References
- Andrews , J. 1969 . They chose the sword: Appeals to war in nineteenth‐century American public address . Today's Speech , 17 : 3 – 8 .
- Barilleaux , R. 1988 . The post‐modern presidency: The office after Ronald Reagan , New York : Praeger .
- Barone , M. and Gergen , D. 1990 . Bush's ample maneuvering room . U.S. News & World Report , September 10 : 49
- Bellah , R. 1967 . Civil religion in America . Daedalus , 96 : 1 – 21 .
- Benjamin , J. 1991 . Rhetoric and the performative act of declaring war . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 21 : 73 – 84 .
- Berger , P. 1967 . The sacred canopy: Elements of a sociological theory of religion , Garden City, NY : Doubleday .
- Birdsell , D. 1987 . Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and interpretation in the application of Kenneth Burke's pentad . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 73 : 267 – 279 .
- Bostdorff , D. 1991 . The presidency and promoted crisis: Reagan, Grenada, and issue management . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 21 : 737 – 750 .
- Budiansky , S. and Auster , B. 1991 . Lines drawn in the sand . U.S. News & World Report , March 18 : 30 – 32 .
- Bush , G. 1990a . Aggression in the Gulf: A partnership of nations . Vital Speeches of the Day , October 1
- Bush , G. 1990b . Confrontation in the Gulf . New York Times , September 11
- Bush , G. 1990c . Iraq invasion of Kuwait: The defense of Saudi Arabia . Vital Speeches of the Day , August 8
- Bush , G. 1990d . Remarks to the V.F.W . New York Times , August 20
- Bush , G. 1990e . Why we are in the Gulf . Newsweek , November 26
- Bush , G. 1991 . Kuwait will be free . Chicago Tribune , January 17
- Burke , K. 1973 . “ The rhetorical situation ” . In Communication: Ethical and moral issues , Edited by: Thayer , L. 2633 – 275 . New York : Gordon & Breach .
- Caesar , J. , Thurow , G. , Tulis , J. and Bessette , J. 1981 . The rise of the rhetorical presidency . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 11 : 233 – 251 .
- Caesar , J. 1985 . “ The rhetorical presidency revisited ” . In Modern presidents and the presidency , Edited by: Landy , Marc . 15 – 34 . Lexington, MA : D.C. Heath .
- Campbell , K. and Jamieson , K. 1990 . Deeds done in words: Presidential rhetoric and the genres of governance , Chicago : University of Chicago .
- Carson , H. 1958 . War requested: Wilson and Roosevelt . Central States Speech Journal , 10 : 28 – 32 .
- Cherwitz , R. 1978 . Lyndon Johnson and the ‘crisis’ of Tonkin Gulf: A president's justification of war . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 42 : 93 – 104 .
- Church , G. 1990 . What price glory? . Time , September 3 : 29
- Denton , R. 1982 . The symbolic dimensions of the American presidency: Description and analysis , Prospect Heights, IL : Waveland .
- Dow , B. 1989 . The function of epideictic and deliberative strategies in presidential crisis rhetoric . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 53 : 294 – 310 .
- Dowlin , S. and Troester , R. Bringing the war and the protests into your livingroom: What the media presents . Paper presented at the meeting of the Speech Communication Assn . Atlanta. November .
- Dunnigan , J. and Bay , A. 1992 . From shield to storm: High‐tech weapons, military strategy, and coalition warfare in the Persian Gulf , New York : William Morrow .
- Edwards , G. and Wayne , S. 1985 . Presidential leadership: Politics and policy making , New York : St. Martin's .
- Edwards , G. 1983 . The public presidency: The pursuit of popular support , New York : St. Martin's .
- Erickson , P. 1985 . Reagan speaks: The making of an American myth , New York : New York University .
- Erikson , R. , Luttbeg , N. and Tedin , K. 1988 . American public opinion: Its origins, content, and impact , New York : Macmillan .
- Gerbner , G. 1973 . “ Cultural indicators: The third voice ” . In Communications technology and social policy: Understanding the new “cultural revolution” , Edited by: Gerbner , G. , Gross , L. and Melody , W. 562 New York : Wiley .
- German , K. 1985 . The declaration of war in World War I: An instrument for socio‐political enactment . Central States Speech Journal , 36 : 105 – 113 .
- Graber , D. 1976 . Verbal behavior and politics , Urbana : University of Illinois .
- Graubard , S. 1992 . Mr. Bush's war: Adventures in the politics of illusion , New York : Hill & Wang .
- Grossman , M. and Kumar , M. 1981 . Portraying the president: The white house and the news media , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University .
- Hart , R. 1977 . The political pulpit , West Lafayette, IN : Purdue University .
- Hart , R. 1987 . The sound of leadership: Presidential communication in the modern age , Chicago : University of Chicago .
- Hart , R. 1984 . Verbal style and the presidency: A computer‐based analysis , Orlando : Academic .
- Hayakawa , S. 1964 . Language in thought and action , New York : Harcourt, Brace & World .
- Heisey , R. 1986 . Reagan and Mitterand respond to international crisis: Creating versus transcending appearances . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 50 : 325 – 335 .
- Hook , S. 1940 . Reason, social myths and democracy , New York : Harper & Row. .
- Ivie , R. 1989 . “ Metaphor and motive in the Johnson Administration Vietnam war rhetoric ” . In Texts in context: Critical dialogues on significant episodes in American political rhetoric , Edited by: Leff , M. and Kauffeld , F. 121 – 142 . Davis, CA : Hermagoras .
- Ivie , R. 1982 . The metaphor of force in prowar discourse: The case of 1812 . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 68 : 240 – 253 .
- Katz , E. 1992 . Notes on watching the Persian Gulf War . Journal of Communication , 42 : 5 – 13 .
- Kernell , S. 1986 . Going public: New strategies of presidential leadership , Washington, DC : Congressional Quarterly .
- Klope , D. 1986 . Defusing a foreign policy crisis: Myth and victimage in Reagan's 1983 Lebanon/Grenada address . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 50 : 336 – 349 .
- Lammers , W. 1982 . “ Presidential attention‐focusing activities ” . In The president & the public , Edited by: Graber , D. 145 – 171 . Philadelphia : Institute for the Study of Human Issues .
- LeMay , C. 1991 . “By the numbers II: Measuring the coverage.” . In The media at war: The press and the Persian Gulf Conflict , 45 – 50 . Gannett Foundation Report .
- Lessl , T. 1989 . “The priestly voice.” . The Quarterly Journal of Speech , 75 : 183 – 197 .
- Levi‐Strauss , C. 1966 . The savage mind , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Margolis , H. 1987 . Patterns, thinking and cognition: A theory of judgment , Chicago : University of Chicago .
- McDaniel , A. and Thomas , E. 1990 . The first test of our mettle . Newsweek , September 24 : 26 – 27 .
- Mester , C. and McMullen‐Pastrick , M. The message from the pulpit: View of a just war . Paper presented at the meeting of the Speech Communication Assn . Atlanta. November .
- Middleton , D. and Edwards , D. 1990 . Collective remembering , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Morganthau , T. 1991 . The military's new image . Newsweek , March 11 : 50 – 51 .
- Morganthau , T. 1990 . Should we fight? . Newsweek , November 26 : 26
- Morrow , L. 1990 . A new test of resolve . Time , September 3 : 32
- Morrow , L. 1991a . Anxiety before the storm . Time , January 21
- Morrow , L. 1991b . Triumphant return . Time , March 18
- Nelan , B. 1991 . Revolution at defense . Time , March 18 : 25 – 26 .
- Nelson , M. and Tillman , T. 1984 . “ The presidency, the bureaucracy, and foreign policy: Lessons from Cambodia ” . In The presidency and the political system , Edited by: Nelson , M. 494 – 518 . Washington, DC : Congressional Quarterly .
- Pearce , K. C. and Fadley , D. 1993 . “George Bush's ‘just war’ rhetoric: Paradigm of universal morality.” . Journal of Communication and Religion , 16 : 139 – 151 .
- Pratt , J. 1970 . An analysis of three crisis speeches . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 34 : 194 – 203 .
- 1991 . A record‐breaking tv audience . Newsweek , January 28 : 6
- Reid , R. 1976 . New England rhetoric and the French War, 1754–1760: A case study in the rhetoric of war . Communication Monographs , 53 : 259 – 286 .
- Robertson , J. 1980 . American myth, American reality , New York : Hill & Wang .
- Schwartz , B. 1990 . “ The reconstruction of Abraham Lincoln ” . In Collective remembering , Edited by: Middleton , D. and Edwards , D. 81 – 107 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Seabury , P. and Codevilla , A. 1989 . War: Ends & means , New York : Basic .
- Smith , M. Out of the classrooms and into the quad: Gulf war protests on campus . Paper presented at the meeting of the Speech Communication Assn . Atlanta. November .
- Spanier , J. 1987 . Games nations play , 6th ed. , Washington, DC : Congressional Quarterly .
- Stewart , C. 1993 . “ Offering good reasons: How American presidents justify military actions ” . In The Brigance Forum , Crawfordsville, IN : Wabash College .
- Stuckey , M. 1992 . Remembering the future: Rhetorical echoes of World War II and Vietnam in George Bush's public speech on the Gulf War . Communication Studies , 43 : 246 – 256 .
- Thomas , E. 1990 . Staring down the bully . Newsweek , September 3 : 20
- Thomas , E. and DeFrank , T. 1991 . Strong and steady: Bush wants to project an image of control . Newsweek , January 28 : 34
- Tulis , J. 1987 . The rhetorical presidency , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University .
- Wallis , J. 1984 . The president's pulpit . Sojourners , 13 : 17 – 21 .
- Wander , P. 1984 . The rhetoric of American foreign policy . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 70 : 339 – 361 .
- Waas , M. 1991 . “ What Washington gave Saddam for Christmas ” . In The Gulf war reader: History, documents, opinions , Edited by: Sifry , M. and Cerf , C. 85 – 95 . New York : Random House .
- Watson , R. , McDaniel , A. and Warner , M. 1991 . After the storm . Newsweek , March 11 : 26 – 29 .
- Weaver , R. 1964 . Visions of order , Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University .
- Windt , T. 1973 . The presidency and speeches on international crises: Repeating the rhetorical past . Speaker and Gavel , 2 : 6 – 14 .
- Winn , L. 1972 . The war hawks’ call to arms: Appeals for a second war with Great Britain . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 37 : 402 – 412 .
- Zagacki , K. 1992 . The rhetoric of American decline: Paul Kennedy, conservatives, and the solvency debate . Western Journal of Communication , 56 : 372 – 393 .