132
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

“I Saw it Incidentally but Frequently”: Exploring the Effects of Online Health Information Scanning on Lung Cancer Screening Behaviors Among Chinese Smokers

, &

References

  • Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P. (2015). The health belief model. In M. Conner & P. Normal (Eds.), Predicting health behavior (2nd ed. pp. 28–80). PAOpen University Press.
  • Ahmadi, M., & Wohn, D. Y. (2018). The antecedents of incidental news exposure on social media. Social Media + Society, 4(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118772827
  • Alsulaiman, S. A., & Rentner, T. L. (2021). The use of the health belief model to assess US college students’ perceptions of COVID-19 and adherence to preventive measures. Journal of Public Health Research, 10(4), 2233. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2021.2273
  • Amato, M. S., Boyle, R. G., & Levy, D. (2016). How to define e-cigarette prevalence? Finding clues in the use frequency distribution. Tobacco Control, 25(e1), e24–e29. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052236
  • Borah, P., Su, Y., Xiao, X., & Lee, D. K. L. (2022). Incidental news exposure and COVID-19 misperceptions: A moderated-mediation model. Computers in Human Behavior, 129, 107173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107173
  • Cao, M., & Chen, W. (2019). Epidemiology of lung cancer in China. Thoracic Cancer, 10(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.12916
  • Cao, M., Li, H., Sun, D., He, S., Yan, X., Yang, F., Zhang, S., Xia, C., Lei, L., Peng, J., & Chen, W. (2022). Current cancer burden in China: Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention. Cancer Biology & Medicine, 19(8), 1121–1138. https://doi.org/10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0231
  • Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008). The health belief model. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, K. Viswanath & C. T. Orleans (Eds.), Health behavior and health education theory, research, and practice (4th ed. pp. 45–66). Jossey-Bass.
  • Cheng, Y. I., Davies, M. P., Liu, D., Li, W., & Field, J. K. (2019). Implementation planning for lung cancer screening in China. Precision Clinical Medicine, 2(1), 13–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbz002
  • China Lung Oncology Group. (2023). China national lung cancer screening guideline with low-dose computed tomography (2023 version). Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer, 26(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2023.102.10
  • Chung, J. E., & Lee, C. J. (2019). The impact of cancer information online on cancer fatalism: Education and eHealth literacy as moderators. Health Education Research, 34(6), 543–555. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyz027
  • CNNIC. (2023). The 52nd statistical report on China’s internet development. https://www.cnnic.net.cn/NMediaFile/2023/0908/MAIN1694151810549M3LV0UWOAV.pdf
  • Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7
  • Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. Harper and Row.
  • Frisch, A. L., Camerini, L., Diviani, N., & Schulz, P. J. (2012). Defining and measuring health literacy: How can we profit from other literacy domains? Health Promotion International, 27(1), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dar043
  • Fung, T. K., Lai, P. Y., Chang, L., & Leung, H. M. (2022). Applying the comprehensive model of information seeking to understand chronic illness information scanning: Hong Kong evidence. World Medical & Health Policy, 14(2), 382–412. https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.515
  • Gabel, P., Larsen, M. B., Edwards, A., Kirkegaard, P., & Andersen, B. (2019). Knowledge, attitudes, and worries among different health literacy groups before receiving first invitation to colorectal cancer screening: Cross-sectional study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 14, 100876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100876
  • Gao, S., Li, N., Wang, S., Zhang, F., Wei, W., Li, N., Bi, N., Wang, Z., & He, J. (2020). Lung cancer in People’s Republic of China. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 15(10), 1567–1576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2020.04.028
  • Goodchild, M., & Zheng, R. (2019). Tobacco control and healthy China 2030. Tobacco Control, 28(4), 409–413. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054372
  • Haas, K., Brillante, C., Sharp, L., Elzokaky, A. K., Pasquinelli, M., Feldman, L., Kovitz, K. L., & Joo, M. (2018). Lung cancer screening: Assessment of health literacy and readability of online educational resources. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1356. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6278-8
  • Halbach, S. M., Enders, A., Kowalski, C., Pförtner, T.-K., Pfaff, H., Wesselmann, S., & Ernstmann, N. (2016). Health literacy and fear of cancer progression in elderly women newly diagnosed with breast cancer—A longitudinal analysis. Patient Education and Counseling, 99(5), 855–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2015.12.012
  • Hall, M. G., Sheeran, P., Noar, S. M., Boynton, M. H., Ribisl, K. M., Parada, H., Johnson, T. O., & Brewer, N. T. (2017). Negative affect, message reactance and perceived risk: How do pictorial cigarette pack warnings change quit intentions? Tobacco Control, 27(e2), e136–e142. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053972
  • Hansberry, D. R., White, M. D., D’Angelo, M., Prabhu, A. V., Kamel, S., Lakhani, P., & Sundaram, B. (2018). Lung cancer screening guidelines: How readable are internet-based patient education resources? American Journal of Roentgenology, 211(1), W42–W46. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.17.19042
  • Han, B., Zhao, T., Liu, B., Liu, H., Zheng, H., Wan, Y., Qiu, J., Zhuang, H., & Cui, F. (2020). Public awareness, individual prevention practice, and psychological effect at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Journal of Epidemiology, 30(10), 474–482. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20200148
  • Hay, J. L., Buckley, T. R., & Ostroff, J. S. (2005). The role of cancer worry in cancer screening: A theoretical and empirical review of the literature. Psycho‐Oncology, 14(7), 517–534. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.864
  • Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
  • Hayes, A. F., & Matthes, J. (2009). Computational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS implementations. Behavior Research Methods, 41(3), 924–936. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.3.924
  • Hay, J. L., McCaul, K. D., & Magnan, R. E. (2006). Does worry about breast cancer predict screening behaviors? A meta-analysis of the prospective evidence. Preventive Medicine, 42(6), 401–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.03.002
  • Hornik, R., & Niederdeppe, J. (2008). Information scanning. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), International encyclopedia of communication (pp. 2257–2261). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Hornik, R., Parvanta, S., Mello, S., Freres, D., Kelly, B., & Schwartz, J. S. (2013). Effects of scanning (routine health information exposure) on cancer screening and prevention behaviors in the general population. Journal of Health Communication, 18(12), 1422–1435. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.798381
  • Janssen, E., van Osch, L., Lechner, L., Candel, M., & de Vries, H. (2012). Thinking versus feeling: Differentiating between cognitive and affective components of perceived cancer risk. Psychology & Health, 27(7), 767–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.580846
  • Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984). The health belief model: A decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11(1), 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818401100101
  • Jensen, J. D., Liu, M., Carcioppolo, N., John, K. K., Krakow, M., & Sun, Y. (2017). Health information seeking and scanning among US adults aged 50–75 years: Testing a key postulate of the information overload model. Health Informatics Journal, 23(2), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458215627290
  • Jiang, S., & Beaudoin, C. E. (2016). Smoking prevention in China: A content analysis of an anti-smoking social media campaign. Journal of Health Communication, 21(7), 755–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2016.1157653
  • Jun, S. P., Yoo, H. S., & Lee, J. S. (2021). The impact of the pandemic declaration on public awareness and behavior: Focusing on COVID-19 google searches. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166, 120592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120592
  • Karnoe, A., & Kayser, L. (2015). How is eHealth literacy measured and what do the measurements tell us? A systematic review. Knowledge Management and E-Learning, 7(4), 576–600. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2015.07.038
  • Kayser, L., Karnoe, A., Furstrand, D., Batterham, R., Christensen, K. B., Elsworth, G., & Osborne, R. H. (2018). A multidimensional tool based on the eHealth literacy framework: Development and initial validity testing of the eHealth literacy questionnaire (eHLQ). Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(2), e36. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8371
  • Kelly, B., Hornik, R., Romantan, A., Schwartz, J. S., Armstrong, K., DeMichele, A., Fishbein, M., Gray, S., Hull, S., Kim, A., Nagler, R., Niederdeppe, J., Ramírez, A. S., Smith McLallen, A., & Wong, N. (2010). Cancer information scanning and seeking in the general population. Journal of Health Communication, 15(7), 734–753. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2010.514029
  • Kim, H., & Chang, C. F. (2022). Effectiveness of using personal health records to improve recommended breast cancer screening and reduce racial and geographic disparities among women. Journal of Cancer Education, 37(2), 343–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-020-01821-2
  • Kim, Y., Chen, H. T., & De Zúñiga, H. G. (2013). Stumbling upon news on the internet: Effects of incidental news exposure and relative entertainment use on political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2607–2614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.005
  • Kim, J., Dove, M. S., & Dang, J. H. (2022). Sociodemographic factors associated with HPV awareness/knowledge and cervical cancer screening behaviors among caregivers in the US. BMC Women’s Health, 22(1), 335. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01918-4
  • Kim, K., & Han, H. R. (2016). Potential links between health literacy and cervical cancer screening behaviors: A systematic review. Psycho‐Oncology, 25(2), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3883
  • Kim, K., Shin, S., Kim, S., & Lee, E. (2023). The relation between eHealth literacy and health-related behaviors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e40778. https://doi.org/10.2196/40778
  • Lee, J. K., & Kim, E. (2017). Incidental exposure to news: Predictors in the social media setting and effects on information gain online. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 1008–1015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.018
  • Lee, J., Lee, E. H., & Chae, D. (2021). eHealth literacy instruments: Systematic review of measurement properties. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(11), e30644. https://doi.org/10.2196/30644
  • Li, X., & Liu, Q. (2020). Social media use, eHealth literacy, disease knowledge, and preventive behaviors in the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional study on Chinese netizens. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(10), e19684. https://doi.org/10.2196/19684
  • Lindau, S. T., Tomori, C., Lyons, T., Langseth, L., Bennett, C. L., & Garcia, P. (2002). The association of health literacy with cervical cancer prevention knowledge and health behaviors in a multiethnic cohort of women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 186(5), 938–943. https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2002.122091
  • Lin, B., & Wu, S. (2020). COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019): Opportunities and challenges for digital health and the internet of medical things in China. Omics: A Journal of Integrative Biology, 24(5), 231–232. https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2020.0047
  • Longo, D. R., Schubert, S. L., Wright, B. A., LeMaster, J., Williams, C. D., & Clore, J. N. (2010). Health information seeking, receipt, and use in diabetes self-management. The Annals of Family Medicine, 8(4), 334–340. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1115
  • Lushniak, B. D., Samet, J. M., Pechacek, T. F., Norman, L. A., & Taylor, P. A. (2014). The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: A report of the surgeon general. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US).
  • Lv, Q., Jiang, Y., Qi, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Fang, L., Tu, L., Yang, M., Liao, Z., Zhao, M., Guo, X., Qiu, M., Gu, J., & Lin, Z. (2019). Using mobile apps for health management: A new health care mode in China. Journal of Medical Internet Research MHealth and UHealth, 7(6), e10299. https://doi.org/10.2196/10299
  • Mackay, J. (2016). China: The tipping point in tobacco control. British Medical Bulletin, 120(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldw043
  • Mantler, T. (2013). A systematic review of smoking youths’ perceptions of addiction and health risks associated with smoking: Utilizing the framework of the health belief model. Addiction Research & Theory, 21(4), 306–317. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2012.727505
  • Matthes, J., Nanz, A., Stubenvoll, M., & Heiss, R. (2020). Processing news on social media. The political incidental news exposure model (PINE). Journalism, 21(8), 1031–1048. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920915371
  • Ma, Z., & Wu, M. (2019). The psychometric properties of the Chinese eHealth literacy scale (C-eHEALS) in a Chinese rural population: Cross-sectional validation study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(10), e15720. https://doi.org/10.2196/15720
  • Miller, A. M., & Champion, V. L. (1993). Mammography in women ≥ 50 years of age: Predisposing and enabling characteristics. Cancer Nursing, 16(4), 260–269. PMID: 8402602. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-199308000-00002
  • Miller, S. M., Shoda, Y., & Hurley, K. (1996). Applying cognitive-social theory to health-protective behavior: Breast self-examination in cancer screening. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 70–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.70
  • Mitsutake, S., Shibata, A., Ishii, K., & Oka, K. (2012). Association of eHealth literacy with colorectal cancer knowledge and screening practice among internet users in Japan. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(6), e153. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1927
  • Mohammadi, S., Ghajari, H., Valizade, R., Ghaderi, N., Yousefi, F., Taymoori, P., & Nouri, B. (2017). Predictors of smoking among the secondary high school boy students based on the health belief model. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 8(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_264_16
  • Nanz, A., & Matthes, J. (2022). Seeing political information online incidentally. Effects of first-and second-level incidental exposure on democratic outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 133, 107285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107285
  • National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. (2011). Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. New England Journal of Medicine, 365(5), 395–409. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1102873
  • Nelissen, S., Beullens, K., Lemal, M., & Van den Bulck, J. (2015). Fear of cancer is associated with cancer information seeking, scanning and avoiding: A cross‐sectional study among cancer diagnosed and non‐diagnosed individuals. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 32(2), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/hir.12100
  • Niederdeppe, J., Hornik, R. C., Kelly, B. J., Frosch, D. L., Romantan, A., Stevens, R. S., Barg, F. K., Weiner, J. L., & Schwartz, J. S. (2007). Examining the dimensions of cancer-related information seeking and scanning behavior. Health Communication, 22(2), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230701454189
  • Niu, L., Liu, Y., Luo, D., & Xiao, S. (2018). Current smoking behavior among medical students in Mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 30(7), 610–623. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539518800339
  • Noh, G. Y., Lee, S. Y., & Choi, J. (2016). Exploring factors influencing smokers’ information seeking for smoking cessation. Journal of Health Communication, 21(8), 845–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2016.1177140
  • Norman, C. (2011). eHealth literacy 2.0: Problems and opportunities with an evolving concept. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13(4), e2035. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2035
  • Norman, C. D., & Skinner, H. A. (2006a). eHEALS: The eHealth literacy scale. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 8(4), e27. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8.4.e27
  • Norman, C. D., & Skinner, H. A. (2006b). eHealth literacy: Essential skills for consumer health in a networked world. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 8(2), e9. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8.2.e9
  • Oldach, B. R., & Katz, M. L. (2014). Health literacy and cancer screening: A systematic review. Patient Education and Counseling, 94(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2013.10.001
  • Orji, A. F., & Yamashita, T. (2021). Racial disparities in routine health checkup and adherence to cancer screening guidelines among women in the United States of America. Cancer Causes & Control, 32(11), 1247–1256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-021-01475-5
  • Parascandola, M., & Xiao, L. (2019). Tobacco and the lung cancer epidemic in China. Translational Lung Cancer Research, 8(Suppl 1), S21–S30. https://doi.org/10.21037/tlcr.2019.03.12
  • Persoskie, A., Mao, Q., Chou, W. Y. S., Hesse, B. W., Zhao, X., Yu, G., Li, Y., Xu, Z., Song, M., Nie, X., Kim, P., & Kreps, G. L. (2014). Absolute and comparative cancer risk perceptions among smokers in two cities in China. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16(6), 899–903. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu028
  • Plackett, R., Kaushal, A., Kassianos, A. P., Cross, A., Lewins, D., Sheringham, J., Waller, J., & von Wagner, C. (2020). Use of social media to promote cancer screening and early diagnosis: Scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(11), e21582. https://doi.org/10.2196/21582
  • Proctor, R. N. (2001). Tobacco and the global lung cancer epidemic. Nature Reviews Cancer, 1(1), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.1038/35094091
  • Qian, J., Cai, M., Gao, J., Tang, S., Xu, L., & Critchley, J. A. (2010). Trends in smoking and quitting in China from 1993 to 2003: National Health Service survey data. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88(10), 769–776. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.09.064709
  • Raamkumar, A. S., Tan, S. G., & Wee, H. L. (2020). Use of health belief model-based deep learning classifiers for COVID-19 social media content to examine public perceptions of physical distancing: Model development and case study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(3), e20493. https://doi.org/10.2196/20493
  • Rich, Z. C., & Xiao, S. (2012). Tobacco as a social currency: Cigarette gifting and sharing in China. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(3), 258–263. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr156
  • Rivadeneira, N. A., Hoskote, M., Le, G. M., Nguyen, T. T., Nápoles, A. M., Pasick, R. J., Sarkar, U., & Hiatt, R. A. (2020). Advancing cancer control in San Francisco: Cancer screening in under-represented populations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 58(1), e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.08.024
  • Rosen, L., & Kostjukovsky, I. (2015). Parental risk perceptions of child exposure to tobacco smoke. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1434-x
  • Ruco, A., Dossa, F., Tinmouth, J., Llovet, D., Jacobson, J., Kishibe, T., & Baxter, N. (2021). Social media and mHealth technology for cancer screening: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(7), e26759. https://doi.org/10.2196/26759
  • Ruiter, R. A., de Nooijer, J., van Breukelen, G., Ockhuysen-Vermey, C. F., & de Vries, H. (2008). Intended coping responses to cancer symptoms in healthy adults: The roles of symptom knowledge, detection behavior, and perceived threat. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 17(4), 818–826. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0015
  • Ruppel, E. K. (2016). Scanning health information sources: Applying and extending the comprehensive model of information seeking. Journal of Health Communication, 21(2), 208–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1058438
  • Samoil, D., Kim, J., Fox, C., & Papadakos, J. K. (2021). The importance of health literacy on clinical cancer outcomes: A scoping review. Annals of Cancer Epidemiology, 5, 30. https://doi.org/10.21037/ace-20-30
  • Schapira, M. M., Neuner, J., Fletcher, K. E., Gilligan, M. A., Hayes, E., & Laud, P. (2011). The relationship of health numeracy to cancer screening. Journal of Cancer Education, 26(1), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-010-0133-7
  • Shim, M., Kelly, B., & Hornik, R. (2006). Cancer information scanning and seeking behavior is associated with knowledge, lifestyle choices, and screening. Journal of Health Communication, 11(S1), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730600637475
  • Shim, M., & You, M. (2015). Cognitive and affective risk perceptions toward food safety outbreaks: Mediating the relation between news use and food consumption intention. Asian Journal of Communication, 25(1), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2014.989242
  • Shin, W. K., Braun, T. M., & Inglehart, M. R. (2014). Parents’ dental anxiety and oral health literacy: Effects on parents’ and children’s oral health‐related experiences. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 74(3), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphd.12046
  • Shneyderman, Y., Rutten, L. J. F., Arheart, K. L., Byrne, M. M., Kornfeld, J., & Schwartz, S. J. (2016). Health information seeking and cancer screening adherence rates. Journal of Cancer Education, 31(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-015-0791-6
  • Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2004). Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: Some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Analysis, 24(2), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00433.x
  • Sun, C. X., Bin, H., Di, M., Li, P. L., Zhao, H. T., Li, Z. L., Zhang, M. L., Feng, L. Z., Zheng, J. D., & Cheng, Y. (2020). Public awareness and mask usage during the COVID-19 epidemic: A survey by China CDC new media. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 33(8), 639–645. https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2020.085
  • Sun, D., Li, H., Cao, M., He, S., Lei, L., Peng, J., & Chen, W. (2020). Cancer burden in China: Trends, risk factors and prevention. Cancer Biology & Medicine, 17(4), 879–895. https://doi.org/10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0387
  • Sun, S., Yu, H., Ling, J., Yao, D., Chen, H., & Liu, G. (2023). The influence of health literacy and knowledge about smoking hazards on the intention to quit smoking and its intensity: An empirical study based on the data of China’s health literacy investigation. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 2355. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17292-1
  • Tian, Y., & Robinson, J. D. (2009). Incidental health information use on the internet. Health Communication, 24(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230802606984
  • Vernon, S. W. (1999). Risk perception and risk communication for cancer screening behaviors: A review. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs, 1999(25), 101–119. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a024184
  • Wang, C., Li, H., Li, L., Xu, D., Kane, R. L., & Meng, Q. (2013). Health literacy and ethnic disparities in health-related quality of life among rural women: Results from a Chinese poor minority area. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-153
  • Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A., & Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Social Science & Medicine, 240, 112552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552
  • Wigfall, L. T., & Friedman, D. B. (2016). Cancer information seeking and cancer-related health outcomes: A scoping review of the Health Information National Trends survey literature. Journal of Health Communication, 21(9), 989–1005. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2016.1184358
  • Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59(4), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276
  • World Health Organization. (2017). The bill China cannot afford: Health, economic and social costs of China’s tobacco epidemic. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/cn/UNDP-WHO-China-Tobacco.pdf
  • Wu, D., Hesketh, T., Shu, H., Lian, W., Tang, W., & Tian, J. (2019). Description of an online hospital platform, China. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 97(8), 578–579. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.226936
  • Xia, C., Dong, X., Li, H., Cao, M., Sun, D., He, S., Yang, F., Yan, X., Zhang, S., & Li, N. (2022). Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: Profiles, trends, and determinants. Chinese Medical Journal, 135(5), 584–590. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002108
  • Yan, Y., Ji-Jiang, W., Cong-Xiao, W., Qiang, L., & Gong-Huan, Y. (2010). Awareness of tobacco-related health hazards among adults in China. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 23(6), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-3988(11)60004-4
  • Ye, J. F., Zheng, S., Ao, S. H., Yan, C. D., Lai, Y., Lai, Z., & Zhao, X. (2024). How does patient-centered communication work? Trend analysis of mediation through cancer worry and health self-efficacy, 2011–2020. Journal of Health Psychology, 13591053241228437. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053241228437
  • Zeng, R., & Li, M. (2020). Social media use for health communication by the CDC in mainland China: National survey study 2009–2020. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(12), e19470. https://doi.org/10.2196/19470
  • Zhang, L., Ao, S. H., Ye, J. F., & Zhao, X. (2023). How does health communication on social media influence e-cigarette perception and use? A trend analysis from 2017 to 2020. Addictive Behaviors, 149, 107875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107875
  • Zhang, X., Wen, D., Liang, J., & Lei, J. (2017). How the public uses social media WeChat to obtain health information in China: A survey study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 17(Suppl 2), 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-017-0470-0
  • Zhao, X., & Nan, X. (2016). The influence of absolute and comparative risk perceptions on cervical cancer screening and the mediating role of cancer worry. Journal of Health Communication, 21(1), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1033114
  • Zheng, H., Chen, X., & Fu, S. (2020). An exploration of determinants of cyberchondria: A moderated mediation analysis. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 57(1), e214. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.214
  • Zheng, R., Zhang, S., Wang, S., Chen, R., Sun, K., Zeng, H., Li, L., Wei, W., & He, J. (2022). Lung cancer incidence and mortality in China: Updated statistics and an overview of temporal trends from 2000 to 2016. Journal of the National Cancer Center, 2(3), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jncc.2022.07.004
  • Zukin, C., & Snyder, R. (1984). Passive learning: When the media environment is the message. Public Opinion Quarterly, 48(3), 629–638. https://doi.org/10.1086/268864

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.