118
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Association Between Pornography Use, Sexism, and Sexual Violence Myth Acceptance in Chinese Men: The Moderating Effect of Perceived Realism

, , , , & ORCID Icon

References

  • Alexander, K. A., & Miller, E. (2022). Sexual violence-another public health emergency. JAMA Network Open, 5(10), e2236285–e2236285. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36285
  • Ballester-Arnal, R., García-Barba, M., Castro-Calvo, J., Giménez-García, C., & Gil-Llario, M. D. (2022). Pornography consumption in people of different age groups: An analysis based on gender, contents, and consequences. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 20(2), 766–779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-022-00720-z
  • Basile, K. C. (2003). Implications of public health for policy on sexual violence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 989(1), 446–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07325.x
  • Borgogna, N. C., Lathan, E. C., & McDermott, R. C. (2022). She asked for it: Hardcore porn, sexism, and rape myth acceptance. Violence against Women, 28(2), 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012211037378
  • Bridges, A. J., Willis, M., Ezzell, M. B., Sun, C. F., Johnson, J. A., & Wright, P. J. (2024). Pornography use and sexual objectification of others. Violence Against Women, 30(1), 228–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012231207041
  • Bridges, A. J., Wosnitzer, R., Scharrer, E., Sun, C., & Liberman, R. (2010). Aggression and sexual behavior in best-selling pornography videos: A content analysis update. Violence Against Women, 16(10), 1065–1085. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801210382866
  • Bucy, E. P., & Holbert, R. L. (Eds.). (2013). Sourcebook for political communication research: Methods, measures, and analytical techniques. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315782713
  • Burnay, J., Kepes, S., & Bushman, B. J. (2022). Effects of violent and nonviolent sexualized media on aggression‐related thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors: A meta‐analytic review. Aggressive Behavior, 48(1), 111–136. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21998
  • Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217
  • Chen, L., Jiang, X., Wang, Q., Bőthe, B., Potenza, M. N., & Wu, H. (2022). The association between the quantity and severity of pornography use: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Sex Research, 59(6), 704–719. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1988500
  • CNNIC. (2022). The 49th China statistical report on internet development [In Chinese]. China Internet Network Information Center.
  • Cole, B. P., Brennan, M., Tyler, E., & Willard, R. (2020). Predicting men’s acceptance of sexual violence myths through conformity to masculine norms, sexism, and “locker room talk.” Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21(4), 508–517. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000248
  • Crowell, N. A., & Burgess, A. W. (Eds.). (1996). Understanding violence against women. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10204-000
  • Eisinga, R., Grotenhuis, M., & Pelzer, B. (2013). The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or Spearman-Brown? International Journal of Public Health, 58(4), 637–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0416-3
  • Foubert, J. D., Brosi, M. W., & Bannon, S. R. (2011). Pornography viewing among fraternity men: Effects on bystander intervention, rape myth acceptance and behavioral intent to commit sexual assault. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 18(4), 212–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2011.625552
  • Fritz, N., Malic, V., Paul, B., & Zhou, Y. (2020). A descriptive analysis of the types, targets, and relative frequency of aggression in mainstream pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(8), 3041–3053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01773-0
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.2.109
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2011). Ambivalent sexism revisited. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(3), 530–535. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684311414832
  • Gross, A. M., Winslett, A., Roberts, M., & Gohm, C. L. (2006). An examination of sexual violence against college women. Violence Against Women, 12(3), 288–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205277358
  • Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A. L., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019). Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association, 43(2), 117–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045
  • Hald, G. M., & Malamuth, N. M. (2008). Self-perceived effects of pornography consumption. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(4), 614–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9212-1
  • Hald, G. M., Malamuth, N. M., & Lange, T. (2013). Pornography and sexist attitudes among heterosexuals. Journal of Communication, 63(4), 638–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12037
  • Hald, G. M., & Malamuth, N. N. (2015). Experimental effects of exposure to pornography: The moderating effect of personality and mediating effect of sexual arousal. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0291-5
  • Jennings, B., & Zillman, D. (2002). Media effects: Advances in theory and research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Kelly, T. C., & Erickson, C. D. (2007). An examination of gender role identity, sexual self-esteem, sexual coercion and sexual victimization in a university sample. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 13(3), 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600701794366
  • Kennedy, M. A., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2002). Asian and non-Asian attitudes toward rape, sexual harassment, and sexuality. Sex Roles, 46(7–8), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020145815129
  • Kohut, T., Baer, J. L., & Watts, B. (2015). Is pornography really about “making hate to women””? Pornography users hold more gender egalitarian attitudes than nonusers in a representative American sample. Journal of Sex Research, 53(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2015.1023427
  • Komlenac, N., & Hochleitner, M. (2022). Associations between pornography consumption, sexual flexibility, and sexual functioning among Austrian adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(2), 1323–1336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02201-7
  • Lee, M. J., Hust, S., Zhang, L., & Zhang, Y. (2011). Effects of violence against women in popular crime dramas on viewers’ attitudes related to sexual violence. Mass Communication & Society, 14(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430903531440
  • Li, M., Liu, Y., & Zheng, L. (2022). Sexually explicit internet media consumption and sexual risk behaviors among Chinese male sexual minorities: The moderating role of perceived realism. Health Communication, 38(10), 2080–2086. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2022.2053272
  • Liu, Y. V., & Nalla, M. K. (2023). Predictors of attitudes toward sexual harassment among Chinese nationals: Are college students different? Asian Journal of Criminology, 18(3), 253–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-023-09399-6
  • Lonsway, K. A., Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2008). Sexual harassment mythology: Definition, conceptualization, and measurement. Sex Roles, 58(9–10), 599–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9367-1
  • Malamuth, N. M. (1996). Sexually explicit media, gender differences and evolutionary theory. Journal of Communication, 46(3), 8–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01486.x
  • McCabe, C., Kim, D., & King, K. (2018). Improving present practices in the visual display of interactions. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917746792
  • McDonald, P. (2012). Workplace sexual harassment 30 years on: A review of the literature. International Journal of Management Reviews, 14(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00300.x
  • McMahon, P. M., & Puett, R. C. (1999). Child sexual abuse as a public health issue: Recommendations of an expert panel. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 11(4), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906329901100402
  • Neufeld, E. (2020). Pornography and dehumanization: The essentialist dimension. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 98(4), 703–717. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048402.2019.1700291
  • Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2006). Adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit online material and recreational attitudes toward sex. Journal of Communication, 56(4), 639–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00313.x
  • Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2010). Processes underlying the effects of adolescents’ use of sexually explicit internet material: The role of perceived realism. Communication Research, 37(3), 375–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210362464
  • Peterson, Z. D., & Muehlenhard, C. L. (2004). Was it rape? The function of women’s rape myth acceptance and definitions of sex in labeling their own experiences. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 51(3–4), 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000037758.95376.00
  • Rodenhizer, K. A. E., & Edwards, K. M. (2019). The impacts of sexual media exposure on adolescent and emerging adults’ dating and sexual violence attitudes and behaviors: A critical review of the literature. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 20(4), 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017717745
  • Rodríguez-Castro, Y., Martínez-Román, R., Alonso-Ruido, P., Adá-Lameiras, A., & Carrera-Fernández, M. V. (2021). Intimate partner cyberstalking, sexism, pornography, and sexting in adolescents: New challenges for sex education. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042181
  • Rollero, C. (2013). Men and women facing objectification: The effects of media models on well-being, self-esteem and ambivalent sexism. Revista de Psicología Social, 28(3), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347413807719166
  • Rollero, C., & Tartaglia, S. (2019). The effect of sexism and rape myths on victim blame. Sexuality & Culture, 23(1), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9549-8
  • Seabrook, R. C., Ward, L. M., & Giaccardi, S. (2019). Less than human? Media use, objectification of women, and men’s acceptance of sexual aggression. Psychology of Violence, 9(5), 536–545. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000198
  • Shi, X., & Zheng, Y. (2020). Perception and tolerance of sexual harassment: An examination of feminist identity, sexism, and gender role in a sample of Chinese working women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(2), 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684320903683
  • Solano, I., Eaton, N. R., & O’Leary, K. D. (2020). Pornography consumption, modality and function in a large internet sample. The Journal of Sex Research, 57(1), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1532488
  • Stack, S., Wasserman, I., & Kern, R. (2004). Adult social bonds and use of internet pornography. Social Science Quarterly, 85(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08501006.x
  • Su, Y., Zheng, L., & Zheng, Y. (2023). Pornography use and mental health problems in the Chinese population: Examining the pornography problems due to moral incongruence model. The Journal of Sex Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2023.2201255
  • Suarez, E., & Gadalla, T. M. (2010). Stop blaming the victim: A meta-analysis on rape myths. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(11), 2010–2035. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354503
  • Tokunaga, R. S., Wright, P. J., & Roskos, J. E. (2019). Pornography and impersonal sex. Human Communication Research, 45(1), 78–118. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqy014
  • Tokunaga, R. S., Wright, P. J., & Vangeel, L. (2020). Is pornography consumption a risk factor for condomless sex? Human Communication Research, 46(2–3), 273–299. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqaa005
  • Trottier, D., Benbouriche, M., & Bonneville, V. (2021). A meta-analysis on the association between rape myth acceptance and sexual coercion perpetration. The Journal of Sex Research, 58(3), 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1704677
  • Vangeel, L., Eggermont, S., & Vandenbosch, L. (2020). Does adolescent media use predict sexual stereotypes in adolescence and emerging adulthood? Associations with music television and online pornography exposure. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(4), 1147–1161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01677-z
  • Wang, W. (2009). The relationship between the rape myths and social distance [ Master’s thesis]. He Nan University.
  • Waterman, E. A., Wesche, R., Morris, G., Edwards, K. M., & Banyard, V. L. (2022). Prospective associations between pornography viewing and sexual aggression among adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 32(4), 1612–1625. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12745
  • Wen, Z., & Ye, B. (2014). Different methods for testing moderated mediation models: Competitors or backups? Acta Psychologica Sinica, 46(5), 714–726. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2014.00714
  • Wiederman, M. W. (2015). Handbook of the sociology of sexualities. Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17341-2_2
  • Williams, J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Resampling and distribution of the product methods for testing indirect effects in complex models. Structural Equation Modeling, 15(1), 23–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701758166
  • Wright, P. J. (2011). Mass media effects on youth sexual behavior: Assessing the claim for causality. Annals of the International Communication Association, 35(1), 343–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2011.11679121
  • Wright, P. J. (2020). Media and sexuality. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 227–242). Routledge.
  • Wright, P. J. (2021). Overcontrol in pornography research: Let it go, let it go …. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(2), 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01902-9
  • Wright, P. J., & Arroyo, A. (2013). Internet pornography and US women’s sexual behavior: Results from a national sample. Mass Communication and Society, 16(5), 617–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2012.754045
  • Wright, P. J., & Bae, S. (2015). A national prospective study of pornography consumption and gendered attitudes toward women. Sexuality & Culture, 19(3), 444–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-014-9264-z
  • Wright, P. J., Bryant, P., & Herbenick, D. (2021). Preliminary insights from a U.S. probability sample on adolescents’ pornography exposure, media psychology, and sexual aggression. Journal of Health Communication, 26(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2021.1887980
  • Wright, P. J., & Funk, M. (2014). Pornography consumption and opposition to affirmative action for women: A prospective study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(2), 208–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313498853
  • Wright, P. J., Herbenick, D., & Paul, B. (2022). Casual condomless sex, range of pornography exposure, and perceived pornography realism. Communication Research, 49(4), 547–566. https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502211003765
  • Wright, P. J.,& Randall, A. K. (2012). Internet pornography exposure and risky sexual behavior among adult males in the United States. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(4), 1410–1416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.03.003
  • Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R., & Herbenick, D. (2023). But do porn sites get more traffic than TikTok, OpenAl, and zoom? Journal of Sex Research, 60(6), 763–767. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2023.2220690
  • Wright, P. J., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2016). Men’s objectifying media consumption, objectification of women, and attitudes supportive of violence against women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(4), 955–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0644-8
  • Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., & Kraus, A. (2016). A meta-analysis of pornography consumption and actual acts of sexual aggression in general population studies. Journal of Communication, 66(1), 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12201
  • Xue, J., Fang, G., Huang, H., Cui, N., Rhodes, K. V., & Gelles, R. (2019). Rape myths and the cross-cultural adaptation of the Illinois Rape Ryth Acceptance Scale in China. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(7), 1428–1460. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516651315
  • Yang, Z. (2022). The male ego evaluation appeal, sexual interest in study on the relationship between the perception and sexual harassment [ Master’s thesis]. Southwest University.
  • Yapp, E. J., & Quayle, E. (2018). A systematic review of the association between rape myth acceptance and male-on-female sexual violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 41, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AVB.2018.05.002
  • Zhou, Y., Liu, T., Yan, Y., & Paul, B. (2021). Pornography use, two forms of dehumanization, and sexual aggression: Attitudes vs. Behaviors. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 47(6), 571–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2021.1923598

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.