91
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Sharing Culture and Management of Sex Work Information on Mobile Phones by Female Sex Workers in Nepal: Implications for mHealth Practice and Research

ORCID Icon, , , &

References

  • Acharya, A., Cunningham, K., Manandhar, S., Shrestha, N., Chen, M., & Weissman, A. (2020). Exploring the use of mobile health to improve community-based health and nutrition service utilization in the hills of Nepal: Qualitative study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9), e17659. https://doi.org/10.2196/17659
  • Ahmed, S. I., Haque, M. R., Chen, J., & Dell, N. (2017). Digital privacy challenges with shared mobile phone use in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 1(CSCW), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134652
  • Ayer, R., Poudel, K. C., Kikuchi, K., Ghimire, M., Shibanuma, A., & Jimba, M. (2021). Nurse-Led mobile phone voice call reminder and on-time antiretroviral pills pick-up in Nepal: A randomized controlled trial. AIDS and Behavior, 25(6), 1923–1934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03122-7
  • Azhar, S., Dasgupta, S., Sinha, S., & Karandikar, S. (2020). Diversity in sex work in India: Challenging stereotypes regarding sex workers. Sexuality and Culture, 24(6), 1774–1797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09719-3
  • Baral, S., Beyrer, C., Muessig, K., Poteat, T., Wirtz, A. L., Decker, M. R., Sherman, S. G., & Kerrigan, D. (2012). Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12(7), 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70066-X
  • Basnyat, I. (2014). Lived experiences of street-based female sex workers in Kathmandu: Implications for health intervention strategies. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 16(9), 1040–1051. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.922620
  • Basnyat, I. (2017a). Structural violence in health care: Lived experience of street-based female commercial sex workers in Kathmandu. Qualitative Health Research, 27(2), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315601665
  • Basnyat, I. (2017b). Theorizing the relationship between gender and health through a case study of Nepalese street-based female sex workers. Communication Theory, 27(4), 388–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12114
  • Basnyat, I. (2020). Stigma, agency, and motherhood: Exploring the performativity of dual mother–female sex workers identities in Kathmandu, Nepal. Journal of International & Intercultural Communication, 13(2), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2020.1735486
  • Basu, A., & Dutta, M. J. (2008). Participatory change in a campaign led by sex workers: Connecting resistance to action-oriented agency. Qualitative Health Research, 18(1), 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307309373
  • Bhatta, P., Thapa, S., Neupane, S., Baker, J., & Friedman, M. (1994). Commercial sex workers in Kathmandu Valley: Profile and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases. JNMA Journal of Nepal Medical Association, 32(111), 191–203. PMID: 12154941.
  • Brannon, G. E., & Ray, M. A. (2023). Participant-reported experiences of conversations about sexually transmitted infections with romantic partners: Perceptions of ownership and privacy. Health Communication, 38(5), 892–901. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1981563
  • Campbell-Salome, G. (2018). “Yes they have the right to know, but … ”: Young adult women managing private health information as dependents. Health Communication, 34(9), 1010–1020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1452092
  • Chadda, R. K., & Deb, K. S. (2013). Indian family systems, collectivistic society and psychotherapy. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S299–309. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105555
  • Chakrapani, V., Kumar, P., Kaur, J., Shunmugam, M., & Mukherjee, D. (2023). A smartphone-based pilot HIV prevention intervention (Sakhi) among transgender women who engage in sex work in India: Efficacy of a pre-and post-test quasi-experimental trial. Venereology, 2(1), 30–42. https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology2010003
  • Cooney, J. A. (1990). Eating disorder, substance abuse and prostitution. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 7(1), 36–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0790966700016992
  • Cypress, B. S. (2017). Rigor or reliability and validity in qualitative research: Perspectives, strategies, reconceptualization, and recommendations. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 36(4), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000253
  • Dutta, M. J. (2008). Communicating health: A culture-centered approach. Polity Press.
  • Farley, M., Baral, I., Kiremire, M., & Sezgin, U. (1998). Prostitution in five countries: Violence and post-traumatic stress disorder. Feminism & Psychology, 8(4), 405–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353598084002
  • Furber, A. S., Newell, J. N., & Lubben, M. M. (2002). A systematic review of current knowledge of HIV epidemiology and of sexual behaviour in Nepal. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 7(2), 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00844.x
  • Ghimire, A., Samuels, F., & Mainali, S. (2021). Changing patterns of commercial sex work amongst adolescent girls in Nepal: The role of technology. The European Journal of Development Research, 33(5), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-021-00455-4
  • Ghimire, L., Smith, W. C. S., & van Teijlingen, E. R. (2011). Utilisation of sexual health services by female sex workers in Nepal. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-11-79
  • Ghimire, L., Smith, W. C. S., van Teijlingen, E. R., Dahal, R., & Luitel, N. P. (2011). Reasons for non-use of condoms and self-efficacy among female sex workers: A qualitative study in Nepal. BMC Women’s Health, 11(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-11-42
  • Ghimire, L., & van Teijlingen, E. (2009). Barriers to utilisation of sexual health services by female sex workers in Nepal. Global Journal of Health Science, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v1n1p12
  • Goldstein, M., Archary, M., Adong, J., Haberer, J. E., Kuhns, L. M., Kurth, A., Ronen, K., Lightfoot, M., Inwani, I., & John-Stewart, G. (2022). Systematic review of mhealth interventions for adolescent and young adult HIV prevention and the adolescent HIV continuum of care in low to middle income countries. AIDS and Behavior, 27(Suppl 1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-022-03840-0
  • Grittner, A. L., & Walsh, C. A. (2020). The role of social stigma in the lives of female-identified sex workers: A scoping review. Sexuality & Culture, 24(5), 1653–1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09707-7
  • Hall, C. S., Fottrell, E., Wilkinson, S., & Byass, P. (2014). Assessing the impact of mHealth interventions in low- and middle-income countries – What has been shown to work? Global Health Action, 7(1), 25606. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.25606
  • Himalayan Times. (2017). Number of sex workers increasing. https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/number-sex-workers-increasing/
  • Huber-Krum, S., Karandikar, S., & Gezinski, L. (2020). “A condom is compulsory”: A qualitative study of condom use and negotiation strategies among female sex workers in Nepal. Women & Health, 60(8), 872–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2020.1766641
  • James, J. (2011). Sharing mobile phones in developing countries: Implications for the digital divide. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(4), 729–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2010.11.008
  • Kakchapati, S., Singh, D. R., Rawal, B. B., & Lim, A. (2017). Sexual risk behaviors, HIV, and syphilis among female sex workers in Nepal. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, NZ), 9, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S123928
  • Katrini, E. (2018). Sharing culture: On definitions, values, and emergence. The Sociological Review, 66(2), 425–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026118758550
  • Kazemi, D. M., Borsari, B., Levine, M. J., Li, S., Lamberson, K. A., & Matta, L. A. (2017). A systematic review of the mHealth interventions to prevent alcohol and substance abuse. Journal of Health Communication, 22(5), 413–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2017.1303556
  • Kim, H., Tietsort, C., Posteher, K., Michaelides, A., & Toro-Ramos, T. (2020). Enabling self-management of a chronic condition through patient-centered coaching: A case of an mHealth diabetes prevention program for older adults. Health Communication, 35(14), 1791–1799. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1663583
  • LeFevre, A. E., Shah, N., Bashingwa, J. J. H., George, A. S., & Mohan, D. (2020). Does women’s mobile phone ownership matter for health? Evidence from 15 countries. BMJ Global Health, 5(5), e002524. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002524
  • Lewis, M. A., Uhrig, J. D., Bann, C. M., Harris, J. L., Furberg, R. D., Coomes, C., & Kuhns, L. M. (2013). Tailored text messaging intervention for HIV adherence: A proof-of-concept study. Health Psychology, 32(3), 248. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028109
  • Lukács, A. (2016). What is privacy? The history and definition of privacy. https://publicatio.bibl.u-szeged.hu/10794/7/3188699.pdf
  • MacLean, S. A., Lancaster, K. E., Lungu, T., Mmodzi, P., Hosseinipour, M. C., Pence, B. W., Gaynes, B. N., Hoffman, I. F., & Miller, W. C. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of probable depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among female sex workers in Lilongwe, Malawi. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16(1), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9829-9
  • Manzar, O., & Chaturvedi, U. (2017). Understanding the lack of privacy in the Indian cultural context. https://defindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Understanding-the-Lack-of-Privacy-in-Indian-Cultural-Context.pdf
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • McNeill, L. A. (2008). The price of a life: Legislating sex work and trafficking in Nepal. Cornell University. https://www.angelfire.com/me3/leila3/THESIS_secure.pdf
  • Menger-Ogle, L. M., Kaufman, M. R., Fisher, G. G., Ryan, E. P., & Stallones, L. (2020). Using peer education to promote psychosocial and occupational health and empowerment among female sex workers in Nepal. Violence Against Women, 26(11), 1445–1466. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219861155
  • Meyers, D. J., Filkins, M., Bangura, A. H., Sharma, R., Baruwal, A., Pande, S., Halliday, S., Schwarz, D., Schwarz, R. K., & Maru, D. S. (2017). Management challenges in mHealth: Failures of a mobile community health worker surveillance programme in rural Nepal. BMJ Innovations, 3(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjinnov-2015-000102
  • Millan-Alanis, J. M., Carranza-Navarro, F., de León-Gutiérrez, H., Leyva-Camacho, P. C., Guerrero-Medrano, A. F., Barrera, F. J., Garza Lopez, L. E., & Saucedo-Uribe, E. (2021). Prevalence of suicidality, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety among female sex workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 24(6), 867–879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-021-01144-1
  • Mishra, S. R., & Neupane, S. R. (2015). Differentiated typology of sex work and implication for HIV prevention programs among female sex workers in Nepal. Frontiers in Public Health, 3, 36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00036
  • Mohebbi, M. (2005). Female sex workers and fear of stigmatisation. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 81(2), 180–181. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2004.010512
  • Moonen, B., & Cohen, J. M. (2011). Text messaging to improve adherence to malaria guidelines. The Lancet, 378(9793), 750–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61089-1
  • Mueller, S., Soriano, D., Boscor, A., Saville, N. M., Arjyal, A., Baral, S., Fordham, M., Hearn, G., Kayastha, R., & Kostkova, P. (2020). MANTRA: Improving knowledge of maternal health, neonatal health, and geohazards in women in rural Nepal using a mobile serious game. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 915. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.584375
  • NCASC. (2014). Country progress report on HIV/AIDS response Nepal. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/country/documents/NPL_narrative_report_2014.pdf
  • NCASC. (2015). Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance (IBBS) Survey Female Sex Workers (FSW) in Kathmandu Valley, Round 5, 2015. https://www.ncasc.gov.np//uploaded/publication/Reports/IBBS/IBBS2015/IBBS%20Full%20Report_FSW_KTM_Rd5_2015.pdf
  • NCASC. (2022). National HIV fact sheet 2022. https://ncasc.gov.np/information/85
  • Nelson, K. M., Perry, N. S., Horvath, K. J., & Smith, L. R. (2020). A systematic review of mHealth interventions for HIV prevention and treatment among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 10(5), 1211–1220. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa007
  • Nepal, V. P., & Ross, M. W. (2010). Issues related to HIV stigma in Nepal. International Journal of Sexual Health, 22(1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317610903393142
  • Ni, Z., Atluri, N., Shaw, R. J., Tan, J., Khan, K., Merk, H., Ge, Y., Shrestha, S., Shrestha, A., & Vasudevan, L. (2020). Evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of a mobile health–based female community health volunteer program for hypertension control in rural Nepal: Cross-sectional study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(3), e15419. https://doi.org/10.2196/15419
  • Panchanadeswaran, S., Unnithan, A. M., Chacko, S., Brazda, M., & Kuruppu, S. (2017). What’s technology got to do with it? Exploring the impact of mobile phones on female sex workers’ lives and livelihood in India. Gender, Technology and Development, 21(1–2), 152–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2017.1385318
  • Person, A. K., Blain, M. L., Jiang, H., Rasmussen, P. W., & Stout, J. E. (2011). Text messaging for enhancement of testing and treatment for tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, and syphilis: A survey of attitudes toward cellular phones and healthcare [Research Support, N.I.H. Extramural]. Telemedicine and E-Health, 17(3), 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0164
  • Petronio, S. (1999). Balancing the secrets of private disclosures. Routledge.
  • Petronio, S. (2002). Boundaries of privacy: Dialectics of disclosure. Suny Press.
  • Petronio, S. (2013). Brief status report on communication privacy management theory. Journal of Family Communication, 13(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.743426
  • Petronio, S., Child, J. T., & Hall, R. D. (2021). Communication privacy management theory: Significance for interpersonal communication. In D. O. Braithwaite & P. Schrodt (Eds.), Engaging theories in interpersonal communication (pp. 314–327). Routledge.
  • Prasopoulou, E., Pouloudi, A., & Panteli, N. (2006). Enacting new temporal boundaries: The role of mobile phones. European Journal of Information Systems, 15(3), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000617
  • Rana, M. S., Nepali, B., Sathian, B., Aryal, R. P., Thapalia, M., & Bhatta, D. R. (2013). The socio-demographic characteristics of the clients of female sex workers and their perspectives, behaviours and attitude on HIV and AIDS: A questionnaire based survey from Pokhara, Nepal. Journal of Clinical Diagnosis and Research, 7(1), 112–117. https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2012/4391.2683
  • Reed, E., Fisher, C. B., Blankenship, K. M., West, B. S., & Khoshnood, K. (2017). Why female sex workers participate in HIV research: The illusion of voluntariness. AIDS Care, 29(7), 914–918. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1271935
  • Reed, E., Khoshnood, K., Blankenship, K. M., & Fisher, C. B. (2014). Confidentiality, privacy, and respect: Experiences of female sex workers participating in HIV research in Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 9(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2014.9.1.19
  • Sagtani, R. A., Bhattarai, S., Adhikari, B. R., Baral, D. D., Yadav, D. K., & Pokharel, P. K. (2014). Understanding socio economic contexts of female sex workers in eastern Nepal. Nepal Medical College Journal, 16(2–4), 119–124. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reshu-Sagtani/publication/292151024_Understanding_socio_economic_contexts_of_female_sex_workers_in_eastern_Nepal/links/56ab357408ae8f386567f379/Understanding-socio-economic-contexts-of-female-sex-workers-in-eastern-Nepal.pdf
  • Sagtani, R. A., Bhattarai, S., Adhikari, B. R., Baral, D., Yadav, D. K., & Pokharel, P. K. (2013a). Alcohol use, HIV risk behavior and experience of sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers of Nepal. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 1(2), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2013.05.003
  • Sagtani, R. A., Bhattarai, S., Adhikari, B. R., Baral, D., Yadav, D. K., & Pokharel, P. K. (2013b). Violence, HIV risk behaviour and depression among female sex workers of eastern Nepal. British Medical Journal Open, 3(6), e002763. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002763
  • Sambasivan, N., Checkley, G., Batool, A., Ahmed, N., Nemer, D., Gaytán-Lugo, L. S., Matthews, T., Consolvo, S., & Churchill, E. (2018). “Privacy is not for me, it’s for those rich women”: Performative privacy practices on mobile phones by women in South Asia. In 14th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2018) (pp. 127–142). USINEX Association.
  • Sanders, T. (2004). A continuum of risk? The management of health, physical and emotional risks by female sex workers. Sociology of Health & Illness, 26(5), 557–574. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0141-9889.2004.00405.x
  • Shrestha, R., Fisher, C., Wickersham, J. A., Khati, A., Kim, R., Azwa, I., Mistler, C., & Goldsamt, L. (2021). Privacy and confidentiality concerns related to the use of mHealth apps for HIV prevention efforts among Malaysian men who have sex with men: Cross-sectional survey study. JMIR Formative Research, 5(12), e28311. https://doi.org/10.2196/28311
  • Silverman, J. G., Decker, M. R., Gupta, J., Dharmadhikari, A., Seage, G. R., & Raj, A. (2008). Syphilis and hepatitis b co-infection among HIV-infected, sex-trafficked women and girls, Nepal. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(6), 932–934. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1406.080090
  • Smith, S. A., & Brunner, S. R. (2016). The great whoosh: Connecting an online personal health narrative and communication privacy management. Health Communication, 31(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.930551
  • Smith, R. A., & Niedermyer, A. J. (2009). Keepers of the secret: Desires to conceal a family member’s HIV-positive status in Namibia, Africa. Health Communication, 24(5), 459–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230903023501
  • Steenson, M. W., & Donner, J. (2017). Beyond the personal and private: Modes of mobile phone sharing in urban India. In R. Ling (Ed.), The reconstruction of space and time (pp. 231–250). Routledge.
  • Timalsina, S. K. (2019). Nepal India relations: People to people contact. International Journal of Innovative Science & Research Technology, 4(3), 444–450. https://ijisrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/IJISRT19MA556.pdf
  • Ting‐Toomey, S., Gao, G., Trubisky, P., Yang, Z., Soo Kim, H., Lin, S. L., & Nishida, T. (1991). Culture, face maintenance, and styles of handling interpersonal conflict: A study in five cultures. International Journal of Conflict Management, 2(4), 275–296. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb022702
  • Tomlinson, M., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Swartz, L., & Tsai, A. C. (2013). Scaling up mHealth: Where is the evidence? PLOS Medicine, 10(2), e1001382. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001382
  • Toubiana, M., & Ruebottom, T. (2022). Stigma hierarchies: The internal dynamics of stigmatization in the sex work occupation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 67(2), 515–552. https://doi.org/10.1177/00018392221075344
  • Tracy, S. J. (2019). Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Treloar, C., Cama, E., Stardust, Z., & Kim, J. (2021). ‘I wouldn’t call the cops if I was being bashed to death’: Sex work, whore stigma and the criminal legal system. International Journal for Crime, Justice & Social Democracy, 10(3), 142–157. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.1894
  • UNAIDS. (2020). Global AIDS monitoring. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/country/documents/NPL_2020_countryreport.pdf
  • Warren, S. D., & Brandeis, L. D. (1890). The right to privacy. Harvard Law Review, 4(5), 193–220. https://doi.org/10.2307/1321160
  • Wasti, S. P., Simkhada, P., Randall, J., & van Teijlingen, E. (2009). Issues and challenges of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment programme in Nepal. Global Journal of Health Science, 1(2), 62–72. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v1n2p62
  • WHO. (2011). mHealth new horizons for health through mobile technologies: Second global survey on eHealth. http://www.who.int/goe/publications/goe_mhealth_web.pdf
  • Willoughby, J. F., & Brickman, J. (2021). Adding to the message testing tool belt: Assessing the feasibility and acceptability of an EMA-style, mobile approach to pretesting mHealth interventions. Health Communication, 36(10), 1260–1267. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1750748
  • Wilson, E., Pant, S. B., Comfort, M., & Ekstrand, M. (2011). Stigma and HIV risk among metis in Nepal. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 13(3), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2010.524247
  • Wong, W. C., Holroyd, E., & Bingham, A. (2011). Stigma and sex work from the perspective of female sex workers in Hong Kong. Sociology of Health & Illness, 33(1), 50–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2010.01276.x
  • Yilmaz, S. K., & Bohara, A. K. (2021). mHealth: Potentials and risks for addressing mental health and well-being issues among Nepali adolescents. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 387. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.563515

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.