Motivational Climate and Achievement Goals at the Situational Level of Generality

REFERENCES

• Ajzen , I. 1998 . Attitudes, personality and behavior , Bristol : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen , I. and Fishbein , M. 1977 . Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. . Psychological Bulletin , 84 : 888 – 918 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , J. B. 2003 . Social motivation in youth sport. . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 25 : 551 – 567 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames , C. 1984 . “ Competitive, cooperative, and individualistic goal structures: A cognitive-motivational analysis ” . In Research on motivation in education, Vol. 1, Student motivation , Edited by: Ames , R. and Ames , C. 177 – 207 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ames , C. and Archer , J. 1988 . Achievement goals in the classroom: students' learning strategies and motivation processes. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 : 260 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin , J. T. and Vancouver , J. B. 1996 . Goal constructs in psychology: structure, process, and context. . Psychological Bulletin , 120 : 338 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1986 . Social foundations of thought and action , Englewood Cliff, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Browne , M. W. and Cudeck , R. 1989 . Single sample cross-validation indices of covariance structures. . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 24 : 445 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver , C. S. and Scheier , M. F. 1998 . On the self-regulation of behavior , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cheung , G. W. and Rensvold , R. B. 2002 . Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. . Structural Equation Modeling , 9 : 233 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christodoulidis , T. , Papaioannou , A. and Digelidis , N. 2001 . Motivational climate and attitudes towards exercise in Greek senior high school: A year-long intervention . European Journal of Sport Science , 1 ( 4 ) http://www.humankinetics.com/EJSS/bissues.cfm.Retrieved October 2001 from
   Google Scholar
• Conroy , D. E. , Elliot , A. J. and Hofer , S. M. 2003 . A 2 × 2 achievement goals questionnaire for sport: Evidence for factorial invariance, temporal stability, and external validity. . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 25 : 456 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Digedis , N. , Papaioannou , A. , Laparidis , K. and Christodoulidis , T. 2003 . A one-year intervention in 7th grade physical education classes aiming to change motivational climate and attitudes towards exercise . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 4 : 195 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Duda , J. L. 1996 . Maximizing motivation in sport and physical education among children and adolescents: The case for greater task involvement. . Quest , 48 : 290 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duda , J. L. 2001 . “ Achievement goal research in sport: Pushing the boundaries and clarifying some misunderstandings ” . In Advances in motivation in sport and exercise , Edited by: Roberts , G. C. 129 – 182 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Duda , J. L. , Chi , L. , Newton , M. L. , Walling , M. D. and Catley , D. 1995 . Task and ego orientation and intrinsic motivation in sport. . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 26 : 40 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duda , J. L. and Nicholls , J. G. 1992 . Dimensions of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 84 : 290 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. S. and Leggett , E. L. 1988 . A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. . Psychological Review , 95 : 256 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , A. J. 1997 . “ Integrating the “classic” and “contemporary” approaches to achievement motivation: A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation ” . In Advances in motivation and achievement , Edited by: Maehr , M. and Printrich , P. Vol. 10 , 243 – 279 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Elliot , A. J. and Church , M. A. 1997 . A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 218 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , A. J. and McGregor , H. A. 2001 . A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 : 501 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing , M. E. 1981 . Achievement orientations and sport behavior of males and females , University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. University of Oregon: Microform Publications . Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Goudas , M. and Biddle , S. 1994 . Perceived motivational climate and intrinsic motivation in school physical education classes . European Journal of Psychology of Education , 9 : 241 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , H. and Dweck , C. S. 2003 . Clarifying achievement goals and their impact. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 541 – 553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guay , F. , Vallerand , R. J. and Blanchard , C. 2000 . On the assessment of state intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: The situational motivation scale (SIMS). . Motivation and Emotion , 24 : 175 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi , C. T. 1996 . Achievement motivation among Anglo-American and Hawaiian male physical activity participants: Individual differences and social contextual factors. . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 18 : 194 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede , G. 1980 . Cultures' consequences , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hu , L. and Bentler , P. M. 1999 . Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. . Structural Equation Modeling , 6 : 1 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar , S. S. and Lepper , M. R. 1999 . Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 : 349 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkonen , J. , Jaakkola , T. and Papaioannou , A. 2001 . “ Changes in motivational climate of PE lessons through one-year intervention ” . In Proceedings of the 10th World Congress of Sport Psychology , Edited by: Papaioannou , A. , Goudas , M. and Theodrakis , Y. 198 – 199 . Thessaloniki, , Greece : Christodoulidi Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Kukla , A. 1978 . “ An attributional theory of choice ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 11 , 113 – 144 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Maehr , M. L. and Nicholls , J. 1980 . “ Culture and achievement motivation: A second look ” . In Studies in cross-cultural psychology , Edited by: Warren , N. 221 – 267 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. 1993 . The multidimensional structure of physical fitness: invariance of gender and age. . Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport , 64 : 256 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. 1998 . “ Forward ” . In Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement , Edited by: Duda , J. L. xv – xix . Morgantown, WV : Fitness Information Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Mischel , W. and Shoda , Y. 1998 . Reconciling processing dynamics and personality dispositions. . Annual Review of Psychology , 49 : 229 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosston , M. and Ashworth , S. 1986 . Teaching Physical Eductaion , Columbus, OH : Merrill Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Newton , M. , Duda , J. and Yin , Z. 2000 . Examination of the psychometric properties of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 in a sample of female athletes . Journal of Sports Sciences , 18 : 275 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls , J. G. 1976 . Effort is virtuous, but it's better to have ability: evaluative responses to perceptions of effort and ability . Journal of Research in Personality , 10 : 306 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls , J. G. 1984 . Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance . Psychological Review , 91 : 328 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls , J. G. 1989 . The competitive ethos and democratic education , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis , N. and Biddle , S. 1999 . A review of motivational climate in physical activity. . Journal of Sport Sciences , 17 : 643 – 665 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papaioannou , A. 1994 . The development of a questionnaire to measure achievement orientations in Physical Education. . Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport , 65 : 11 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papaioannou , A. . Keynote address: Towards multidimensional hierarchical models of motivation in sport . Psychology of sport & exercise: Enhancing the quality of life. Proceedings of the 10th European Congress of Sport Psychology, Part 1 . Edited by: Hosek , V. , Tilinger , P. and Bilek , L. pp. 45 – 52 . Prague : Charles University in Prague .
   Google Scholar
• Papaioannou , A. and Goudas , M. 1999 . “ Motivational climate in physical education ” . In Textbook: Psychology for physical educators , Edited by: Vanden Auweele , Y. , Bakker , F. , Biddle , S. , Durand , M. and Seiler , R. 51 – 68 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Papaioannou , A. and Kouli , O. 1999 . The effect of task structure, perceived motivational climate and goal orientations on students' intrinsic motivation and anxiety. . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 11 : 51 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papaioannou , A. , Marsh , H. and Theodorakis , Y. 2004 . A multilevel approach to motivational climate in physical education and sport settings: An individual or group level construct? . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 26 : 90 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , R. M. and Deci , E. L. 1989 . Bridging the research traditions of task/ego involvement and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation: Comment on Butler (1987). . Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 : 265 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifriz , J. , Duda , J. L. and Chi , L. 1992 . The relationship of perceived motivational climate to achievement-related affect and cognitions in basketball. . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 14 : 375 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman , S. and Solmon , M. 1998 . The unit of analysis in field research: Issues and approaches to design and data analysis. . Journal of Teaching in Physical Education , 17 : 270 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaalvik , E. M. 1997 . Self-enhancing and self-defeating ego orientation: relations with task and avoidance orientation, achievement, self-perceptions, and anxiety. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 89 : 71 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M. , Duda , J. L. , Allen , J. and Hall , H. 2002 . Contemporary measures of approach and avoidance goal orientations: similarities and differences. . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 72 : 155 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solmon , M. A. 1996 . Impact of motivational climate on students' behaviors and perceptions in a physical education setting. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 88 : 731 – 738 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solmon , M. A. and Lee , A. M. 1997 . Development of an instrument to assess cognitive-processes in physical-education classes . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 68 : 152 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treasure , D. C. and Roberts , G. 1995 . Applications of achievement goal theory to physical education: Implications for enhancing motivation. . Quest , 47 : 475 – 489 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triandis , H. C. 1990 . “ Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism ” . In Nebraska symposium on motivation: Cross-cultural perspectives , Edited by: Dienstbier , R. A. and Berman , J. J. 41 – 133 . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press .
   Google Scholar
• Triandis , H. C. , Kilty , K. M. , Shanmugam , A. V. , Tanaka , Y. and Vassiliou , V. 1972 . “ Cognitive structures and the analysis of values ” . In The analysis of subjective culture , Edited by: Triandis , H. C. 181 – 250 . New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R. J. 1997 . “ Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation ” . In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. 271 – 360 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Verkuyten , M. , Thijs , J. and Canatan , K. 2001 . Achievement motivation and academic performance among Turkish early and young adolescents in the Netherlands . Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs , 127 ( 4 ) : 378 – 408 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitehead , J. 1995 . Multiple achievement orientations and participation in youth sport: A cultural and developmental perspective. . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 26 : 431 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar