Observed Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors in Male and Female Soccer Players

REFERENCES

• Ames , C. 1992 . “ Achievement goals, motivational climate, and motivational processes ” . In Motivation in sport and exercise , Edited by: Roberts , G. C. 161 – 176 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1991 . “ Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action ” . In Handbook of moral behavior and development: Theory, research, and applications , Edited by: Kurtines , W. M. and Gewirtz , J. L. Vol. 1 , 71 – 129 . Hillsale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1999 . Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 3 : 193 – 209 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator-mediator distinction in social psychological research. Conceptual strategic and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredemeier , B. J. and Shields , D. L. 1984 . The utility of moral stage analysis in the investigation of athletic aggression . Sociology of Sport Journal , 1 : 138 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Bredemeier , B. J. and Shields , D. L. 1986 . Game reasoning and interactional morality . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 147 : 257 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredemeier , B. J. L. , Weiss , M. R. , Shields , D. L. and Cooper , B. 1986 . The relationship of sport involvement with children's moral reasoning and aggression tendencies . Journal of Sport Psychology , 8 : 304 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlo , G. , Raffaelli , M. , Laible , D. J. and Meyer , K. A. 1999 . Why are girls less physically aggressive than boys? Personality and parenting mediators of physical aggression . Sex Roles , 40 : 711 – 729 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1992 . A power primer . Psychological Bulletin , 112 ( 1 ) : 155 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. , Cohen , P. , West , S. G. and Aiken , L. S. 2003 . Applied multiple regression/Correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences , 3rd , London : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Conroy , D. E. , Silva , J. M. , Newcomer , R. R. , Walker , B. W. and Johnson , M. S. 2001 . Personal and participatory socializers of the perceived legitimacy of aggressive behavior in sport . Aggressive Behavior , 27 : 405 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulomb-Cabagno , G. and Rascle , O. 2006 . Team sports players’ observed aggression as a function of sex, competitive level, and sport type . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 36 : 1980 – 2000 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulomb-Cabagno , G. , Rascle , O. and Souchon , N. 2005 . Players’ sex and male referees’ decisions about aggression in French soccer: A preliminary study . Sex Roles , 52 : 547 – 553 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. 1980 . A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy . JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology , 10 ( 4 ) : 85
   Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. 1983 . Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 ( 1 ) : 11 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , N. and Fabes , R. A. 1998 . “ Prosocial development ” . In Handbook of child psychology. Vol 3: Social, emotional, and personality development , Edited by: Eisenberg , N. 701 – 778 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , N. and Lennon , R. 1983 . Sex differences in empathy and related capacities . Psychological Bulletin , 94 : 100 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , N. and Miller , P. A. 1987 . The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors . Psychological Bulletin , 101 : 91 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , N. , Spinrad , T. L. and Sadovsky , A. 2006 . “ Empathy-related responding in children ” . In Handbook of moral development , Edited by: Killen , M. and Smetana , J. G. 517 – 550 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Feshbach , S. and Feshbach , N. D. 1986 . “ Aggression and altruism: A personality perspective ” . In Altruism and aggression: Biological and social origins , Edited by: Zahn-Waxler , C. , Cummings , E. M. and Iannotti , R. New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fife-Schaw , C. 2001 . “ Questionnaire design ” . In Research methods in psychology , Edited by: Breakwell , G. M. , Hammond , S. and Fife-Schaw , C. 158 – 176 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Fry , M. D. and Newton , M. 2003 . Application of achievement goal theory in an urban youth tennis setting . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 15 : 50 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes , L. A. and Avery , A. W. 1979 . Training adolescents in self-disclosure and empathy skills . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 26 : 526 – 530 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , M. V. , Bray , S. R. and Olivier , S. 2005 . Game location and aggression in rugby league . Journal of Sports Sciences , 23 : 387 – 393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu , M. 2006 . Motivational predictors of prosocial and antisocial behaviour in soccer . Journal of Sports Sciences , 24 : 575 – 588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu , M. 2007 . “ Morality in sport ” . In Social psychology in sport , Edited by: Jowett , S. and Lavallee , D. E. 265 – 278 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Kavussanu , M. and Ntoumanis , N. 2003 . Participation in sport and moral functioning: Does ego orientation mediate their relationship? . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 25 : 501 – 518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu , M. and Roberts , G. C. 2001 . Moral functioning in sport: An achievement goal perspective . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 23 : 37 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu , M. , Seal , A. R. and Phillips , D. R. 2006 . Observed prosocial and antisocial behaviors in male soccer teams: Age differences across adolescence and the role of motivational variables . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 18 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu , M. and Spray , C. M. 2006 . Contextual influences on moral functioning of male youth footballers . The Sport Psychologist , 20 : 1 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirshnit , C. E. , Ham , M. and Richards , M. H. 1989 . The sporting life: Athletic activities during early adolescence . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 18 : 601 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinley , M. and Carlo , G. 2007 . Two sides of the same coin? The relations between prosocial and physically aggressive behavior . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 36 : 337 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , B. W. , Roberts , G. C. and Ommundsen , Y. 2004 . Effect of motivational climate on sportspersonship among competitive youth male and female soccer players . Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports , 14 : 193 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , B. W. , Roberts , G. C. and Ommundsen , Y. 2005 . Effect of perceived motivational climate on moral functioning, team moral atmosphere perceptions, and the legitimacy of intentionally injurious acts among competitive youth soccer players . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 6 : 461 – 477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , P. A. and Eisenberg , N. 1988 . The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 324 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton , M. , Duda , J. L. and Yin , Z. N. 2000 . Examination of the psychometric properties of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire—2 in a sample of female athletes . Journal of Sports Sciences , 18 : 275 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ommundsen , Y. , Roberts , G. C. , Lemyre , P. N. and Treasure , D. 2003 . Perceived motivational climate in male youth soccer: Relations to social-moral functioning, sportspersonship and team norm perceptions . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 4 : 397 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pecukonis , E. V. 1990 . A cognitive/affective empathy training program as a function of ego development in aggressive adolescent females . Adolescence , 25 : 59 – 76 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rest , J. R. 1984 . “ The major components of morality ” . In Morality, moral behavior, and moral development , Edited by: Kurtines , W. and Gewirtz , J. 556 – 629 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Rowe , N. , Adams , R. and Beasley , N. 2004 . “ Driving up participation in sport: The social context, the trends, the prospects and the challenges ” . In Driving up participation: The challenge for sport , 6 – 13 . London : Sport England .
   Google Scholar
• Sage , L. and Kavussanu , M. 2007 . The effects of goal involvement on moral behavior in an experimentally manipulated competitive setting . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 29 : 190 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sage , L. , Kavussanu , M. and Duda , J. L. 2006 . Goal orientations and moral identity as predictors of prosocial and antisocial functioning in male association football players . Journal of Sports Sciences , 24 : 455 – 466 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields , D. L. and Bredemeier , B. L. 1995 . Character development and physical activity , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Shields , D. L. , LaVoi , N. M. , Bredemeier , B. L. and Power , F. C. 2007 . Predictors of poor sportspersonship in youth sports: Personal attitudes and social influences . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 29 : 747 – 762 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens , D. E. and Bredemeier , B. J. L. 1996 . Moral atmosphere and judgements about aggression in girls’ soccer: Relationships among moral and motivational variables . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 18 : 158 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 2001 . Computer-assisted research design and analysis , Needham Heights, MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , J. 2001 . “ Direct observation ” . In Research Methods in Psychology Edited by: Breakwell , G. M. , Hammond , S. and Fife-Schaw , C. 224 – 238 . London, Sage
   Google Scholar