Why do people cycle (a lot)? A multivariate approach on mental health, personality traits and motivation as determinants for cycling ambition

References

• Abou Shoak, M., Knechtle, B., Knechtle, P., Rüst, C. A., Rosemann, T., & Lepers, R. (2013). Participation and performance trends in ultracycling. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 4, 41–51. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S40142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abraham, A., Sommerhalder, K., & Abel, T. (2010). Landscape and well-being: A scoping study on the health-promoting impact of outdoor environments. International Journal of Public Health, 55(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-0069-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldred, R., Woodcock, J., & Goodman, A. (2016). Does more cycling mean more diversity in cycling? Transport Reviews, 36(1), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2015.1014451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (Eds.). (1993). Testing structural equation models (Vol. 154). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• BPtK. (2021). BPtK-Auswertung: Monatelange Wartezeiten bei Psychotherapeut*innen [BPtK assessment: month-long waiting time for psychotherapists]. https://www.bptk.de/bptk-auswertung-monatelange-wartezeiten-bei-psychotherapeutinnen/.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. D., O'Connor, J. P., & Barkatsas, A. N. (2009). Instrumentation and motivations for organised cycling: The development of the Cyclist Motivation Instrument (CMI). Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 8(2), 211–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge Academic. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
   Google Scholar
• Cooley, S. J., Jones, C. R., Kurtz, A., & Robertson, N. (2020). ‘Into the wild’: A meta-synthesis of talking therapy in natural outdoor spaces. Clinical Psychology Review, 77, 101841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusack, M. (2021). Individual, social, and environmental factors associated with active transportation commuting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Transport & Health, 22, 101089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eijsvogels, T. M., Thompson, P. D., & Franklin, B. A. (2018). The “extreme exercise hypothesis”: recent findings and cardiovascular health implications. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine, 20(10), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-018-0674-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eurostat. (2022). EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Employment_-_annual_statistics.
   Google Scholar
• García-Naveira, A., & Ruiz-Barquín, R. (2013). The personality of the athlete: A theoretical review from the perspective of traits. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 13, 627–645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrard, J., Rissel, C., & Bauman, A. (2012). Health benefits of cycling. In J. Pucher & R. Buehler (Eds.), City cycling (pp. 31–55). MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gauckler, P., Kesenheimer, J. S., Kronbichler, A., & Kolbinger, F. R. (2021). Edema-like symptoms are common in ultra-distance cyclists and driven by overdrinking, use of analgesics and female sex–A study of 919 athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00470-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getz, D., & McConnell, A. (2014). Comparing trail runners and mountain bikers: Motivation, involvement, portfolios, and event-tourist careers. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 15(1), 69–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2013.834807
   Google Scholar
• Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. Jr. (2003). A very brief measure of the big-five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grand View Research. (2022). Bicycle market size, share & trends analysis report by product (Mountain, Hybrid, Road, Cargo), by technology (Electric, Conventional), by end user, by distribution channel, by region, and segment forecasts, 2022–2030. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/bicycle-market
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, N., Madaras, L., Dicke, J., & Buckworth, J. (2015). Motivational differences between half, full and ultramarathoners. Journal of Sport Behavior, 38, 180–191.
   Google Scholar
• Hatfield, D. P., Chomitz, V. R., Chui, K. K., Sacheck, J. M., & Economos, C. D. (2015). Demographic, physiologic, and psychosocial correlates of physical activity in structured exercise and sports among low-income, overweight children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 47(5), 452–458.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2015.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendriksen, I. J., Simons, M., Garre, F. G., & Hildebrandt, V. H. (2010). The association between commuter cycling and sickness absence. Preventive Medicine, 51(2), 132–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyle, R. H., Stephenson, M. T., Palmgreen, P., Lorch, E. P., & Donohew, R. L. (2002). Reliability and validity of a brief measure of sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(3), 401–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00032-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM. (2017). IBM SPSS statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Jack, S. J., & Ronan, K. R. (1998). Sensation seeking among high-and low-risk sports participants. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(6), 1063–1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00081-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnke, J. [Host]. (2022, January). Special: Science Edition – Share Your Experience! [Audio Podcast]. In Die wundersame Fahrradwelt [the wondrous world of bicycles]. https://doi.org/https://die-wundersame-fahrradwelt.de/special-science-editionshare-your-experience/
   Google Scholar
• Karg, N., Dorscht, L., Kornhuber, J., & Luttenberger, K. (2020). Bouldering psychotherapy is more effective in the treatment of depression than physical exercise alone: Results of a multicentre randomised controlled intervention study. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02518-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaChausse, R. G. (2006). Motives of competitive and non-competitive cyclists. Journal of Sport Behavior, 29, 304.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M., & Sutton, A. (2011). Understanding exercise behavior: Examining the interaction of exercise motivation and personality in predicting exercise frequency. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34, 82.
   Google Scholar
• Leyland, L. A., Spencer, B., Beale, N., Jones, T., & Van Reekum, C. M. (2019). The effect of cycling on cognitive function and well-being in older adults. PLoS One, 14(2), e0211779. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96(4), 690–702. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.4.690
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolaidis, P. T., Rosemann, T., & Knechtle, B. (2018). A brief review of personality in marathon runners: The role of sex, age and performance level. Sports, 6(3), 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6030099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Selig, J. P. (2012). Advantages of Monte Carlo confidence intervals for indirect effects. Communication Methods and Measures, 6(2), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2012.679848
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org.
   Google Scholar
• Raglin, J. S. (1990). Exercise and mental health. Sports Medicine, 9(6), 323–329. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199009060-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. E., & Smith, N. E. I. (2006). Personality correlates of physical activity: A review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(12), 958–965. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.028860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007). The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes. Perspectives on Psychological Science : a Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 2(4), 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland, G. L., Franken, R. E., & Harrison, K. (1986). Sensation seeking and participation in sporting activities. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8(3), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.8.3.212
   Google Scholar
• Rozin, P., Guillot, L., Fincher, K., Rozin, A., & Tsukayama, E. (2013). Glad to be sad, and other examples of benign masochism. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), 439–447. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500005295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagioglou, C., & Greitemeyer, T. (2020). Common, nonsexual masochistic preferences are positively associated with antisocial personality traits. Journal of Personality, 88(4), 780–793. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheer, V. (2019). Participation trends of ultra endurance events. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 27(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheer, V., & Hoffman, M. D. (2020). Ultramarathon and ultra-endurance sports. In M. Khodaee, A. Waterbrook, & M. Gammons (Eds.), Sports-related fractures, dislocations and trauma. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36790-9_75
   Google Scholar
• Scholz, H., Sousa, C. V., Baumgartner, S., Rosemann, T., & Knechtle, B. (2021). Changes in sex difference in time-limited ultra-cycling races from 6 hours to 24 hours. Medicina, 57(9), 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57090923
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schroth, M. L. (1995). A comparison of sensation seeking among different groups of athletes and nonathletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(2), 219–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)00144-H
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schüler, J., Wegner, M., & Knechtle, B. (2014). Implicit motives and basic need satisfaction in extreme endurance sports. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36(3), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultheiss, O. C. (2008). Implicit motives. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 603–633). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C. (1999). Goal imagery: Bridging the gap between implicit motives and explicit goals. Journal of Personality, 67(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scully, D., Kremer, J., Meade, M. M., Graham, R., & Dudgeon, K. (1998). Physical exercise and psychological well-being: A critical review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(2), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.32.2.111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolowski, K., Schmalt, H. D., Langens, T. A., & Puca, R. M. (2000). Assessing achievement, affiliation, and power motives all at once: the Multi-Motive Grid (MMG). Journal of Personality Assessment, 74(1), 126–145. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA740109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, J. J., Kraus, M. W., Carpenter, N. C., & Adler, N. E. (2020). The association between objective and subjective socioeconomic status and subjective well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 146(11), 970–1020. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hooff, M. L., Benthem de Grave, R. M., & Geurts, S. A. (2019). No pain, no gain? Recovery and strenuousness of physical activity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(5), 499–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weishaar, M. G., Kentopp, S. D., Wallace, G. T., & Conner, B. T. (2021). An investigation of the effects of sensation seeking and impulsivity on extreme sport participation and injury using path analysis. Journal of American College Health, 9, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1942008
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2003). ICF checklist: version 2.1a, clinician form for International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/classification/icf/icfchecklist.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, K. E., & Dishman, R. K. (2015). Personality and physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman, M. (1974). The sensation seeking motive. Progress in Experimental Personality Research, 7, 79–148.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zuckerman, M. (1983). Sensation seeking and sports. Personality and Individual Differences, 4(3), 285–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(83)90150-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar