197
Views
41
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Language style and sex bias in the courtroom: The effects of male and female use of hedges and intensifiers on impression information

&
Pages 137-152 | Published online: 01 Apr 2009

References

  • Adler , Freda . 1975 . Sisters in Crime , 250 New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Baird , John E. 1976 . “Sex Differences in Group Communication: A Review of Relevant Research,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 62 : 170 – 92 .
  • Mehrabian , Albert . 1971 . “Verbal and Nonverbal Strategies in a Waiting Situation,” . Journal of Experimental Research in Personality , 5 : 127 – 38 .
  • Maier , Norman R. F. 1970 . “Male Versus Female Discussion Leaders,” . Personnel Psychology , 23 : 455 – 61 .
  • Montgomery , Charles L. and Burgoon , Michael . 1980 . “The Effects of Androgyny and Message Expectations on Resistance to Persuasion,” . Communication Monographs , 45 : 56 – 67 .
  • Bardwick , J. and Douvan , E. 1971 . “Ambivalence: The Socialization of Women,” . In Women in Sexist Society , Edited by: Gornick , V. and Moran , B. 225 – 41 . New York : Basic Books .
  • Mehrabian , Albert . 1971 . Silent Messages , Belmont, Calif. : Wadsworth .
  • McCroskey , James C. 1977 . “Oral Communication and Apprehension: A Summary of Recent Theory and Research,” . Human Communication Research , 4 : 78 – 96 .
  • Eakins , Barbara W. and Eakins , R. Gene . 1978 . Sex Differences in Human Communication , Boston : Houghton‐Mifflin .
  • Argyle , Michael , Salter , Veronica , Nicholson , Hilary , Williams , Marylin and Burgess , Philip . 1970 . “The Communication of Inferior and Superior Attitudes by Verbal and Nonverbal Signals,” . British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 9 : 222 – 31 .
  • Buck , Ross . 1976 . “A Test of Nonverbal Receiving Ability: Preliminary Studies,” . Human Communication Research , 2 : 162 – 71 . Mehrabian
  • Rubin , Jeffrey Z. and Brown , Bert R. 1975 . The Social Psychology o) Bargaining and Negotiation , New York : Academic Press .
  • Roloff , Michael E. and Greenberg , Bradley S. 1979 . “Sex Differences in Choice of Modes of Conflict Resolution in Real‐Life Television,” . Communication Quarterly , 27 : 3 – 12 .
  • Liska , Jo , Mechling , Elizabeth W. and Stathas , Susan . 1981 . “Differences in Subjects’ Perceptions of Gender and Believability Between Users of Deferential and Nondeferential Language,” . Communication Quarterly , 29 : 40 – 48 .
  • Mischel , Harriet N. 1974 . “Sex Bias in the Evaluation of Professional Achievements,” . Journal of Educational Psychology , 66 : 157 – 66 .
  • Montgomery , Barbara M. and Norton , Robert W. 1981 . “Sex Differences and Similarities in Communication Style,” . Communication Monographs , 48 : 121 – 32 .
  • Danet , Brenda . 1980 . “Language in the Legal Process,” . haw and Society Review , 14 : 445 – 564 .
  • Erickson , Bonnie , Lind , E. Allan , Johnson , Bruce C. and O'Barr , William M. 1978 . “Speech Style and Impression Formation in a Court Setting: The Effects of ‘Powerful’ and ‘Powerless’ Speech,” . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 14 : 266 – 79 .
  • Lind , E. Allan and O'Barr , William M. 1979 . “The Social Significance of Speech in the Courtroom,” . In Language and Social Psychology , Edited by: Giles , Howard and Clair , Robert N. St. 66 – 87 . Baltimore : Univ. Park Press .
  • Ryan , Ellen Bouchard . 1979 . “Why Do Low‐Prestige Language Varieties Persist?” . In Language and Social Psychology , Edited by: Giles , Howard and Clair , Robert N. St. 145 – 57 . Baltimore : Univ. Park Press .
  • Lambert , Wallace E. , Hodgson , R. C. , Gardner , Robert C. and Fillenbaum , Samuel . 1960 . “Evaluative Reactions to Spoken Languages,” . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 60 : 44 – 51 .
  • d'Angeljan , A. and Tucker , G. R. 1973 . “Sociolinguistic Correlates of Speech Style in Quebec,” . In Language Attitudes: Trends and Prospects , Edited by: Shuy , Roger and Fasold , Ralph . Washington : Georgetown Univ. Press .
  • Harms , L. S. 1961 . “Listener Judgments of Status Cues in Speech,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 47 : 164 – 68 .
  • Lakoff , Robin . 1975 . Language and Woman's Place , New York : Harper & Row .
  • Giles , Howard and Powesland , Peter F. 1975 . Speech Style and Social Evaluation , London : Academic Press .
  • Giles , Howard , Taylor , Donald M. and Bourhis , Richard Y. 1973 . “Towards a Theory of Interpersonal Accommodation Through Language: Some Canadian Data,” . Language in Society , 2 : 177 – 92 .
  • Giles , Howard . 1973 . “Accent Mobility: A Model and Some Data,” . Anthropological Linguistics , 15 : 87 – 105 .
  • Webb , James T. 1970 . “Interview Synchrony: An Investigation of Two Speech Rate Measures in an Automated Standardized Interview,” . In Studies in Dyadic Communication , Edited by: Siegman , A. W. and Pope , B. 115 – 33 . Oxford : Pergamon .
  • Bourhis , Rjchard Y. , Giles , Howard and Lambert , Wallace E. 1975 . “Social Consequences of Accommodating One's Style of Speech: A Cross‐National Investigation,” . International Journal of the Sociology of Language , 6 : 55 – 72 .
  • Bradac , James J. , Hemphill , Michael R. and Tardy , Charles H. 1981 . “Language Style on Trial: Effects of ‘Powerful’ and ‘Powerless’ Speech Upon Judgments of Victims and Villains,” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 45 : 327 – 41 .
  • Wright , John W. II and Hosman , Lawrence A. 1980 . “Communication and Trial Advocacy: A Review and Critique of the Literature,” . Proceedings of the 1980 Conference of the Institute for Study of the Trial . 1980 , Orlando. Edited by: Taylor , K. Philip . pp. 30 – 43 . Institute for the Study of the Trial .
  • Bradac , James J. , Hosman , Lawrence A. and Tardy , Charles H. 1978 . “Reciprocal Disclosures and Language Intensity: Attributional Consequences,” . Communication Monographs , 45 : 1 – 14 .
  • Burgoon , Michael , Jones , Stephen B. and Steward , Diane . 1975 . “Toward a Message‐Centered Theory of Persuasion: Three Empirical Investigations of Language Intensity,” . Human Communication Research , 1 : 240 – 56 .
  • Infante , Dominic A. 1975 . “Effects of Opinionated Language on Communicator Image and in Conferring Resistance to Persuasion,” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 39 : 112 – 19 .
  • Miller , Gerald R. and Lobe , J. 1967 . “Opinionated Language, Open‐ and Closed‐Mindedness and Responsiveness to Persuasive Communications,” . Journal of Communication , 17 : 333 – 41 .
  • Cronbach , Lee J. 1951 . “Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests,” . Psychometrika , 16 : 297 – 334 .
  • Landy , D. and Aronson , E. 1969 . “Influence of Character of Criminal on Decision of Simulated Juries,” . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 5 : 141 – 52 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.