Health Messaging Strategies for Vaping Prevention and Cessation Among Youth and Young Adults: A Systematic Review

References

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J. A., Duke, J. C., Davis, K. C., Kim, A. E., Nonnemaker, J. M., & Farrelly, M. C. (2015). Using mass media campaigns to reduce youth tobacco use: A review. American Journal of Health Promotion, 30(2), e71–e82. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.130510-LIT-237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, J. C., Mays, D., Netemeyer, R. G., Burton, S., & Kees, J. (2019). Effects of e-cigarette health warnings and modified risk ad claims on adolescent e-cigarette craving and susceptibility. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 21(6), 792–798. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold, J., Bailey, C. P., Evans, W. D., & Napolitano, M. A. (2022). Application of McGuire’s model to weight management messages: Measuring persuasion of Facebook posts in the healthy body, healthy U trial for young adults attending university in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, T. D., Arnold, M. K., Ro, V., Martin, L., & Rice, T. R. (2021). Systematic review of electronic cigarette use (vaping) and mental health comorbidity among adolescents and young adults. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 23(3), 415–425. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birdsey, J., Cornelius, M., Jamal, A., Park-Lee, E., Cooper, M. R., Wang, J., Sawdey, M. D., Cullen, K. A., & Neff, L. (2023). Tobacco product use among U.S. middle and high school students - National youth tobacco survey, 2023. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 72(44), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7244a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boynton, M. H., Sanzo, N., Brothers, W., Kresovich, A., Sutfin, E. L., Sheeran, P., & Noar, S. M. (2022). Perceived effectiveness of objective elements of vaping prevention messages among adolescents. Tobacco Control, 32(e2), e228–e235. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-057151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, X., & Zhao, X. (2021). Framing youth vaping prevention messages: The role of uncertainty tolerance. Health Communication, 38(4), 670–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1966181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabro, K. S., Khalil, G. E., Chen, M., Perry, C. L., & Prokhorov, A. V. (2019). Pilot study to inform young adults about the risks of electronic cigarettes through text messaging. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 10, 100224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100224
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cappella, J. N. (2006). Integrating message effects and behavior change theories: Organizing comments and unanswered questions. Journal of Communication, 56(suppl_1), S265–S279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00293.x
   Google Scholar
• Cartujano-Barrera, F., Hernández-Torrez, R., Cai, X., Orfin, R. H., Azogini, C., Chávez-Iñiguez, A., Santa Cruz, E., Bansal-Travers, M., Wilson, K. M., McIntosh, S., Ossip, D. J., & Cupertino, A. P. (2022). Evaluating the immediate impact of graphic messages for vaping prevention among black and latino adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 10026. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallo, D. A., Kong, G., Ells, D. M., Camenga, D. R., Morean, M. E., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2019). Youth generated prevention messages about electronic cigarettes. Health Education Research, 34(2), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyz001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadi, N., Schroeder, R., Jensen, J. W., & Levy, S. (2019). Association between electronic cigarette use and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(10), e192574. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, G. C. K., Gartner, C., Lim, C., Sun, T., Hall, W., Connor, J., Stjepanović, D., & Leung, J. (2022). Association between the implementation of tobacco control policies and adolescent vaping in 44 lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income countries. Addiction, 117(8), 2296–2305. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, R. B., Lang, A., Leshner, G., & Quick, B. L. (2019). Who fights, who flees? An integration of the LC4MP and psychological reactance theory. Media Psychology, 22(4), 545–571. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2018.1476157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, R. B., Leshner, G., Sanders-Jackson, A., & Hendrickse, J. (2020). When counterarguing becomes the primary task: Examination of dogmatic anti-vaping messages on psychological reactance, available cognitive resources, and memory. Journal of Communication, 70(4), 522–547. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqaa010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornacchione, J., & Smith, S. W. (2012). The effects of message framing within the stages of change on smoking cessation intentions and behaviors. Health Communication, 27(6), 612–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.619252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, H. D., Hanh, P., Guenzel, N., Morgan, M., Kerns, E., & Winickoff, J. P. (2023). Adoption of vaping cessation methods by US adolescent e-cigarette users. Pediatrics, 152(5), e2023062948. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-062948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• England, L. J., Bunnell, R. E., Pechacek, T. F., Tong, V. T., & McAfee, T. A. (2015). Nicotine and the developing human: A neglected element in the electronic cigarette debate. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(2), 286–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farzal, Z., Perry, M. F., Yarbrough, W. G., & Kimple, A. J. (2019). The adolescent vaping epidemic in the United States—How it happened and where we go from here. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 145(10), 885–886. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2019.2410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, A. L., Amato, M. S., Cha, S., Jacobs, M. A., Bottcher, M. M., & Papandonatos, G. D. (2021). Effectiveness of a vaping cessation text message program among young adult e-cigarette users: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 181(7), 923–930. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.1793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, A. L., Jacobs, M. A., Amato, M. S., Cha, S., Bottcher, M. M., & Papandonatos, G. D. (2020). Effectiveness of a quit vaping text message program in promoting abstinence among young adult e-cigarette users: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols, 9(5), e18327. https://doi.org/10.2196/18327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, D., Reid, J. L., Cole, A. G., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2017). Electronic cigarette use and smoking initiation among youth: A longitudinal cohort study. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 189(43), E1328–E1336. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.161002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankowski, M., Krzystanek, M., Zejda, J. E., Majek, P., Lubanski, J., Lawson, J. A., & Brozek, G. (2019). E-cigarettes are more addictive than traditional cigarettes—A study in highly educated young people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, L., Lynch, J., Richardson, A., Lorkiewicz, P., Srivastava, S., Theis, W., Shirk, G., Hand, A., Bhatnagar, A., Srivastava, S., & Conklin, D. J. (2021). Electronic cigarette solvents, pulmonary irritation, and endothelial dysfunction: Role of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 320(4), H1510–H1525. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00878.2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, J. W., Stalgaitis, C. A., Charles, J., Madden, P. A., Radhakrishnan, A. G., & Saggese, D. (2019). Peer crowd identification and adolescent health behaviors: Results from a statewide representative study. Health Education & Behavior, 46(1), 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198118759148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun, J., Wen, T. J., & Wu, L. (2021). The effects of self vs. group affirmation and message framing on college students’ vape-free campus policy support. Health Communication, 36(11), 1441–1451. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1767446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd, L. R., Garrard, G. E., Bekessy, S. A., Mills, M., Camilleri, A. R., Fidler, F., Fielding, K. S., Gordon, A., Gregg, E. A., Kusmanoff, A. M., Louis, W., Moon, K., Robinson, J. A., Selinske, M. J., Shanahan, D., & Adams, V. M. (2019). Messaging matters: A systematic review of the conservation messaging literature. Biological Conservation, 236, 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M. (2019). When similarity strikes back: Conditional persuasive effects of character-audience similarity in anti-smoking campaign. Human Communication Research, 45(1), 52–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqy013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M., Shi, R., & Cappella, J. N. (2016). Effect of character–audience similarity on the perceived effectiveness of antismoking PSAs via engagement. Health Communication, 31(10), 1193–1204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1048421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, G., Cavallo, D. A., Camenga, D. R., Morean, M. E., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2016). Preference for gain- or loss-framed electronic cigarette prevention messages. Addictive Behaviors, 62, 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowitt, S. D., Mendel Sheldon, J., Vereen, R. N., Kurtzman, R. T., Gottfredson, N. C., Hall, M. G., Brewer, N. T., & Noar, S. M. (2023). The impact of the real cost vaping and smoking ads across tobacco products. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 25(3), 430–437. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntac206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramarow, E. A., & Elgaddal, N. (2023). Current electronic cigarette use among adults aged 18 and over: United States, 2021. NCHS Data Brief, 475, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:129966
   Google Scholar
• Kresovich, A., Sanzo, N., Brothers, W., Prentice-Dunn, H., Boynton, M. H., Sutfin, E. L., Sheeran, P., & Noar, S. M. (2022). What’s in the message? An analysis of themes and features used in vaping prevention messages. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 15, 100404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100404
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lang, A. (2000). The limited capacity model of mediated message processing. Journal of Communication, 50(1), 46–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02833.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazard, A. J. (2021). Social media message designs to educate adolescents about e-cigarettes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(1), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazaro, A., Ceballos, R., Fischer, M., Smuin, S., & Halpern-Felsher, B. (2021). A novel approach to training educators to conduct school-based adolescent e-cigarette education and prevention: Using the tobacco prevention toolkit. Addictive Behaviors, 118, 106858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. N., & Stevens, E. M. (2022). Message source credibility and e-cigarette harm perceptions among young adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. N., Stevens, E. M., Keller-Hamilton, B., Wedel, A. V., Wagener, T. L., & Patterson, J. G. (2022). Minoritized sexual identity and perceived effectiveness of Instagram public health messaging about e-cigarettes. Journal of Health Communication, 27(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2022.2059724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipkus, I. M., Ranby, K. W., Lewis, M. A., & Toll, B. (2013). Reactions to framing of cessation messages: Insights from dual-smoker couples. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(12), 2022–2028. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Lee, D. N., & Stevens, E. M. (2023). Characteristics associated with young adults’ intentions to engage with anti-vaping Instagram posts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(11), 6054. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20116054
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, S., & Yang, J. Z. (2020a). Incorporating message framing into narrative persuasion to curb e-cigarette use among college students. Risk Analysis, 40(8), 1677–1690. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, S., & Yang, J. Z. (2020b). The role of temporal distance perception in narrative vs. non-narrative persuasion related to e-cigarettes. Journal of Health Communication, 25(7), 543–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2020.1788678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyu, J. C., Olson, S. S., Ramo, D. E., & Ling, P. M. (2022). Delivering vaping cessation interventions to adolescents and young adults on Instagram: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 2311. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14606-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, H., Kieu, T. K.-T., Ribisl, K. M., & Noar, S. M. (2023). Do vaping prevention messages impact adolescents and young adults? A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Health Communication, 38(8), 1709–1722. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2023.2185578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire, W. J. (1984). Public communication as a strategy for inducing health-promoting behavioral change. Preventive Medicine, 13(3), 299–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(84)90086-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire, W. J. (2013). McGuire’s classic input-output framework for constructing persuasive messages. In R. E. Rice & C. K. Atkin (Eds.), Public communication campaigns (4th ed., pp. 133–145). SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Moran, M. B., Walker, M. W., Alexander, T. N., Jordan, J. W., & Wagner, D. E. (2017). Why peer crowds matter: Incorporating youth subcultures and values in health education campaigns. American Journal of Public Health, 107(3), 389–395. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy-Hoefer, R., Davis, K. C., King, B. A., Beistle, D., Rodes, R., & Graffunder, C. (2020). Association between the tips from former smokers campaign and smoking cessation among adults, United States, 2012–2018. Preventing Chronic Disease, 17, E97. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L. (2003). Exploring the framing effects of emotion: Do discrete emotions differentially influence information accessibility, information seeking, and policy preference? Communication Research, 30(2), 224–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650202250881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L. (2007). Emotion and persuasion: A social cognitive perspective. In D. R. Roskos-Ewoldsen. & J. L. Monahan (Eds.), Communication and social cognition: Theories and methods (pp. 377–398). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Gottfredson, N. C., Kieu, T., Rohde, J. A., Hall, M. G., Ma, H., Fendinger, N. J., & Brewer, N. T. (2022). Impact of vaping prevention advertisements on US adolescents: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 5(10), e2236370. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Gottfredson, N., Vereen, R. N., Kurtzman, R., Sheldon, J. M., Adams, E., Hall, M. G., & Brewer, N. T. (2021). Development of the UNC perceived message effectiveness scale for youth. Tobacco Control, 32(5), 553–558. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Harrington, N. G., & Aldrich, R. S. (2009). The role of message tailoring in the development of persuasive health communication messages. Annals of the International Communication Association, 33(1), 73–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2009.11679085
   Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Rohde, J. A., Horvitz, C., Lazard, A. J., Cornacchione Ross, J., & Sutfin, E. L. (2019). Adolescents’ receptivity to e-cigarette harms messages delivered using text messaging. Addictive Behaviors, 91, 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, D., Long, J., Quigley, J., Lee, C., McCarthy, A., & Kavanagh, P. (2021). Association between electronic cigarette use and tobacco cigarette smoking initiation in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 954. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10935-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., & Moher, D. (2021). Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: Development of the PRISMA 2020 statement. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 134, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, J. G., Keller-Hamilton, B., Wedel, A. V., Wagener, T. L., & Stevens, E. M. (2022). Responses to e-cigarette health messages among young adult sexual minoritized women and nonbinary people assigned female at birth: Assessing the influence of message theme and format. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 231, 109249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123–205). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60214-2
   Google Scholar
• Popova, L., Fairman, R. T., Akani, B., Dixon, K., & Weaver, S. R. (2021). “Don’t do vape, bro!” a qualitative study of youth’s and parents’ reactions to e-cigarette prevention advertisements. Addictive Behaviors, 112, 106565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1997). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rath, J. M., Romberg, A. R., Perks, S. N., Edwards, D., Vallone, D. M., & Hair, E. C. (2021). Identifying message themes to prevent e-cigarette use among youth and young adults. Preventive Medicine, 150, 106683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley, K. E., Ulrich, M. R., Hamann, H. A., & Ostroff, J. S. (2017). Decreasing smoking but increasing stigma? Anti-tobacco campaigns, public health, and cancer care. AMA Journal of Ethics, 19(5), 475–485. https://doi.org/10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.5.msoc1-1705
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roditis, M. L., Dineva, A., Smith, A., Walker, M., Delahanty, J., D’Lorio, E., & Holtz, K. D. (2020). Reactions to electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) prevention messages: Results from qualitative research used to inform FDA’s first youth ENDS prevention campaign. Tobacco Control, 29(5), 510–515. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde, J. A., Noar, S. M., Sheldon, J. M., Hall, M. G., Kieu, T., & Brewer, N. T. (2022). Identifying promising themes for adolescent vaping warnings: A national experiment. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 24(9), 1379–1385. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntac093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, C. J., Noar, S. M., & Sutfin, E. L. (2019). Systematic review of health communication for non-cigarette tobacco products. Health Communication, 34(3), 361–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1407274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman, A. J., & Salovey, P. (1997). Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: The role of message framing. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez, S., Kaufman, P., Pelletier, H., Baskerville, B., Feng, P., O’Connor, S., Schwartz, R., & Chaiton, M. (2021). Is vaping cessation like smoking cessation? A qualitative study exploring the responses of youth and young adults who vape e-cigarettes. Addictive Behaviors, 113, 106687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders-Jackson, A., Clayton, R. B., Tan, A. S. L., & Yie, K. (2019). Testing the effect of vapor in ENDS public service announcements on current smokers and ends users’ psychophysiological responses and smoking and vaping urge. Journal of Health Communication, 24(4), 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1630525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapru, S., Vardhan, M., Li, Q., Guo, Y., Li, X., & Saxena, D. (2020). E-cigarettes use in the United States: Reasons for use, perceptions, and effects on health. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1518. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09572-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvia, P. J. (2005). Deflecting reactance: The role of similarity in increasing compliance and reducing resistance. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27(3), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2703_9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soneji, S., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Wills, T. A., Leventhal, A. M., Unger, J. B., Gibson, L. A., Yang, J., Primack, B. A., Andrews, J. A., Miech, R. A., Spindle, T. R., Dick, D. M., Eissenberg, T., Hornik, R. C., Dang, R., & Sargent, J. D. (2017). Association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(8), 788–797. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, E. M., Keller-Hamilton, B., Mays, D., Unger, J. B., Wackowski, O. A., West, J. C., & Villanti, A. C. (2021). Optimizing images for an e-cigarette messaging campaign: Liking and perceived effectiveness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 12989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strecher, V. J., McClure, J. B., Alexander, G. L., Chakraborty, B., Nair, V. N., Konkel, J. M., Greene, S. M., Collins, L. M., Carlier, C. C., Wiese, C. J., Little, R. J., Pomerleau, C. S., & Pomerleau, O. F. (2008). Web-based smoking-cessation programs: Results of a randomized trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(5), 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.12.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, A. S. L., Rees, V. W., Rodgers, J., Agudile, E., Sokol, N. A., Yie, K., & Sanders-Jackson, A. (2018). Effects of exposure to anti-vaping public service announcements among current smokers and dual users of cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 188, 251–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tehrani, H., Rajabi, A., Ghelichi- Ghojogh, M., Nejatian, M., & Jafari, A. (2022). The prevalence of electronic cigarettes vaping globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Public Health, 80(1), 240. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-022-00998-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toll, B. A., Martino, S., Latimer, A., Salovey, P., O’Malley, S., Carlin-Menter, S., Hopkins, J., Wu, R., Celestino, P., & Cummings, K. M. (2010). Randomized trial: Quitline specialist training in gain-framed vs standard-care messages for smoking cessation. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 102(2), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp468
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tucker Smith, C., & De Houwer, J. (2014). The impact of persuasive messages on IAT performance is moderated by source attractiveness and likeability. Social Psychology, 45(6), 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The health consequences of smoking – 50 years of progress: A report of the surgeon general.
   Google Scholar
• Villanti, A. C., LePine, S. E., West, J. C., Cruz, T. B., Stevens, E. M., Tetreault, H. J., Unger, J. B., Wackowski, O. A., & Mays, D. (2021). Identifying message content to reduce vaping: Results from online message testing trials in young adult tobacco users. Addictive Behaviors, 115, 106778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, G. C., Cole, A. G., de Groh, M., Jiang, Y., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2022). More support needed: Evaluating the impact of school e-cigarette prevention and cessation programs on e-cigarette initiation among a sample of Canadian secondary school students. Preventive Medicine, 155, 106924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, W., Kathuria, H., Galiatsatos, P., Blaha, M. J., Hamburg, N. M., Robertson, R. M., Bhatnagar, A., Benjamin, E. J., & Stokes, A. C. (2020). Association of electronic cigarette use with incident respiratory conditions among US adults from 2013 to 2018. JAMA Network Open, 3(11), e2020816. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xuan, Z., & Choi, J. N. (2021). Content analysis of the use of fear in the real cost youth e-cigarette prevention campaign. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 14(3), 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2020.1860671
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Z., Dam, L., & Park, S. (2023). Using virtual reality in e-cigarette and secondhand aerosol prevention messages: Implications for emotional campaign design. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 26(4), 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2022.0231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q. C., Courtney-Long, E. A., Sinclair, L. B., Reese, S., Armour, B. S., & Shapira, S. K. (2022). State-specific prevalence of current e-cigarette use by disability status and disability type—United States, BRFSS 2016–2018. Disability and Health Journal, 15(1), 101182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Cai, X., & Malterud, A. (2023). Framing effects in youth e-cigarette use prevention: Individual text messages versus simulated text exchanges. Health Education & Behavior, 50(5), 683–692. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221148965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar