Constructions of reality on MTV's “the real world”: An analysis of the restrictive coding of black masculinity

References

• Ang , I. 1985 . Watching Dallas , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Atkins , D. 1992 . An analysis of television series with minority‐lead characters . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 9 : 337 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , C. 1988 . Nigger/lover‐the thin sheen of race in ‘Something Wild.’ . Screen , 29 ( 4 ) : 28 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barthes , R. 1972 . “ The world of wrestling ” . In Mythologies , Edited by: Lavers , A. 15 – 25 . New York : Hill and Wang .
   Google Scholar
• Bellour , R. 1977 . Alternation, segmentation, hypnosis: An interview . Camera Obsura , 2 : 70 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Berry , V. T. 1992 . “ From Good Times to The Cosby Show: Perceptions of changing televised images among Black fathers and sons ” . Edited by: Craig , S. 111 – 123 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bogle , D. 1994 . Toms, coons, mulattoes, mammies, and bucks: An interpretive history of Blacks in American films , New York : The Viking Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , D. E. and Jacobs , W. R. 1996 . Black men in the margins: Space Traders and the interpositional strategy against b(l)acklash . Communication Studies , 47 : 289 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheney , F. and Tompkins , P. 1988 . “ On the facts of the text as the basis of human communication research ” . In Communication Yearbook , Edited by: Anderson , J. A. Vol. 11 , 455 – 501 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Cloud , D. L. 1992 . The limits of interpretation: Ambivalence and the stereotype in Spencer For Hire . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 9 : 311 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condit , C. M. 1989 . The rhetorical limits of polysemy . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 6 : 103 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooks , L. M. and Orbe , M. 1993 . Beyond the satire: Selective exposure and selective perception in ‘In Living Color.’ . Howard Journal of Communications , 4 : 217 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Eco , U. 1976 . A theory of semiotics , Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Elise , S. and Umoja , A. 1992 . Spike Lee constructs the new Black man: Mo’ better . Western Journal of Black Studies , 6 : 82 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellison , R. 1947 . Invisible man , New York : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Evoleocha , S. U. and Ugbah , S. D. 1989 . Stereotypes, counter‐stereotypes, and Black television images in the 1990s . Western Journal of Black Studies , 12 : 197 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Fiske , J. 1994 . “ Ethnosemiotics: Some personal and theoretical reflections ” . In Television: The critical view , Edited by: Newcomb , H. 411 – 425 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gadamer , H. 1975 . Truth and method , New York : Seabury Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gates , H. L. 1992 . “ TV's Black world turns‐but stays unreal ” . In Race, class, and gender: An anthology , Edited by: Andersen , M. L. and Collins , P. H. 310 – 316 . Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , H. 1989 . Television, Black Americans, and the American dream . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 6 : 376 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , S. 1989 . “ Ideology and communication theory ” . In Rethinking communication theory , Edited by: Dervin , B. , Grossberg , L. , O'Keefe , B. and Wartella , E. 40 – 52 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , S. 1992 . “ What is this “Black” in Black popular culture? ” . In Black popular culture , Edited by: Dent , G. 21 – 33 . Seattle : Bay Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , J. L. 1992 . The portrayal of the Black family on prime‐time network tv: A look at stereotypic images and disorganization of family structure . Journal of Intergroup Relations , XIX : 45 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Heath , S. 1979 . The truth of the subject . CINE‐TRACTS , 7 ( 8 ) : 32.48
   Google Scholar
• Hooks , b. 1992 . Black looks: Race and representation , Boston : South End Press .
   Google Scholar
• Huriash , L. J. 1996 . Surreal world . Fort Lauderdale (FL) Sun‐Sentinel , July 10 : C25
   Google Scholar
• Julien , I. and Mercer , K. 1997 . “ De margin and de centre ” . In Stuart Hall: Critical dialogues in cultural studies , Edited by: Morley , D. and Chen , K. H. 450 – 464 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Kellner , D. L. 1995 . Media culture , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Lanigan , R. , ed. 1988 . “ A treasure house of preconstituted types: Alfred Schutz on communicology ” . In Phenomenology of communication: Merleau‐Ponty's thematics in communicology and semiology , 203 – 222 . Pittsburgh : Duquesne University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , L. A. 1994 . “ Form and female authorship in music video ” . In Television: The critical view , Edited by: Newcomb , H. 249 – 267 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Loud , P. and Johnson , N. 1974 . Pat Loud: A woman's story , New York : Coward, McCann, & Geoghean .
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald , J. F. 1983 . Black and white tv: Afro‐Americans in television since 1948 , Chicago : Nelson‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Omi , M. 1989 . “ In living color: Race and American culture ” . In Cultural politics in contemporary America , Edited by: Angus , I. and Jhally , S. 111 – 122 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Orbe , M. , Seymour , R. and Kang , M. “ ‘Ethnic humor’ and ingroup/outgroup positioning: Explicating perceptions of Ail‐American Girl ” . In Cultural diversity in the U.S. media , Edited by: Kamalipour , Y. R. and Carilli , T. Albany, NY : State University of New York Press . in press
   Google Scholar
• Orbe , M. and Strother , K. E. 1996 . Signifying the tragic mulatto: A semiotic analysis of Alex Haley's Queen . Howard Journal of Communications , 7 : 113 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Sullivan , T. , Hartley , J. , Saunders , P. , Montgomery , M. and Fiske , J. 1994 . Key concepts in communication and cultural studies , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Peirce , C. 1958 . The collected papers of Charles Saunders Peirce , Edited by: Hartshorne , C. , Weiss , P. and Burks , A. vols. 1–8 , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University .
   Google Scholar
• Ricoeur , P. 1976 . Interpretation theory: Discourses and the surplus of meaning , Fort Worth, TX : Texas University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sakurari , S. H. 1996 . The Real World is hell . Salon , July 17 : 16 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Saussure , R. 1996 . A course in general linguistics , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Schutz , A. 1967 . The phenomenology of the social world , Edited by: Walsh , G. and Lehmert , F. Evanston, IL : Northwestern University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Siegal , M. and Carey , R. 1989 . Critical thinking: A semiotic perspective , Bloomington, IN : Eric Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , S. From the junkman to the garbage man: The evolution of the African American male in the Black situation comedy . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association . Miami, FL. November .
   Google Scholar
• Stam , R. , Burgoyne , R. and Flitterman‐Lewis , S. 1992 . New vocabularies in film semiotics: Structuralism, post‐structuralism and beyond , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Stroman , C. A. 1991 . Television's role in the socialization of African American children and adolescents . Journal of Negro Education , 60 : 314 – 327 .
   Google Scholar