of Sport Management, 28(1), 8–20. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanovitzky, I., & Rimal, R. N. (2006). Communication and normative influence: An introduction to the special issue. Communication Theory, 16(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00002.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yong, J. C., & Choy, B. K. C. (2021). Noncompliance with safety guidelines as a free-riding strategy: An evolutionary game-theoretic approach to cooperation during the Covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 646892. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, K., Huang, X. ‑L., Yan, W., Zhang, Y. ‑X., Gong, Y. ‑M., Su, S. ‑Z., Huang, Y. ‑T., Zhong, Y., Wang, Y. ‑J., Yuan, Z., Tian, S. ‑S., Zheng, Y. ‑B., Fan, T. ‑T., Zhang, Y. ‑J., Meng, S. ‑Q., Sun, Y. ‑K., Lin, X., Zhang, T. ‑M., Ran, M. ‑S. … Lu, L. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of stigma in infectious diseases, including COVID-19: A call to action. Molecular Psychiatry, 27(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01295-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar