Body confident coaching: a pilot randomized controlled trial evaluating the acceptability of a web-based body image intervention for coaches of adolescent girls

References

• Alleva, J. M., Sheeran, P., Webb, T. L., Martijn, C., & Miles, E. (2015). A meta-analytic review of stand-alone interventions to improve body image. PLoS One, 10(9), e0139177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alleva, J. M., & Tylka, T. L. (2021). Body functionality: A review of the literature. Body Image, 36, 149–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, R. (2018). Kicking center: Gender and the selling of women’s professional soccer. Rutgers University Press. https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813586793
   Google Scholar
• Bacon, J. G., Scheltema, K. E., & Robinson, B. E. (2001). Fat phobia scale revisited: The short form. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 25(2), 252–257. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801537 11410828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty, L., & Binnion, C. (2016). A systematic review of predictors of, and reasons for, adherence to online psychological interventions. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23(6), 776–794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-016-9556-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckner, B. N., & Record, R. A. (2016). Navigating the thin-ideal in an athletic world: Influence of coach communication on female athletes’ body image and health choices. Health Communication, 31(3), 364–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.957998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beintner, I., Vollert, B., Zarski, A.-C., Bolinski, F., Musiat, P., Görlich, D., Ebert, D. D., & Jacobi, C. (2019). Adherence reporting in randomized controlled trials examining manualized multisession online interventions: Systematic review of practices and proposal for reporting standards. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(8), e14181. https://doi.org/10.2196/14181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biddle, S. J., Ciaccioni, S., Thomas, G., & Vergeer, I. (2019). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: An updated review of reviews and an analysis of causality. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer, W., Oenema, A., Raat, H., Crutzen, R., de Nooijer, J., de Vries, N. K., & Brug, J. (2010). Characteristics of visitors and revisitors to an Internet-delivered computer-tailored lifestyle intervention implemented for use by the general public. Health Education Research, 25(4), 585–595. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, R. H. (1995). On the use of a pilot sample for sample size determination. Statistics in Medicine, 14(17), 1933–1940. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780141709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash, T. F., & Smolak, L. (2011). Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., & Farrer, L. (2009). Adherence in internet interventions for anxiety and depression: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 11(2), e1194. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppola, A. M., Ward, R. M., & Freysinger, V. J. (2014). Coaches’ communication of sport body image: Experiences of female athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2013.766650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruin, A., Oudejans, R. R., Bakker, F. C., & Woertman, L. (2011). Contextual body image and athletes’ disordered eating: The contribution of athletic body image to disordered eating in high performance women athletes. European Eating Disorders Review: The Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 19(3), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 416–436). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n21
   Google Scholar
• Deogracias-Schleich, A., Blom, L. C., Myers, K. E., Aegisdottir, P. D., S., Coker-Cranney, A., Blake, A., Ausmus, J., & Walker, M. (2022). Female adolescent athletes’ experiences of body dissatisfaction across individual and team sports. Journal of Athlete Development and Experience, 4(3), 4. https://doi.org/10.25035/jade.04.03.04
   Google Scholar
• Diedrichs, P. C., Atkinson, M. J., Steer, R. J., Garbett, K. M., Rumsey, N., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Effectiveness of a brief school-based body image intervention ‘Dove Confident Me: Single Session’ when delivered by teachers and researchers: Results from a cluster randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 74, 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, L. H., Doorenbos, A. Z., Schmitz, K. L., Carpenter, K. M., & McGregor, B. A. (2011). Establishing treatment fidelity in a web-based behavioral intervention study. Nursing Research, 60(6), 430–435. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0b013e31823386aa
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldridge, S. M., Chan, C. L., Campbell, M. J., Bond, C. M., Hopewell, S., Thabane, L., & Lancaster, G. A. (2016). CONSORT 2010 statement: Extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. British Medical Journal 355, i5239. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i5239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, M. B., McGuckin, M., Gainforth, H. L., Bruner, M. W., & Côté, J. (2015). Coach development programmes to improve interpersonal coach behaviours: A systematic review using the re-aim framework. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(13), 871–877. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenbach, G., & CONSORT-EHEALTH Group. (2011). CONSORT-EHEALTH: Improving and standardizing evaluation reports of web-based and mobile health interventions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13(4), e1923. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1923
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godoy-Izquierdo, D., & Díaz, I. (2021). Inhabiting the body (ies) in female soccer players: The protective role of positive body image. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 4086. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718836
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorrell, S., Nagata, J. M., Hill, K. B., Carlson, J. L., Shain, A. F., Wilson, J., Alix Timko, C., Hardy, K. K., Lock, J., & Peebles, R. (2021). Eating behavior and reasons for exercise among competitive collegiate male athletes. Eating and Weight Disorders: EWD, 26(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-019-00819-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, S. (2020). Biological determinism and essentialism. In N. A. Naples (Ed.), Companion to feminist studies (pp. 13–34). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119314967.ch2
   Google Scholar
• Hardie, A., Oshiro, K. F., & Dixon, M. A. (2022). Understanding body image perceptions of former female athletes: A qualitative analysis. Body Image, 43, 393–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmqvist, K., & Frisén, A. (2010). Body dissatisfaction across cultures: Findings and research problems. European Eating Disorders Review: The Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 18(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keery, H., Van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). An evaluation of the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Body Image, 1(3), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.03.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koulanova, A., Sabiston, C. M., Pila, E., Brunet, J., Sylvester, B., Sandmeyer-Graves, A., & Maginn, D. (2021). Ideas for action: Exploring strategies to address body image concerns for adolescent girls involved in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 56, 102017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristjánsdóttir, H., Sigurðardóttir, P., Jónsdóttir, S., Þorsteinsdóttir, G., & Saavedra, J. (2019). Body image concern and eating disorder symptoms among elite Icelandic athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15), 2728. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langan, E., Blake, C., & Lonsdale, C. (2013). Systematic review of the effectiveness of interpersonal coach education interventions on athlete outcomes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaVoi, N. M. (2018). Girls’ physical activity participation: A best practices model and summary. In N. M. LaVoi (Ed.), Developing physically active girls: An evidence-based multidisciplinary approach (pp. 197–213). The Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport.
   Google Scholar
• LaVoi, N. M., Becker, E., & Maxwell, H. D. (2007). “Coaching girls”: A content analysis of best-selling popular press coaching books. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 16(2), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.16.2.7
   Google Scholar
• Linardon, J., & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2020). Attrition and adherence in smartphone-delivered interventions for mental health problems: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucibello, K. M., Koulanova, A., Pila, E., Brunet, J., & Sabiston, C. M. (2021). Exploring adolescent girls’ experiences of body talk in non-aesthetic sport. Journal of Adolescence, 89, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marashi, M., Malouka, S., den Houdyker, T., & Sabiston, C. M. (2023). Advocating for gender equity in sport: An analysis of the Canadian women and sport she’s got it all campaign. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 31(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2022-0045
   Google Scholar
• Martinez, S. E. (2022). Body image issues and eating behaviors among female long-distance runners [Dissertation]. https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/g158bq49p
   Google Scholar
• Matheson, E. L., Schneider, J., Tinoco, A., Silva-Breen, H., LaVoi, N. M., & Diedrichs, P. C. (2023). How can we help you? A global investigation into girls’ body image experiences in sport and intervention preferences [Manuscript under review]. School of Social Sciences, College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England.
   Google Scholar
• Melville, K. M., Casey, L. M., & Kavanagh, D. J. (2010). Dropout from Internet‐based treatment for psychological disorders. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(Pt 4), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466509X472138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menzel, J. E., & Levine, M. P. (2011). Embodying experiences and the promotion of positive body image: The example of competitive athletics. In R. M. Calogero, S. Tantleff-Dunn, & J. K. Thompson (Eds.), Self-objectification in women: Causes, consequences, and counteractions (pp. 163–186). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12304-008
   Google Scholar
• Murnen, S., & Don, B. (2012). Body image and gender roles. In T. F. Cash (Ed.), Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance (Vol. 1, pp. 128–134). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, R. M., Lucibello, K. M., Pila, E., Maginn, D., Sandmeyer-Graves, A., & Sabiston, C. M. (2022). “Go after the fatty”: The problematic body commentary referees hear—and experience—in adolescent girls’ sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 11(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Collegiate Athletics Association. (2021). NCAA demographics database. https://www.ncaa.org/sports/2018/12/13/ncaa-demographics-database.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Noordzij, M., Tripepi, G., Dekker, F. W., Zoccali, C., Tanck, M. W., & Jager, K. J. (2010). Sample size calculations: Basic principles and common pitfalls. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association–European Renal Association, 25(5), 1388–1393. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piran, N. (2019). Handbook of positive body image and embodiment: Constructs, protective factors, and interventions. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reichart Smith, L. (2016). What’s the best exposure? Examining media representations of female athletes and the impact on collegiate athletes’ self-objectification. Communication & Sport, 4(3), 282–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479515577080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riebock, A., & Bae, J. (2013). Sexualized representation of female athletes in the media: How does it affect female college athletes’ body perceptions? International Journal of Sport Communication, 6(3), 274–287. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.6.3.274
   Google Scholar
• Roxas, A. S., & Ridinger, L. L. (2016). Relationships of coaching behaviors to student-athlete well-being. Higher Education Politics & Economics, 2(1), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.32674/hepe.v2i1.21
   Google Scholar
• Sabiston, C. M., Lucibello, K. M., Kuzmochka-Wilks, D., Koulanova, A., Pila, E., Sandmeyer-Graves, A., & Maginn, D. (2020). What’s a coach to do? Exploring coaches’ perspectives of body image in girls sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 48, 101669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabiston, C., Pila, E., Vani, M., & Thogersen-Ntoumani, C. (2019). Body image, physical activity, and sport: A scoping review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, F., Camiré, M., MacDonald, D. J., Campos, H., Conceição, M., & Silva, A. (2019). Process and outcome evaluation of a positive youth development-focused online coach education course. International Sport Coaching Journal, 6(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2017-0101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterfield, N. A., & Stutts, L. A. (2021). Pinning down the problems and influences: Disordered eating and body satisfaction in male wrestlers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 54, 101884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, J., Matheson, E. L., Tinoco, A., Silva-Breen, H., Diedrichs, P. C., & LaVoi, N. M. (2023). A six-country study of coaches’ perspectives of girls’ body image concerns in sport and intervention preferences: Template analysis of survey and focus group data [Manuscript under review]. School of Social Sciences, College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England
   Google Scholar
• Sekhon, M., Cartwright, M., & Francis, J. J. (2017). Acceptability of healthcare interventions: An overview of reviews and development of a theoretical framework. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2031-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sick, K., Sabiston, C. M., Maharaj, A., & Pila, E. (2022). Body image and disordered eating prevention in girls’ sport: A partner-driven and stakeholder-informed scoping review of interventions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 61, 102215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, E. J. D., Evans, M. B., Lefebvre, J. S., Allan, V., Côté, J., & Palmeira, A. (2020). A systematic review of intrapersonal coach development programs: Examining the development and evaluation of programs to elicit coach reflection. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(5-6), 818–837. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120943508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva-Breen, H., Schneider, J., Tinoco, A., Matheson, E. L., & LaVoi, N. M. (2022). Development and preliminary validation of the Coach Self-Efficacy Body Image Scale (CSEBIS). Body Image, 43, 408–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.10.008 36345079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skewes, L., Fine, C., & Haslam, N. (2018). Beyond Mars and Venus: The role of gender essentialism in support for gender inequality and backlash. PLoS One, 13(7), e0200921. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2010). “Uncool to do sport”: A focus group study of adolescent girls’ reasons for withdrawing from physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), 619–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.07.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2011). Gender differences in adolescent sport participation, teasing, self-objectification and body image concerns. Journal of Adolescence, 34(3), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soulliard, Z. A., Kauffman, A. A., Fitterman-Harris, H. F., Perry, J. E., & Ross, M. J. (2019). Examining positive body image, sport confidence, flow state, and subjective performance among student athletes and non-athletes. Body Image, 28, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szucs, D., & Ioannidis, J. P. (2017). Empirical assessment of published effect sizes and power in the recent cognitive neuroscience and psychology literature. PLoS Biology, 15(3), e2000797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2000797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vani, M. F., Pila, E., deJonge, M., Solomon-Krakus, S., & Sabiston, C. M. (2021). ‘Can you move your fat ass off the baseline?’ Exploring the sport experiences of adolescent girls with body image concerns. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(4), 671–689. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2020.1771409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varnes, J. R., Stellefson, M. L., Janelle, C. M., Dorman, S. M., Dodd, V., & Miller, M. D. (2013). A systematic review of studies comparing body image concerns among female college athletes and non-athletes, 1997–2012. Body Image, 10(4), 421–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickerstaff, V., Omar, R. Z., & Ambler, G. (2019). Methods to adjust for multiple comparisons in the analysis and sample size calculation of randomised controlled trials with multiple primary outcomes. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0754-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voelker, D. K., Visek, A. J., Learner, J. L., & DiBiasio, M. (2022). Toward understanding of coaches’ role in athletes’ eating pathology: A systematic review and ecological application to advance research. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 58, 102059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voldby, C. R., & Klein-Døssing, R. (2020). “I thought we were supposed to learn how to become better coaches”: Developing coach education through action research. Educational Action Research, 28(3), 534–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2019.1605920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, F. (2020). Analyzing pre-post designs using the analysis of covariance models with and without the interaction term in a heterogeneous study population. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 29(1), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280219827971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangberg, S. C., Bergmo, T. S., & Johnsen, J.-A K. (2008). Adherence in Internet-based interventions. Patient Preference and Adherence, 2, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.2147/ppa.s12160373
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Webb, J. B., Wood-Barcalow, N. L., & Tylka, T. L. (2015). Assessing positive body image: Contemporary approaches and future directions. Body Image, 14, 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar